Abstract: Methods and compositions for detection of microbial contaminants in peritoneal dialysis solutions are provided. The methods and compositions employ modified bioburden testing and the detection of peptidoglycan. A novel cause of aseptic peritonitis is provided—aseptic peritonitis associated with gram positive microbial contamination of a dialysis solution. Peptidoglycan is a major component of a gram positive bacterial cell wall and thus can serve as a marker for gram positive bacteria. In this regard, testing for peptidoglycans can be utilized to effectively prevent peritonitis in patients that use the peritoneal dialysis solutions, such as peritoneal dialysis solutions that contain a glucose polymer including an icodextrin and the like.

Abstract: Methods and compositions for detection of microbial contaminants in peritoneal dialysis solutions are provided. The methods and compositions employ modified bioburden testing and the detection of peptidoglycan. A novel cause of aseptic peritonitis is provided—aseptic peritonitis associated with gram positive microbial contamination of a dialysis solution. Peptidoglycan is a major component of a gram positive bacterial cell wall and thus can serve as a marker for gram positive bacteria. In this regard, testing for peptidoglycans can be utilized to effectively prevent peritonitis in patients that use the peritoneal dialysis solutions, such as peritoneal dialysis solutions that contain a glucose polymer including an icodextrin and the like.

Abstract: Methods and compositions for detection of microbial contaminants in peritoneal dialysis solutions are provided. The methods and compositions employ modified bioburden testing and the detection of peptidoglycan. A novel cause of aseptic peritonitis is provided—aseptic peritonitis associated with gram positive microbial contamination of a dialysis solution. Peptidoglycan is a major component of a gram positive bacterial cell wall and thus can serve as a marker for gram positive bacteria. In this regard, testing for peptidoglycans can be utilized to effectively prevent peritonitis in patients that use the peritoneal dialysis solutions, such as peritoneal dialysis solutions that contain a glucose polymer including an icodextrin and the like.

Abstract: Methods and compositions for detection of microbial contaminants in peritoneal dialysis solutions are provided. The methods and compositions employ modified bioburden testing and the detection of peptidoglycan. A novel cause of aseptic peritonitis is provided—aseptic peritonitis associated with gram positive microbial contamination of a dialysis solution. Peptidoglycan is a major component of a gram positive bacterial cell wall and thus can serve as a marker for gram positive bacteria. In this regard, testing for peptidoglycans can be utilized to effectively prevent peritonitis in patients that use the peritoneal dialysis solutions, such as peritoneal dialysis solutions that contain a glucose polymer including an icodextrin and the like.

Abstract: Stabilization and demobilization of volatile organic and volatile inorganic acids by acid adsorption onto activated carbon, which is then used in the manufacture of wrappers for smoking articles, provides improvements in sidestream smoke aroma, reduction in sidestream smoke irritation and improvements in subjective taste of the mainstream smoke.

Abstract: A cigarette or cigar wrapper is disclosed wherein the paper filler consists of two homogeneously intermixed minerals, viz huntite and hydromagnesite, alone, or admixed with calcium carbonate or magnesium hydroxide or calcium carbonate and magnesium hydroxide and carbon.

Abstract: Treating cigarette paper with (1) binary combinations of the sodium and potassium salts of a carboxylic acid or (2) binary combinations of an alkali metal chloride and an alkali metal carboxylate provides a means of controlling the static burning rate of cigarettes wrapped in these papers. Burn rate control is functionally implemented by varying (1) the sodium to potassium cation ratio at constant total alkali metal cation weight for the former binary combination and (2) the ratio of the alkali metal cation from the chloride to the alkali metal cation from the carboxylate at constant total alkali metal cation weight for the latter binary combination. This means of burn rate control is effective for cigarette papers containing various inorganic fillers and weighing less then 25 g/m.sup.2 to over 45 g/m.sup.2.

Abstract: A wrapper for a smoking article which, when wrapped about a tobacco column, provides improved mainstream smoke taste and sidestream smoke odor subjectives. These objectives are attained by forming a cellulosic sheet containing a small amount, but less than about 2%, of activated carbon having absorbed onto the carbon a volatile flavorant.

Abstract: Addition of strong, inorganic acids, such as phosphoric, sulfuric and hydrochloric, to regular, heavy-weight, and reduced sidestream smoke cigarette papers to give improved subjective taste properites, improved subjective sidestream aroma and reduced irritation properties to cigarettes.

Abstract: A wrapper for smoking articles comprises a cellulosic sheet with filler concentrations in said sheet in the range of 14 to 60 g/m.sup.2 and an acid coated on at least the inner surface of the sheet.

Abstract: A wrapper for a smoking article which, when wrapped about a tobacco column, provides improved sidestream smoke reduction, improved ash formation, and acceptable mainstream smoke taste and sidestream smoke odor subjectives. These objectives are attained by forming a single cellulosic sheet containing a filler comprising basic magnesium carbonate and, where desired, a co-filler of calcium carbonate. In addition, the sheet may be treated with a burning chemical such as alkali metal salts of organic carboxylic acids, and compatible acids.

