Abstract: An optical modulation device comprises scanning electrodes and signal electrodes disposed opposite to and intersecting with the signal electrodes, and an optical modulation material disposed between the electrodes, a pixel being formed at each intersection of the electrodes and showing a contrast depending on the polarity of a voltage applied thereto.

Abstract: An optical modulation device comprises scanning electrodes and signal electrodes disposed opposite to and intersecting with the signal electrodes, and an optical modulation material disposed between the electrodes, a pixel being formed at each intersection of the electrodes and showing a contrast depending on the polarity of a voltage applied thereto.

Abstract: An optical modulation device comprises scanning electrodes and signal electrodes disposed opposite to and intersecting with the signal electrodes, and an optical modulation material disposed between the electrodes, a pixel being formed at each intersection of the electrodes and showing a contrast depending on the polarity of a voltage applied thereto.

Abstract: An optical modulation device includes scanning electrodes and signal electrodes disposed opposite to and intersecting with the signal electrodes, and an optical modulation material disposed between the electrodes, a pixel being formed at each intersection of the electrodes and showing a contrast depending on the polarity of a voltage applied thereto. The device is driven by a method including in a writing period for writing in all or prescribed pixels among the pixels on a selected scanning electrode, a first phase for applying a voltage of one polarity having an amplitude exceeding a first threshold voltage of the optical modulation material to the all or prescribed pixels, and a second phase for applying a voltage of the other polarity having an amplitude exceeding a second threshold voltage of the optical modulation material to a selected pixel and applying a voltage not exceeding the threshold voltages of the optical modulation material to the other pixels, respectively among the all or prescribed pixels.

Abstract: An optical modulation device includes scanning electrodes and signal electrodes disposed opposite to and intersecting with the signal electrodes, and an optical modulation material disposed between the electrodes, a pixel being formed at each intersection of the electrodes and showing a contrast depending on the polarity of a voltage applied thereto.

Abstract: This specification discloses a method of toner transfer development in which a low frequency alternating electrical bias is applied to the space between a latent image bearing member and a developer carrying member to develop the latent image on the latent image bearing member, and an apparatus for carrying out the same method. This bias has a first process in which reciprocal movement of developer particles is effected also between the non-image area of the latent image bearing member and the developer carrying member, and a second process in which the intensity of the bias is adjusted so that one-sided movement of developer particles from the developer carrying member to the image area and one-sided movement of developer particles from the non-image area to the developer carrying member may take place.

Abstract: An optical modulation device includes scanning electrodes and signal electrodes disposed opposite to and intersecting with the signal electrodes, and an optical modulation material disposed between the electrodes, a pixel being formed at each intersection of the electrodes and showing a contrast depending on the polarity of a voltage applied thereto.

Abstract: This specification discloses a method of toner transfer development in which a low frequency alternating electrical bias is applied to the space between a latent image bearing member and a developer carrying member to develop the latent image on the latent image bearing member, and an apparatus for carrying out the same method. This bias has a first process in which reciprocal movement of developer particles is effected also between the non-image area of the latent image bearing member and the developer carrying member, and a second process in which the intensity of the bias is adjusted so that one-sided movement of developer particles from the developer carrying member to the image area and one-sided movement of developer particles from the non-image area to the developer carrying member may take place.

Abstract: A projecting apparatus comprises support device for supporting an original, a projection optical system for forming the image of the original, an optical element disposed on the image side of the projection optical system to cause a principal light ray having entered from the original through the projection optical system to travel in parallelism to the optic axis of the projection optical system, and control device for varying the imaging magnification of the original by the projection optical system with the spacing between the exit pupil of the projection optical system and the optical element being kept constant.

Abstract: This specification discloses a method of toner transfer development in which a low frequency alternating electrical bias is applied to the space between a latent image bearing member and a developer carrying member to develop the latent image on the latent image bearing member, and an apparatus for carrying out the same method. This bias has a first process in which reciprocal movement of developer particles is effected also between the non-image area of the latent image bearing member and the developer carrying member, and a second process in which the intensity of the bias is adjusted so that one-sided movement of developer particles from the developer carrying member to the iamge area and one-sided movement of developer particles from the non-image area to the developer carrying member may take place.

Abstract: This specification discloses a method of toner transfer development in which a low frequency alternating electrical bias is applied to the space between a latent image bearing member and a developer carrying member to develop the latent image on the latent image bearing member, and an apparatus for carrying out the same method. This bias has a first process in which reciprocal movement of developer particles is effected also between the non-image area of the latent image bearing member and the developer carrying member, and a second process in which the intensity of the bias is adjusted so that one-sided movement of developer particles from the developer carrying member to the image ara and one-sided movement of developer particles from the non-image area to the developer carrying member may take place.

