Abstract: Composition and electrode for phosphate sensing. In one embodiment, the composition includes a first component, a second component, and a third component. The first component is selected from a group consisting of cobalt oxide nanoparticles, tin (IV) chloride, diphenyl tin dichloride, and ammonium molybdate. The second component includes graphene oxide or reduced graphene oxide. The third component includes pyrrole or polypyrrole.

Abstract: A fuel cell vehicle includes a cell stack, a DC level converter, an output unit, a first switching unit disposed between a positive output terminal of the DC level converter and a positive input terminal of the output unit, a second switching unit disposed between a negative output terminal of the DC level converter and a negative input terminal of the output unit, a resistor and a third switching unit connected to each other in series between the positive output terminal of the DC level converter and the negative output terminal of the DC level converter, a fourth switching unit disposed between a contact point between the resistor and the third switching unit and the positive input terminal of the output unit, and a controller for controlling switching operation of the first, second, third and fourth switching units according to an operation mode.

Abstract: An automatic transmission may include rotation shaft, sliding unit mounted on the rotation shaft and slidable up and down along the rotation shaft, diaphragm spring coupled to the sliding unit and deformed to be oriented toward first or second end of the rotation shaft along the rotation shaft according to position of the sliding unit, shift fork connected to the sliding unit or the diaphragm spring and configured to cause synchronizer to engage with speed change gear according to the position of the sliding unit, sliding-unit position adjuster connected to the sliding unit and adjusting the position of the sliding unit by causing the sliding unit to slide up or down along the rotation shaft, and controller for controlling the sliding-unit position adjuster to adjust elastic force of the diaphragm spring according to the vehicle speed by causing the sliding unit to slide upward or downward along the rotation shaft.

Abstract: A power transmission apparatus for a vehicle may include a first input shaft directly connected to a motor/generator, a second and third input shafts coaxial and selectively connectable to the first input shaft, a torque mediating shaft coaxial with the first input shaft, an intermediate shaft and output shaft disposed in parallel with the first input shaft, a first shifting section receiving torque from the third input shaft and outputting a modified torque to the torque mediating shaft, a second shifting section including first planetary gear set, shifting torque of the first input shaft to output the shifted torque to the torque mediating shaft, and selectively stopping the torque mediating shaft, and a third shifting section including second planetary gear set, forming an output torque in combination of torques from the first and second shifting sections and the second input shaft, and outputting the output torque to the output shaft.

Abstract: A synchronizer apparatus for a transmission includes: first and second shifting gears rotatable on an output shaft; a hub spline-coupled with the output shaft and having a slope portion having slanted surfaces; a sleeve spline-coupled with the hub; a key coupled with a recess of a slope portion; first and second clutch gears disposed between the hub and shifting gears; first and second outer rings and first and second inner rings disposed between the hub and clutch gears; first and second synchronizer cones disposed between the first inner and outer rings and the second inner and outer rings; a poppet ball unit disposed at the sleeve and contacting the key through a poppet ball; first and second push blocks disposed at the slanted surfaces; and first and second push springs inserted in spring holes formed at the push blocks to force push blocks to the slanted surfaces.

Abstract: A power transmission apparatus for a hybrid electric vehicle includes: a planetary gear set including first, second and third rotary elements; a first shaft fixedly connected to an output shaft of an engine; a second shaft fixedly connected to the first rotary element and a first motor/generator; a third shaft receiving rotational power from the first shaft; a fourth shaft selectively connected with the first shaft, and the fourth shaft selectively receiving rotational power from the first shaft or from the third rotary element; a fifth shaft fixedly connected to a second motor/generator; and a sixth shaft transmitting rotational power transmitted from the fifth shaft to a final reduction gear of the differential gear. In particular, the six shafts are connected to external gears mutually by four gear sets so that rotational power is transmitted.