Abstract: A wrapper for a smoking article which, when wrapped about a tobacco column, provides improved sidestream smoke reduction, improved ash formation, and improved mainstream smoke taste and sidestream smoke odor subjectives. These objectives are attained by forming a single cellulosic sheet containing a filler combination of magnesium hydroxide activated carbon, and calcium carbonate. In addition, the sheet may be treated with a burning chemical such as potassium citrate, an organic acid such as citric acid, and a sugar such as sucrose. Considerable latitude exists in regard to sheet basis weight, filler levels, sheet porosity, burn rate and size press solution treatment in order to optimize product requirements.

Abstract: A cigarette paper is disclosed which, when fabricated into a cigarette with a suitable tobacco column, statically burns at an acceptable rate, produces a light-colored, well-formed ash which clings tightly without premature flaking, and delivers both mainstream and sidestream smoke with a subjectively pleasant taste and aroma.

Abstract: A method for producing high porosity, high carbon content cigarette papers in which a paper substrate having an initial Filtrona porosity of at least 10,000 air permeability units is coated with an aqueous suspension containing from 10 to 50% by weight finely divided carbon, up to 3% by weight of a water-soluble binder, and from 0.5 to 3% by weight of an alkali metal carbonate and thereafter dried resulting in a coated paper having a Filtrona porosity of not less than 5,000 air permeability units.

Abstract: An improved ventilated filter tip cigarette is provided utilizing a unique combination of porous filter plug wrap having a porosity of from about 300 to 4000 Filtrona air permeability units with a microperforated tipping envelope having perforations averaging less than about 0.01 mm.sup.2 each in open area. The relationship of plug wrap porosity combined with the size of microperforations in the tipping envelope provide cigarettes with maximum selective reductions in carbon monoxide yields and only minor reductions in nicotine yields as compared to constituent yields heretofore obtained in the smoke from ventilated cigarettes.

Abstract: An improved smoke control device for smoking articles which contains a valve operative to close off the flow of smoke drawn through the smoking article depending upon the pressure drop or draw rate of each individual puff. Preferably, the valve comprises a resilient flap member responsive to the puff pressure drop for restricting or closing off smoke drawn through the smoking article and which will reopen after the pressure is relieved, thereby limiting each puff to a predetermined yield consistent with that obtainable in a normal puff.

Abstract: Cigarette paper containing a filler of gamma alumina, for selectively reducing the organic vapor phase constituents in tobacco smoke. The paper is comprised of cellulosic fibers and a gamma alumina filler with the amount of alumina filler present being at least 50% by weight based on the weight of the paper. Preferably, the amount of gamma alumina filler will range from 50 to 80%. In addition to reducing organic vapor phase constituents, the paper has unique advantages over conventional cigarette paper wrappers in that the visible sidestream smoke eminating from the smoking article is reduced.

Abstract: A ventilated cigarette uniquely designed to introduce volatile flavoring agents such as menthol into the mainstream smoke of the cigarette with improved delivery rate and longer shelf life for the flavoring agent. The cigarette has a porous or perforated air permeable wrap encircling the filter plug impregnated with the volatile flavoring agent, enclosed in a perforated or inherently porous air permeable tipping envelope. As the cigarette is smoked, air is drawn through the ventilation area of the tipping, through the flavor-impregnated filter plug wrap and into the filter carrying the volatile flavoring agent with it where it mixes with the smoke, thereby imparting flavor to the cigarette smoke. Since the flavor-impregnated plug wrap is tightly enclosed between the tipping envelope and filter plug, loss of the volatile flavoring agent is minimized, thereby enabling longer shelf life without reduction in flavor potency. Moreover, high delivery rates are achieved using minimum amounts of flavoring agent.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for electrically perforating a moving web such as paper, film and the like in which the web passes between spaced, charged and ground electrodes adapted to move at right angles to one another, including a flat plate for supporting said web as it passes between said spaced electrodes having a narrow slot in which the ground electrode travels parallel to the surface of said plate, said surface recessed along both sides of said slot to provide a collection area for particulate matter produced from perforating said web and means for removing said particulate matter from said collection area.

Abstract: A paper tobacco substitute which produces a neutral taste when blended with tobacco, comprising cellulose fibers and a filler, said filler comprising at least 55% by weight finely pulverized carbon particles based on the weight of the cellulose. In addition to carbon, the filler may include an alkaline earth metal carbonate or oxide such as calcium carbonate or magnesium oxide to further enhance the properties of the paper as a tobacco substitute. The carbon filled paper may be cut or shredded to simulate natural tobacco and can be used as a blend with tobacco in smoking articles.