Abstract: An optical modulation device includes scanning electrodes and signal electrodes disposed opposite to and intersecting with the signal electrodes, and an optical modulation material disposed between the electrodes, a pixel being formed at each intersection of the electrodes and showing a contrast depending on the polarity of a voltage applied thereto.

Abstract: A display panel comprises a liquid crystal device including a pixel which comprises opposite electrodes and a ferroelectric liquid crystal disposed therebetween, and optical detection means. The written state of the pixel, i.e., the written information on the display panel, is read out by applying a detection signal voltage to the pixel and detecting a polarization current, if any, caused by the application of the voltage.

Abstract: An optical modulation device, such as a ferroelectric liquid crystal device, comprises a matrix of pixels arranged in a plurality of rows and a plurality of columns, pixels on each row being electrically connected to a scanning electrode and pixels on each column being electrically connected to a signal electrode. The optical modulation device is driven by a method comprising, in a scanning selection period applying a scanning selection signal to a selected scanning electrode, the scanning selection signal comprising plural voltage levels including a maximum value .vertline.Vs.max.vertline. in terms of an absolute value with respect to the voltage level of a non-selected scanning electrode, and applying in phase with the scanning selection signal a voltage signal comprising plural voltage levels to a signal electrode so as to apply to a pixel on the selected scanning electrode plural pulse voltages including a maximum value voltage .vertline.Vmax.vertline. and a minimum pulse voltage .vertline.Vmin.vertline.

Abstract: An optical modulation device includes scanning electrodes and signal electrodes disposed opposite to and intersecting with the signal electrodes, and an optical modulation material disposed between the electrodes, a pixel being formed at each intersection of the electrodes so as to provide a matrix of pixels as a whole and having a contrast depending on the polarity of a voltage applied thereto. The device is driven by a method including, in a writing period for writing in the respective pixels on a selected scanning electrode: at least two repeating sets of phases, each set of phases comprising a state-determining phase for determining the contrast of a pixel and an auxiliary phase for not determining the contrast of the pixel.

Abstract: A method of toner transfer development in which a low frequency alternating electrical bias is applied to the space between a latent image bearing member and a developer carrying member to develop the latent image on the latent image bearing member, and an apparatus for carrying out the same method. This bias has a first process in which reciprocal movement of developer particles is effected also between the non-image area of the latent image bearing member and the developer carrying member, and a second process in which the intensity of the bias is adjusted so that one-sided movement of developer particles from the developer carrying member to the image area and one-sided movement of developer particles from the non-image area to the developer carrying member may take place.

Abstract: An optical modulation device includes scanning electrodes and signal electrodes disposed opposite to an intersecting with the signal electrodes, and an optical modulation material disposed between the electrodes, a pixel being formed at each intersection of the electrodes and showing a contrast depending on the polarity of a voltage applied thereto. The device is driven by a method including in a writing period for writing in all or prescribed pixels among the pixels on a selected scanning electrode, a first phase for applying a voltage of one polarity having an amplitude exceeding a first threshold voltage of the optical modulation material to the all or prescribed pixels, and a second phase for applying a voltage of the other polarity having an amplitude exceeding a second threshold voltage of the optical modulation material to a selected pixel and applying a voltage not exceeding the threshold voltages of the optical modulation material to the other pixels, respectively among the all or prescribed pixels.

Abstract: A driving system is disclosed, wherein a potential gradient is formed in a pixel and is utilized for driving. Particularly, there is disclosed an optical modulation apparatus, comprising: a first substrate having thereon a conductor film, and a plurality of transmission lines disposed electrically connected to the conductor film; a second substrate; an optical modulation material disposed between the first and second substrate; and means for supplying a pair of electric signals in mutually opposite transmission directions to neighboring transmission lines among the plurality of transmission lines.

Abstract: An optical modulation device comprises a first substrate having thereon a first conductor film, a second substrate having thereon a second conductor film disposed opposite to the first conductor film, and an optical modulation material disposed between the first and second substrates. The optical modulation device is driven by forming a potential gradient along the extension of the first conductor film or both the first and second conductor films, and applying an information signal to the first or second conductor film.

Abstract: An optical modulation device comprises a pair of substrates respectively having electrodes thereon arranged so as to form a pixel at an intersection thereof, and an optical modulation material disposed at the pixel. The pixel has regions of the optical modulation material having mutually different threshold characteristics.