Abstract: A vehicle transmission system may include an engine outputting power from fuel combustion, a transmission coupled to the engine and including at least one clutch to control torque input from the engine, an supercharger compressing an intake air and supplying the compressed intake air to the engine, and a control unit, where, when a predetermined acceleration condition is satisfied, the control unit is configured to operate the supercharger and to control the transmission according to a transmission clutch stroke operation map corresponding to the operation of the electric supercharger, to vary an engagement speed of the clutch when the supercharger is operated.

Abstract: A power transmission apparatus may include a motor/generator having a rotor selectively connectable to an engine output shaft, a first input shaft mounted coaxial with the engine output shaft and selectively connectable to the rotor, a second input shaft external to the first input shaft and fixedly connected to the rotor, an intermediate shaft parallel with the input shafts, first and second output shafts receiving torques from the first and second input shafts, and outputting a shifted torque based on the received torques, a planetary gear set mounted on the first output shaft, having a sun gear fixedly connected to the first output shaft, selectively receiving torques from the first and second input shafts and the intermediate shaft, and outputting a shifted torque based on the received torques to the first output shaft, and a plurality of gear sets allowing torque flows between the various shafts.

Abstract: A power transmission apparatus may include a motor/generator having a rotor selectively connectable to an engine output shaft, a first input shaft mounted coaxial with the engine output shaft and selectively connectable to the rotor, a second input shaft external to the first input shaft and fixedly connected to the rotor, an intermediate shaft parallel with the input shafts, first and second output shafts receiving torques from the first and second input shafts, and outputting a shifted torque based on the received torques, a planetary gear set mounted on the first output shaft, having a sun gear fixedly connected to the first output shaft, selectively receiving torques from the first and second input shafts and the intermediate shaft, and outputting a shifted torque based on the received torques to the first output shaft, and a plurality of gear sets allowing torque flows between the various shafts.

Abstract: A power transmission apparatus may include a motor/generator having a rotor selectively connectable to an engine output shaft, a first input shaft mounted along an axis of the engine output shaft and fixedly connected to the rotor, a second input shaft external and selectively connectable to the first input shaft, first and second intermediate shafts and an output shaft mounted in parallel with the input shafts, a planetary gear set mounted on the output shaft, having a sun gear fixedly connected to the output shaft, selectively receiving torques from the first and second input shafts and the first and second intermediate shafts, and outputting the shifted torque based on the received torques to the output shaft, and a plurality of gear sets allowing torque flows between the first and second input shafts, the first and second intermediate shafts, and the output shaft.

Abstract: A vehicle transmission system may include an engine outputting power from fuel combustion, a transmission coupled to the engine and including at least one clutch to control torque input from the engine, an supercharger compressing an intake air and supplying the compressed intake air to the engine, and a control unit, where, when a predetermined acceleration condition is satisfied, the control unit is configured to operate the supercharger and to control the transmission according to a transmission clutch stroke operation map corresponding to the operation of the electric supercharger, to vary an engagement speed of the clutch when the supercharger is operated.

Abstract: A power transmission apparatus may include a motor/generator having a rotor selectively connectable to an engine output shaft, a first input shaft mounted along an axis of the engine output shaft and fixedly connected to the rotor, a second input shaft external and selectively connectable to the first input shaft, first and second intermediate shafts and an output shaft mounted in parallel with the input shafts, a planetary gear set mounted on the output shaft, having a sun gear fixedly connected to the output shaft, selectively receiving torques from the first and second input shafts and the first and second intermediate shafts, and outputting the shifted torque based on the received torques to the output shaft, and a plurality of gear sets allowing torque flows between the first and second input shafts, the first and second intermediate shafts, and the output shaft.

Abstract: A power transmission apparatus of a hybrid electric vehicle using an engine and first and second motor/generators as power sources, may include a first shaft, a second shaft which is selectively connectable to the first shaft and fixedly connected to the first motor/generator, a third shaft selectively connectable to the first shaft, a fourth shaft coaxially mounted with the third shaft, a fifth shaft transferring rotational power transmitted from the third and fourth shafts to a final reduction gear, a sixth shaft fixedly connected to the second motor/generator, a seventh shaft transferring rotational power transmitted from the sixth shaft to the final reduction gear and a planetary gear set including first, second, and third rotation elements wherein the first to seventh shafts are externally gear-meshed with each other by four gear sets so that rotational power is transmitted.

