Abstract: An engine control system for protecting a turbocharger of an internal combustion engine from an overspeed condition occurring as a result of a failure of the turbocharger wastegate device. In one embodiment of the invention, sensors provide signals for engine speed, ambient pressure and boost pressure between the turbocharger and the engine intake. Correction factors are added to the boost pressure and ambient pressure signals, and a turbocharger pressure ratio is calculated from these signals. A reduced fueling table maps turbocharger pressure ratio and engine speed to reduced fueling signal values. An engine control computer utilizes a nominal fueling table that maps engine speed and boost pressure to nominal fueling signal values. The control computer also includes a decision module that selects the lesser of the nominal fueling signal values and the reduced fueling signal values and provides the selected value to the engine fueling system.

Abstract: A method for improving the atomization quality from a fluid injector includes the steps of inducing a first vortex turbulence in the fluid flowing past a first protrusion in a supply orifice having a flow axis therein, guiding the fluid through a turbulence cavity and then out through a first metering orifice having another protrusion positioned downstream from the first protrusion by a distance y measured generally parallel to the flow axis and by a distance x measured generally perpendicular to the flow axis. The droplet size of the fluid exiting from the metering orifice is reduced by sizing the x and y dimensions to position the first vortex turbulence within the turbulence cavity operatively adjacent to and upstream from the first metering orifice. In a preferred embodiment, the ratio of x/y is greater than 0.5 and less than 5. A fuel injector nozzle practicing this process is also provided.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for monitoring biofilm formation which comprises incorporating in an aquatic system, a sampler apparatus comprising a duct 1 having a port 5 in which is retained a stud 17 having a test surface 19 which lies flush with the wall of the duct. The invention can also be used to detect Legionellae bacteria.

Abstract: A toy article having a body formed in an egg-like configuration and including a top portion and a base in which a weight is located, the weight insuring that the body will always return to an upright position regardless of exterior forces applied thereto. A central section is disposed between the base and the top portion and is rotatable relative thereto, the central section being divided symmetrically into an opaque portion and a clear portion. Located interiorly of the central section is a fixed interior band having graphic material imprinted thereon that is visible when the clear portion of the central section is aligned therewith, wherein relative movement of the central section with respect to the interior band, locates a selected part of said graphic material in alignment with the clear portion of the central section for visual access thereto.