Abstract: A filter material for use in fuel-water separation has a particle filtration layer and a coalescing layer downstream of, and coupled to, the particle filtration layer. The particle filtration layer is substantially constructed of binder fibers and media fibers. The coalescing layer has at least 70% glass fibers by weight. As another example, a filter material for liquid fuels has a particle filtration layer and a coalescing layer downstream of the particle filtration layer. The particle filtration layer has binder fibers and media fibers and is substantially free of meltblown materials. The ratio of air permeability of the particle filtration layer to air permeability of the coalescing layer ranges from about 3:1 to about 15:1.

Abstract: A filter material for use in fuel-water separation has a particle filtration layer and a coalescing layer downstream of, and coupled to, the particle filtration layer. The particle filtration layer is substantially constructed of binder fibers and media fibers. The coalescing layer has at least 70% glass fibers by weight. As another example, a filter material for liquid fuels has a particle filtration layer and a coalescing layer downstream of the particle filtration layer. The particle filtration layer has binder fibers and media fibers and is substantially free of meltblown materials. The ratio of air permeability of the particle filtration layer to air permeability of the coalescing layer ranges from about 3:1 to about 15:1.

Abstract: A filter material for use in fuel-water separation has a particle filtration layer and a coalescing layer downstream of, and coupled to, the particle filtration layer. The particle filtration layer is substantially constructed of binder fibers and media fibers. The coalescing layer has at least 70% glass fibers by weight. As another example, a filter material for liquid fuels has a particle filtration layer and a coalescing layer downstream of the particle filtration layer. The particle filtration layer has binder fibers and media fibers and is substantially free of meltblown materials. The ratio of air permeability of the particle filtration layer to air permeability of the coalescing layer ranges from about 3:1 to about 15:1.

Abstract: A method and apparatus encompasses a technique for routing an information packet through a satellite communications system 20 from a source satellite 38 to a destination satellite 40. A path through the system 20 is chosen for the packet and an identifier identifying the path is appended to the packet. In addition, an identifier identifying the destination satellite 40 is appended to the packet. Satellites in the system 20 then use the identifiers in the packet to route the packet to the destination satellite 40. If the chosen path is not available, an alternate path can be taken by the packet. In one embodiment of the present invention, a centralized controller 36 is provided for controlling the routing of packets throughout the entire system 20.

Abstract: In a communication system having Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites (210), one or more Mission Operations Control Centers (MOCCs) (220), one or more Distributed Virtual Network Managers (DVNMs) (230), and several types of Customer Premises Equipment (CPE) (250, 260, 270, and 280), individual service providers (20) are able to control the network services they provide independently from other service providers (20) through local management of the DVNMs (230).

Abstract: A method and apparatus for communicating between wireless communication devices (120, 131, 140) uses a high-altitude communication platform (110) to provide an interface between the devices. The platform (110) enables multiple signals from multiple sources to be combined into one signal which is sent to a ground device (120). The ground device (120) can send a combined signal to the platform (110) which the platform (110) can then separate and send to multiple destinations. The platform (110) can be used as a bridge between satellites (1310, 1312) which are incapable of direct communication, thus enabling a fully connected network to exist without full coverage from satellites.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for communicating with a high-altitude communication platform (110) which combines multiple signals from multiple sources into one signal which is sent to a ground device (120). The ground device (120) can send a combined signal to the platform (110) which the platform (110) can then separate and send to multiple destinations. The ground device (120) also can provide spectral reuse by orienting directional antennas (360-362) toward the communication platform (110) and one or more spatially diverse other wireless devices.

Abstract: A data transmission system (5) transmits data between a transmitter (10) and a receiver (20). Each data packet frame (130) is made up of three parts: a header (131), a packet identifier number (132), and subframes of data (133). Error codes are generated corresponding to each subframe of data (133). The transmitter (10) will then check the error code to determine which subframes of data (133) contain an error. If there are errors in the data packet (130), then the receiver (20) stores the error-free subframes in memory and does not send an acknowledgment packet (140). The master (10) will retransmit the same data packet until it receives an acknowledgment packet (140).

Abstract: A communication system operates on a fixed-length data string (339) and utilizes fixed-length frames (200) to transmit data. Variable noise on a transmission path (105) requires adaptive encoding to sustain effective communication. An adaptive encoding type (201) produces variable length codes (205). Variable length codes (205) are accommodated by segmenting a fixed-length data string (339) into data groups. A data group (204) plus a code (205) occupy a fixed-length frame (200). At a transceiver node (150), the data groups (204) are ordered and concatenated to form the fixed-length data string (339).

Abstract: Method (100) executed by congestion controller (26) in each node (20, 30, 40) of a network (10) determines whether congestion is going to occur or is occurring in a particular node (20, 30, 40). If congestion is imminent or occurring, a congestion status bit is set. Each time a data packet is received and the congestion indicator bit is set, congestion controller (26) increments a congestion counter. Each time a predetermined time interval expires, congestion controller (26) decrements the congestion counter. By using the congestion counter as an index into a credit table, a credit value is determined by destination node (31) that represents how many data packets are permitted to be sent from source node (30) to destination node (31). The credit value is sent to the source node via a message.

Abstract: A communication system dispatches packet data (130) from a master transceiver (10) to a slave transceiver (20). A slave transceiver (20) records the successful arrival of the data packet (130) in an acknowledgment history (115). When propagation conditions between a slave transceiver (20) and a master transceiver (10) are non-ideal, an acknowledgment (140) may be lost and needless retransmission of data packet (130) commenced. However, a slave transceiver (20) generates an acknowledgment (140) from an acknowledgment history (115) containing confirmations for multiple data packets contained within an outstanding packet window (120). If a specific acknowledgment (140) does not arrive at a master transceiver (10), a subsequent acknowledgment (140) contains confirmation of a previously received data packet (130) thus avoiding the needless retransmission of a previously successfully received data packet (130).

Abstract: In a packet switched network, a method and system order packets arriving out-of-sequence from a lower service. An ordering service temporarily buffers packets (101-115) while delayed packets arrive and forwards in-sequence packets to an upper service. Delay introduced by buffering does not accumulate as a propagation toleration timer (304) is activated for a predetermined time period (120) while awaiting the arrival of delayed packets or until the delayed packet arrives. Out-of-sequence packets are grouped between a lower-bound and an upper-bound of sequence identifiers to avoid accumulated delay due to repetitive lost packets.