Abstract: One or more embodiments include antimicrobial bandages with nanostructures, formation thereof, and usage thereof to facilitate wound healing. In one embodiment, a bandage apparatus that facilitates healing a wound is provided. The bandage apparatus includes a substrate having an attachment mechanism that facilitates removably attaching the substrate to a part of a body having the wound. The bandage apparatus also includes a nanostructure film provided on a surface of the substrate and configured to contact the wound when the substrate is attached to the part of the body having the wound, wherein the nanostructure film includes a plurality of nanostructures.

Abstract: A method and apparatus suitable for generating programmable digital sine waves which involves converting the output of a direct digital synthesizer or numerically controlled digital oscillator to a higher frequency with a multiplier-less structure that takes advantage of the properties of trigonometric identifies for sine and cosine. Sine waves are generated digitally using a phase accumulator which is clocked at one fundamental frequency. The phase accumulator input provides a control word which determines the intermediate frequency of the direct digital synthesizer output. Taking advantage of the periodicity of the phase accumulator operation, the outputs of the accumulator are utilized to address a read only memory ROM lookup table which produces in-phase and quadrature samples of the sine wave at the intermediate frequency. The in-phase and quadrature samples are then complemented (i.e. negated) to produce an additional set of in-phase and quadrature samples which are 180.degree.