Abstract: A measuring chamber for photo-acoustical sensors for the continuous measurement of radiation-absorbing substances, in particular of radiation-absorbing particles, in gaseous samples includes at least one entry and at least one exit for the samples, a tube section with microphone that allows for the flow-through of the sample in longitudinal direction, and at least one entry and exit point for a laser beam that is aligned with the tube section, and whereby these entry and exit points are both arranged at a distance from the measuring tube by at least one chamber with a cross-sectional area that is expanded relative to the tube section.

Abstract: A chip card module having a carrier with contact areas. Arranged on the carrier lying opposite the contact areas is a semiconductor chip, which has an integrated circuit which has on a surface of the chip terminal contacts which are connected in an electrically conducting manner to assigned contact areas. The contact areas have a first conducting layer and a second conducting layer, with cluster elements embedded in the second conducting layer.

Abstract: A smart card module including a substrate having an upper face and a lower face, contact arrays arranged on the substrate lower face, conductor structures, which have vias arranged in cutouts in the substrate, arranged on the substrate upper face and connected to the contact arrays, a chip having connecting contacts which are electrically conductively connected to the conductor structures, wherein the chip is mounted by a mount on the substrate upper face or on the conductor structures, and an encapsulation, which covers the chip and at least a part of the conductor structures and of the substrate upper face.

Abstract: A method for producing a contact zone for a chip card has the following steps. A sheet having a first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface. Forming at least one insulating trench, which extends from the first surface to the second surface. A cluster layer is applied to the first surface. The second surface is connected to a carrier element after the cluster layer has been applied to the first surface.

Abstract: A chip card with a chip module having an integrated circuit and, for external contacting, has on a main face a contact zone with a number of contact areas which are spaced apart from one another and are electrically connected to the integrated circuit. At least one contact area is made up of first functional regions with first surfaces and of second functional regions with second surfaces, and the first surfaces of the first functional regions lie higher with respect to the main face than the second surfaces of the second functional regions.

Abstract: In a method of compensating for disturbances in the straight-line stability of a motor vehicle which is equipped with an active chassis, and includes a steering wheel angle sensor, a driving speed sensor and a yaw sensor or a transversal acceleration sensor, above a predefined driving speed limit and below a predefined steering wheel angle limit, the actual driving state of the vehicle is determined and, when the driving state deviates from a set-point driving state of the motor vehicle, the axles of the active chassis are braced in a crosswise manner.

Abstract: A chip card module having a carrier with contact areas. Arranged on the carrier lying opposite the contact areas is a semiconductor chip, which has an integrated circuit which has on a surface of the chip terminal contacts which are connected in an electrically conducting manner to assigned contact areas. The contact areas have a first conducting layer and a second conducting layer, with cluster elements embedded in the second conducting layer.

Abstract: A chip module having a chip which is mounted by means of chip adhesive on a mount and is electrically connected via bonding wires to contact pads, and an encapsulation compound which surrounds the chip and the bonding wires and is bounded by a subarea of the mount. The encapsulation compound is radiation-hardened and heat-hardened in a combined form and has radiation-impermeable pigments.

Abstract: A chip card module for a contactless chip card having a chip containing an integrated circuit, and having a coupling element, electrically connected to the chip to permit contactless communication. The chip card module has a layer sequence formed on a surface side of the chip card module, with a first layer reflecting electromagnetic waves, a second layer arranged on this first layer, and a third layer, in which a metallic cluster is embedded, arranged on the second layer.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for determining the non-volatile component of aerosol particles in a gas sample, especially in the exhaust gas of internal combustion engines, where the aerosol particles are deposited on an oscillating sensor (2) of at least one crystal microbalance (3), and the change in at least one oscillation parameter of the oscillating sensor is employed as measurement variable. According to the invention the oscillating sensor (2) of at least one crystal microbalance (3) is maintained at a temperature of more than 200° C. during deposition of the aerosol particles, and preferably between 250° C. and 350° C.

Abstract: BGA chip module and method for producing the BGA chip module by providing a carrier, forming holes at points at which bonding points of the BGA chip module are to be produced, forming metallization areas on an upper side of the carrier and covering the holes, connecting bonding points of a chip to the metallization areas, and introducing bonding elements into the holes.

Abstract: A measuring chamber for photo-acoustical sensors for the continuous measurement of radiation-absorbing substances, in particular of radiation-absorbing particles, in gaseous samples includes at least one entry and at least one exit for the samples, a tube section with microphone that allows for the flow-through of the sample in longitudinal direction, and at least one entry and exit point for a laser beam that is aligned with the tube section, and whereby these entry and exit points are both arranged at a distance from the measuring tube by at least one chamber with a cross-sectional area that is expanded relative to the tube section.

