Abstract: Information is communicated to an individual by directing an acoustic signal transcranially to a target region in the brain. The target region is stimulated to produce a cognitive effect, and the cognitive effect is modulated or encoded to carry the desired information.

Abstract: Portable transdermal electrical stimulation (TES) applicators for modifying a subject's cognitive state by applying stimulation to the subject's skin. One or more electrode may be on the subject's mastoid, and/or on or near the back of the subject's neck. The portable applicators are configured and adapted to be lightweight and may be wearable, and to deliver a high-intensity TES able to evoke or enhance a predetermined cognitive effect to stimulate either the trigeminal, facial and/or cervical plexus. These TES applicators may include a pair of electrodes and a TES control module comprising a processor, a timer and a waveform generator.

Abstract: A pulsed transdermal electrical stimulation (pTES) apparatus targeting cervical nerves on the back of the neck includes a pulsed electrical stimulation neckband and an electrode patch, the pulsed electrical stimulation neckband including a neckband body configured to be worn on the neck; a stimulation generator configured to generate signals for pulsed electrical stimulation; a patch connector provided on the neckband body in connection with the stimulation generator; and a controller configured to control the stimulation generator, and the electrode patch including a patch body for being attached on the location of the back of the neck; an electrode connector provided on the patch body and detachably combined with the patch connector; and electrodes for providing the signals for pulsed electrical stimulation of the stimulation generator transferred from the electrode connector to a skin of the back of the neck on which the patch body is attached.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses for improving sleep by transdermal electrical stimulation (TES). In general, described herein are methods for applying TES to a subject, and particularly the subject's head (e.g., temple/forehead region) and/or neck with an TES waveform adapted to improve sleep, including reducing sleep onset (falling to sleep) more quickly and/or lengthening the duration of sleep. TES waveform(s) particularly well suited to enhancing sleep are also described herein.

Abstract: Transdermal electrical stimulation (TES) applicators that are wearable and configured to attached to a subject's pinna (ear) and adapted to apply TES to modulate the subject's cognitive and/or physiological state. These apparatuses may be configured so that they can be worn against the ear (e.g., the cymba of the ear) to deliver TES. Also described herein are methods of using them to modulate a subject's cognitive state. These TES applicators may also be adapted to function as audio head-phones for concurrent delivery of TES and audible signals (e.g., music).

Abstract: Information is communicated to an individual by directing an acoustic signal transcranially to a target region in the brain. The target region is stimulated to produce a cognitive effect, and the cognitive effect is modulated or encoded to carry the desired information.

Abstract: Apparatuses (e.g., devices, systems), and methods for transdermal electrical stimulation (TES). Apparatuses described herein can be self-contained, lightweight, and wearable. The apparatuses and methods described herein be configured to apply an ensemble current waveform between the two or more electrodes, wherein the ensemble current waveform comprises a series of component waveforms that are sequentially applied, and wherein each component waveform is different from a component waveform immediately before it and wherein transitions between the component waveforms temporally correlates with transitions in the sensory experience. Also described are neurostimulators for application of transdermal electrical stimulation (TES) and methods of using them for comfortably inducing a cognitive effect. Also described are Methods and apparatuses for amplitude modulation of all or a portion of an ensemble waveform to modify a user's cognitive state by transdermal electrical stimulation (TES).

Abstract: Information is communicated to an individual by directing an acoustic signal transcranially to a target region in the brain. The target region is stimulated to produce a cognitive effect, and the cognitive effect is modulated or encoded to carry the desired information.

Abstract: Portable transdermal electrical stimulation (TES) applicators for modifying a subject's cognitive state by applying stimulation to the subject's skin. One or more electrode may be on the subject's mastoid, and/or on or near the back of the subject's neck. The portable applicators are configured and adapted to be lightweight and may be wearable, and to deliver a high-intensity TES able to evoke or enhance a predetermined cognitive effect to stimulate either the trigeminal, facial and/or cervical plexus. These TES applicators may include a pair of electrodes and a TES control module comprising a processor, a timer and a waveform generator.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses for improving sleep by transdermal electrical stimulation (TES). In general, described herein are methods for applying TES to a subject, and particularly the subject's head (e.g., temple/forehead region) and/or neck with an TES waveform adapted to improve sleep, including reducing sleep onset (falling to sleep) more quickly and/or lengthening the duration of sleep. TES waveform(s) particularly well suited to enhancing sleep are also described herein.

Abstract: Ultrasound phased array apparatuses (including systems and devices) and methods for making and using them. These apparatuses may be thin, and lightweight, so that they may be worn on a subject's head or other body region in acoustic communication so as to deliver ultrasound for stimulation of tissue, and particularly for neurostimulation. The ultrasound phased array apparatuses may be used as wearable and lightweight neurostimulation apparatuses.

