Abstract: A turbomachine has a first process control element, a second process control element, and a test system for testing the first process control element. The first process control element and the second process control element influence the same process variable. To test the first process control element, the test system changes the process variable by means of the second process control element. This change in the process variable caused by the second process control element is compensated again by means of the first process control element.

Abstract: A method and a device are provided for specifying, in the context of the image generation of ISAR processing, the determination of the aspect angle course subject to which the radar illuminates the vehicle during the exposure and subject to which the vehicle echoes are reflected back to the radar. Using the distance between the radar sensor and the vehicle as well as the change in distance, both of which are determined from the radar data, the position and the velocity of the vehicle are determined at any time during the exposure through linkage with available road information. The aspect angle is then determined from the positions of the sensor and of the vehicle as well as from the direction of movement of the vehicle. The required road information can be acquired from digital maps or images (e.g. aerial photographs, SAR-images).

Abstract: A method and a device are provided for specifying, in the context of the image generation of ISAR processing, the determination of the aspect angle course subject to which the radar illuminates the vehicle during the exposure and subject to which the vehicle echoes are reflected back to the radar. Using the distance between the radar sensor and the vehicle as well as the change in distance, both of which are determined from the radar data, the position and the velocity of the vehicle are determined at any time during the exposure through linkage with available road information. The aspect angle is then determined from the positions of the sensor and of the vehicle as well as from the direction of movement of the vehicle. The required road information can be acquired from digital maps or images (e.g. aerial photographs, SAR-images).

Abstract: A turbomachine has a first process control element, a second process control element, and a test system for testing the first process control element. The first process control element and the second process control element influence the same process variable. To test the first process control element, the test system changes the process variable by means of the second process control element. This change in the process variable caused by the second process control element is compensated again by means of the first process control element.

Abstract: A projection exposure method for the exposure of a radiation-sensitive substrate arranged in the region of an image surface of a projection objective with at least one image of a pattern of a mask arranged in the region of an object surface of the projection objective includes exposing the substrate with the image of the pattern in an effective image field of the projection objective during an exposure time interval and also altering a relative positioning between a surface of the substrate and a focus surface of the projection objective during the exposure time interval in such a way that image points in the effective image field are exposed with different focus positions of the image of the mask during the exposure time interval.

Abstract: A projection exposure method for the exposure of a radiation-sensitive substrate arranged in the region of an image surface of a projection objective with at least one image of a pattern of a mask arranged in the region of an object surface of the projection objective includes exposing the substrate with the image of the pattern in an effective image field of the projection objective during an exposure time interval and also altering a relative positioning between a surface of the substrate and a focus surface of the projection objective during the exposure time interval in such a way that image points in the effective image field are exposed with different focus positions of the image of the mask during the exposure time interval.

Abstract: A process is provided for protecting stored operating data of machinery or similar equipment. The operating data are stored by means of a computer system belonging to a control system or by means of a similar computer system belonging to the equipment and wherein the operating data are acquired continuously in the form of data sets and stored in a data storage medium for later analysis. A security code is generated with the storage of a data set from the currently stored operating data on the basis of parameters (k, l, m, n) of a preset determination rule and stored in the computer system. A comparison code is determined in at preset time intervals on the basis of the same determination rule from the operating data currently recorded in the data storage medium for verifying the operating data currently present in the data storage medium.

Abstract: Discharging the reaction water from the novel PEM fuel cells does not require humidification of the reaction gases or an increase in the gas pressure. This is attained in that a hydrophobic layer on the cathode side is used which has a smaller pore size than the layer on the anode side. The reaction water is removed via the anode during the operation of the fuel cell.

Abstract: Cold starting includes the steps of directly converting process gas into thermal energy by a catalytic reaction, and utilizing the thermal energy to heat up the fuel cell stack, wherein the process of heating up the fuel cell stack is carried out separately from the operation of the fuel cell facility. Heating elements form separate components in the fuel cell stack, the element being mounted in a predetermined order in the fuel cell stack.

Abstract: The fuel cell installation not only provides the energy for a drive unit of a vehicle, but it is also integrated as a member of the motor vehicle body. The fuel cell system is integrated into the vehicle chassis in such a way that the assembly economizes on components and/or forms a direct load-bearing component of the vehicle chassis.

Abstract: A membrane electrode assembly for a fuel cell, in particular a PEM fuel cell, has an asymmetric distribution of the expensive precious metal on the membrane. The asymmetric distribution is realized in accordance with the requirements of the particular region. In the production, the electrodes are coated with membrane first of all, rather than the other way round.

Abstract: A fuel cell installation and a method for operating a fuel cell installation with a dynamic power control are provided. The dynamic power control is achieved by additionally connecting at least one subsystem which is kept ready for operation, a starter system and/or a low-voltage unit for nighttime operation and/or an on-board power supply.

Abstract: A method for cleaning a reformer gas in a fuel cell installation includes the step of passing the reformer gas through at least one fuel cell and electrochemically oxidizing CO in the at least one fuel cell to form CO2. A fuel cell installation with an integrated gas cleaning is also provided.

Abstract: The fuel cell installation is operated at temperatures between 80° C. and 300° C. and ensures that the efficiency is optimized, since the waste heat from the fuel cell stack is utilized at least in some other way. For the purpose, there is provided an evaporator upstream of the fuel cell stack. At least one line is connected to the fuel cell stack for rendering available a heat content from at least a part of the fuel cell stack to be utilized in one or more further units of the installation.

Abstract: An HTM fuel cell with reduced flushing-out of electrolyte, an HTM fuel cell battery, and a method for starting an HTM fuel cell includes an electrolyte membrane, the electrolyte having two sides each with an electrode coating adjoined by a gas diffusion layer and a pole plate. The new fuel cell configuration allows the electrolyte to be flushed out and collected and returned to the HTM fuel cell. The method for starting the HTM fuel cell allows the electrolyte, which has been flushed out, to be returned to the cell during normal operation.

Abstract: A method for operating an HTM fuel cell and to a fuel cell battery. An electrolyte of the fuel cell contains phosphoric acid, a normal freezing point of which is 42° C. The freezing point is reduced by adding at least water as an additive to such an extent that the start/stop operation of the fuel cell, as is required, for example, in mobile fuel cell applications, can be achieved.

Abstract: A fuel cell battery is described with a heater and an improved cold-start performance, and to a method for cold-starting of a battery of this type. The heater, such as for example a reformer, is started first, and the operating heat from the heater is utilized to heat the fuel cell stack.

Abstract: A high-temperature membrane (HTM) fuel cell, a method for operating an HTM fuel cell, and an HTM fuel cell battery prevent the electrolyte from being washed out while the battery is starting by having the product water not condensing within the fuel cell unit and by heating the fuel cell unit, in a locally limited manner, to evaporate the product water.

Abstract: The invention relates to a PEM or PAFC fuel cell battery with heater element and improved cold-starting performance, and to a method for cold-starting such a battery, in which the heater element initially heats up a minimal area of a fuel cell unit, from which autothermal heating-up of the entire battery then becomes possible.

Abstract: A fuel cell battery having an improved cold-starting performance and a method for cold-starting a fuel cell battery, use reaction heat of an oxyhydrogen gas reaction in the fuel cell for heating. Reaction gas is simply supplied as required into the reaction chamber during starting, so that an electrode of the fuel cell unit acts as a catalytic burner.