Abstract: An exhaust emission analysis system is provided that includes an exhaust and dilution gas source respectively providing exhaust and dilution gases. A dilution unit includes exhaust and dilution gas flow devices, such as mass flow controllers, fluidly connected to the exhaust and dilution gas sources, respectively. The metering device in the mass flow controllers defines a gas flow rate of gas from its respective gas source. The gas flow devices are fluidly connected at a connection that mixes the gases to provide a diluted exhaust gas having an incorrect dilution ratio. A water measurement device such as an analyzer measures the water content of the exhaust gas, preferably subsequent to dilution. A water content dilution signal corresponding to the water content in the exhaust gas is sent from the water measurement device to a control device.

Abstract: A particulate sampler is provided for conveying exhaust gas from exhaust gas source to analysis equipment. The particulate sampler includes a probe for receiving the exhaust gas and a transfer tube for conveying the exhaust gas from a tailpipe to a mixer. The mixer mixes the exhaust gas and a dilution gas from a dilution source. A dilution tunnel mixes and conveys the exhaust gas and dilution gas from the mixer to analysis equipment such as a filter or gas analyzers. A flow pulsation cancellation device includes an actuator in communication with at least one of the tailpipe, probe, transfer tube, mixer, and dilution tunnel for introducing a canceling pressure pulse to minimize the effects of pressures pulses present from the tailpipe within the sampler. The actuator may be a moveable membrane or a fluid flow control valve.

Abstract: An exhaust emission analysis system is provided that includes an exhaust and dilution gas source respectively providing exhaust and dilution gases. A dilution unit includes exhaust and dilution gas flow devices, such as mass flow controllers, fluidly connected to the exhaust and dilution gas sources, respectively. The metering device in the mass flow controllers defines a gas flow rate of gas from its respective gas source. The gas flow devices are fluidly connected at a connection that mixes the gases to provide a diluted exhaust gas having an incorrect dilution ratio. A water measurement device such as an analyzer measures the water content of the exhaust gas, preferably subsequent to dilution. A water content dilution signal corresponding to the water content in the exhaust gas is sent from the water measurement device to a control device.

Abstract: An exhaust emission analysis system is provided that includes an exhaust and dilution gas source respectively providing exhaust and dilution gases. A dilution unit includes exhaust and dilution gas flow devices, such as mass flow controllers, fluidly connected to the exhaust and dilution gas sources, respectively. The metering device in the mass flow controllers defines a gas flow rate of gas from its respective gas source. The gas flow devices are fluidly connected at a connection that mixes the gases to provide a diluted exhaust gas having an incorrect dilution ratio. A water measurement device such as an analyzer measures the water content of the exhaust gas, preferably subsequent to dilution. A water content dilution signal corresponding to the water content in the exhaust gas is sent from the water measurement device to a control device.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for determining the non-volatile component of aerosol particles in a gas sample, especially in the exhaust gas of internal combustion engines, where the aerosol particles are deposited on an oscillating sensor (2) of at least one crystal microbalance (3), and the change in at least one oscillation parameter of the oscillating sensor is employed as measurement variable. According to the invention the oscillating sensor (2) of at least one crystal microbalance (3) is maintained at a temperature of more than 200° C. during deposition of the aerosol particles, and preferably between 250° C. and 350° C.

Abstract: A process is provided for measuring the opacity in gases, especially in exhaust gases or in the atmosphere, at or near the maximum of the eye sensitivity in the green wavelength range with a central wavelength lying between 550 and 570 nm. In order, in a simple manner, to separately determine the components which are responsible for clouding in the visible wavelength range, or to make a correction possible by taking into consideration further components that have an effect in the visible range, the opacity in at least one second wavelength range which is located in the spectral between 200 nm and 2&mgr;, and which overlaps at most slightly with the first wavelength range is additionally measured.

Abstract: A particulate sampler is provided for conveying exhaust gas from exhaust gas source to analysis equipment. The particulate sampler includes a probe for receiving the exhaust gas and a transfer tube for conveying the exhaust gas from a tailpipe to a mixer. The mixer mixes the exhaust gas and a dilution gas from a dilution source. A dilution tunnel mixes and conveys the exhaust gas and dilution gas from the mixer to analysis equipment such as a filter or gas analyzers. A flow pulsation cancellation device includes an actuator in communication with at least one of the tailpipe, probe, transfer tube, mixer, and dilution tunnel for introducing a canceling pressure pulse to minimize the effects of pressures pulses present from the tailpipe within the sampler. The actuator may be a moveable membrane or a fluid flow control valve.

Abstract: Two accelerator pedal position sensors independently sense the position of an accelerator pedal driving an internal combustion engine. A first emergency running mode of the internal combustion engine is set if a failure is detected of either the first or the second pedal position sensor. In the first emergency running mode, the torque at a shaft of the drive train is limited to an emergency running mode torque which depends on at least one operating variable.