Abstract: Apparatuses and methods of applying transdermal electrical stimulation (TES) to a subject to enhance a concurrent sensory experience, by applying the TES to the subject's head or head and neck from two or more electrodes that are coupled to a neurostimulator. The apparatuses and methods described herein be configured to apply an ensemble current waveform between the two or more electrodes, wherein the ensemble current waveform comprises a series of component waveforms that are sequentially applied, and wherein each component waveform is different from a component waveform immediately before it and wherein transitions between the component waveforms temporally correlates with transitions in the sensory experience. Also described herein are apparatuses and methods for applying TES to a subject's face or face and neck, wherein one end of the TES applicator (e.g., strip electrode) contacts the subject's cheek and/or mastoid. Finally, user interfaces for controlling TES are also described.

Abstract: Apparatuses (e.g., devices, systems), and methods for transdermal electrical stimulation (TES). Apparatuses described herein can be self-contained, lightweight, and wearable. The apparatus may include a primary unit (TES stimulator) and an electrode portion that includes a first transdermal electrode and a second transdermal electrode and mates with the TES stimulator. The first electrode and secondary electrode are placed at two locations on the skin of a user, for example on the head and/or neck of a user. Electrical stimulation driven between the two electrodes may induce a cognitive effect in a user of the device.

Abstract: Neurostimulator apparatuses for applying transdermal electrical stimulation that may be comfortably and securely worn on a variety of head shapes and sizes. The apparatuses and methods of using them described herein may be lightweight and wearable and configured to be attached at one end of a patient-facing surface of the apparatus by a cantilevered attachment so that an opposite end of the surface is free to float relative to the user's head. The cantilevered attachment may include two or more connectors spaced apart along an edge region of the patient-facing surface in an optimal arrangement to secure the neurostimulator in place. The neurostimulator apparatuses described herein may be secured to a separate or integral electrode assembly that may adhesively secure to the subject's head. The patient-facing surface of the neurostimulator may also be curved and twisted specifically for use at the temple/forehead region of a diverse population of potential users.

Abstract: Methods for attaching a wearable neurostimulator to a user's head (or head and neck) using a cantilever electrode apparatuses for neuromodulation. In practice an electrode assembly may mate with the wearable neuromodulation devices so that the device is worn over one portion of the electrode assembly while the rest of the electrode assembly attaches to another portion of the body. The neuromodulator may be worn on a portion of the electrode assembly in a cantilevered manner (e.g., held at one end while the opposite end is free-floating), which allows the rigid neuromodulation device to conform to a variety of user head sizes and shapes.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods for focusing transcranial ultrasound. The systems described herein are advantageous for noninvasive neuromodulation and other transcranial ultrasound applications such as high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU). In particular, described herein are compound acoustic lens apparatus having a short focal length for use with a transcranial ultrasound system, systems including methods of using them. These compound lens assemblies allow transcranial stimulation of even superficial cortical regions of the brain for ultrasound neuromodulation with a compact, single transducer element system at low (e.g., 0.2 to 1 MHz) frequencies with relatively large diameter (e.g., >15 mm) transducers applying 1 to 10 watts/cm2 of acoustic energy (spatial-peak, temporal-average intensity at the target brain region), and short focal length (e.g., between 15 and 35 mm).

Abstract: Networkable transcranial neuromodulation apparatuses adapted for safely and effectively applying neuromodulation, including apparatuses adapted for coordination with a group of other individuals, as well as methods for securely and effectively applying neuromodulation, including coordinated neuromodulation.

Abstract: Portable transdermal electrical stimulation (TES) applicators for modifying a subject's cognitive state. In general, the portable applicators described are specifically configured and adapted to be lightweight and may be wearable, and to deliver a high-intensity TES able to evoke or enhance a predetermined cognitive effect. These TES applicators may include a pair of electrodes and a TES control module comprising a processor, a timer and a waveform generator. TES control module is adapted to deliver a biphasic electrical stimulation signal of 10 seconds or longer between the first and second electrodes having a frequency of 400 Hz or greater, a duty cycle of greater than 10 percent, an intensity of 3 mA or greater, with a DC offset.

Abstract: Information is communicated to an individual by directing an acoustic signal transcranially to a target region in the brain. The target region is stimulated to produce a cognitive effect, and the cognitive effect is modulated or encoded to carry the desired information.

Abstract: Neurostimulator apparatuses for applying transdermal electrical stimulation that may be comfortably and securely worn on a variety of head shapes and sizes. The apparatuses and methods of using them described herein may be lightweight and wearable and configured to be attached at one end of a patient-facing surface of the apparatus by a cantilevered attachment so that an opposite end of the surface is free to float relative to the user's head. The cantilevered attachment may include two or more connectors spaced apart along an edge region of the patient-facing surface in an optimal arrangement to secure the neurostimulator in place. The neurostimulator apparatuses described herein may be secured to a separate or integral electrode assembly that may adhesively secure to the subject's head. The patient-facing surface of the neurostimulator may also be curved and twisted specifically for use at the temple/forehead region of a diverse population of potential users.