Abstract: A method for inducing chemical reactions using X-ray radiation comprises generating an irradiation volume within the interior of a reaction vessel by introducing X-ray radiation into the volume, in which two or more reactants are introduced. With respect to the two or more reactants and any subsequently created intermediate reactant or reactants, the aggregate extent to which the foregoing reactants are to be ionized to any degree is selectively controlled, and the average degree of ionization in the irradiation volume, from partial to total, of that portion of the foregoing reactants which is to be ionized is selectively controlled, through control of the fluence and energy of the X-ray radiation, to thereby induce selective reactions of reactants to occur in the irradiation volume. One or more reactants may be delivered through a double-walled pipe containing X-ray shielding to prevent their premature irradiation before being injected into the irradiation volume.

Abstract: A method for inducing chemical reactions using X-ray radiation comprises generating an irradiation volume within the interior of a reaction vessel by introducing X-ray radiation into the volume, in which two or more reactants are introduced. With respect to the two or more reactants and any subsequently created intermediate reactant or reactants, the aggregate extent to which the foregoing reactants are to be ionized to any degree is selectively controlled, and the average degree of ionization in the irradiation volume, from partial to total, of that portion of the foregoing reactants which is to be ionized is selectively controlled, through control of the fluence and energy of the X-ray radiation, to thereby induce selective reactions of reactants to occur in the irradiation volume. One or more reactants may be delivered through a double-walled pipe containing X-ray shielding to prevent their premature irradiation before being injected into the irradiation volume.

Abstract: The present disclosure is directed to compositions and methods that may be used for enhanced oil recovery, for modifying the permeability of subterranean formations and for increasing the mobilization and/or recovery rate of hydrocarbon fluids present in the formations. The compositions may include, for example, expandable cross-linked polymeric microparticles having unexpanded volume average particle size diameters of from about 0.05 to about 5,000 microns and cross linking agent contents of from about 100 to about 200,000 ppm of labile cross linkers and from 0 to about 300 ppm of non-labile cross linkers, wherein the expandable polymeric monomers have a block copolymer structure comprising at least two different monomers having different chemical structures.

Abstract: The present disclosure is directed to compositions and methods that may be used for enhanced oil recovery, for modifying the permeability of subterranean formations and for increasing the mobilization and/or recovery rate of hydrocarbon fluids present in the formations. The compositions may include, for example, expandable cross-linked polymeric microparticles having unexpanded volume average particle size diameters of from about 0.05 to about 5,000 microns and cross linking agent contents of from about 100 to about 200,000 ppm of labile cross linkers and from 0 to about 300 ppm of non-labile cross linkers, wherein the expandable polymeric monomers have a block copolymer structure comprising at least two different monomers having different chemical structures.

Abstract: A process for the polymerization of a liquid alpha-olefin or a solution of two or more alpha-olefins and, optionally, one or more diolefinswherein the sole process medium is one or more of the said olefins in liquid formcomprising:(a) admixing the liquid alpha-olefin or the solution with an inert particulate material having a mean particle size in the range of about 0.01 to about 10 microns in an amount of at least about 0.005 percent by weight of particulate material based on the total weight of the resin and particulate material in the final product; and(b) contacting the mixture formed in step (a) with a catalyst system adapted to polymerize the olefin(s) in the mixture at a temperature and pressure sufficient to (i) provide polymerization conditions; (ii) maintain the olefin(s) in the liquid phase throughout the polymerization; and (iii) maintain the polymer product in its sticky phase.

Abstract: A process for the incorporation of a copolymer of at least one liquid alpha-olefin or diolefin comonomer having at least 7 carbon atoms into a polymer matrix comprising:(a) in a first reaction zone, contacting at least one alpha-olefin having 2 to 6 carbon atoms with a catalyst adapted for the polymerization thereof in such a manner that a granular polymer matrix selected from the group consisting of (i) a homopolymer of ethylene or propylene and (ii) a copolymer of ethylene or propylene and at least one alpha-olefin having 2 to 6 carbon atoms is formed in admixture with active catalyst;(b) admixing the mixture from step (a) with at least one liquid alpha-olefin or diolefin comonomer having at least 7 carbon atoms to at least partially cost the polymer matrix; and(c) introducing the mixture from step (b) into the first reaction zone or a second reaction zone together with at least one alpha-olefin having 2 to 6 carbon atoms in such a manner that polymerization is effected in the gas phase.