Abstract: A power transmission apparatus may include a motor/generator having a rotor selectively connectable to an engine output shaft, a first input shaft mounted coaxial with the engine output shaft and fixedly connected to the rotor, a second input shaft external and selectively connectable to the first input shaft, first and second intermediate shafts and an output shaft mounted in parallel with input shafts, a planetary gear set mounted on the output shaft, having a sun gear fixedly connected to the output shaft, selectively receiving torques from the first and second input shafts and the first and second intermediate shafts, and outputting a shifted torque based on the received torques to the output shaft, and a plurality of external gear sets forming external engagements among the various shafts.

Abstract: A power transmission apparatus includes: a first input shaft always receiving an input torque from an engine; second and third input shafts coaxially disposed and selectively connected with the first input shaft; a torque mediating shaft selectively connected with the first input shaft or a transmission housing; first and second intermediate shafts and an output shaft respectively disposed in parallel with the first input shaft; a first preliminary shifting section receiving a torque through a first input gear set, selectively shifting the received torque, and outputting the shifted torque; a second preliminary shifting section including a second shifting gear set which outputs a torque from the first input shaft and stops; and a compound shifting section forming an output torque by the input torque and the first and second shifted torques.

Abstract: A power transmission apparatus includes a first input shaft receiving an input torque, second and third input shafts coaxially disposed and selectively connected with the first input shaft, first and second torque mediating shafts coaxially disposed with the first input shaft, first and second intermediate shafts and an output shaft disposed in parallel with the first input shaft, a first shifting section receiving a torque from the third input shaft and outputting a plurality of first shifted torques, a second shifting section including a first planetary gear set selectively connected with the first input shaft and outputting a plurality of second shifted torques, and a compound shifting section forming an output torque by the input torque and the first and second shifted torques.

Abstract: A device for measuring pH levels and contaminant concentration includes an electrode assembly that is electrically coupled to a control unit. The electrode assembly includes a first contact electrically coupled to a reference electrode, a second contact electrically coupled to a working electrode, and a third contact electrically coupled to a counter electrode. The working electrode may be modified to include a cysteine functionalized graphene oxide with polypyrrole nanocomposite. In operation, the control unit may apply a complex signal to the working electrode via the second contact in order to adhere and subsequently strip contaminant ions from the fluid sample to the working electrode. During this process, a current may be measured across the working electrode and the counter electrode to measure contaminant ion concentration. The pH of the fluid sample may also be determined by a current measured across the reference electrode and the counter electrode.

Abstract: A synchronizer apparatus for a transmission includes: first and second shifting gears rotatable on an output shaft; a hub spline-coupled with the output shaft and having a slope portion having slanted surfaces; a sleeve spline-coupled with the hub; a key coupled with a recess of a slope portion; first and second clutch gears disposed between the hub and shifting gears; first and second outer rings and first and second inner rings disposed between the hub and clutch gears; first and second synchronizer cones disposed between the first inner and outer rings and the second inner and outer rings; a poppet ball unit disposed at the sleeve and contacting the key through a poppet ball; first and second push blocks disposed at the slanted surfaces; and first and second push springs inserted in spring holes formed at the push blocks to force push blocks to the slanted surfaces.

Abstract: A power transmission apparatus for a hybrid electric vehicle includes: a planetary gear set including first, second and third rotary elements; a first shaft fixedly connected to an output shaft of an engine; a second shaft fixedly connected to the first rotary element and a first motor/generator; a third shaft receiving rotational power from the first shaft; a fourth shaft selectively connected with the first shaft, and the fourth shaft selectively receiving rotational power from the first shaft or from the third rotary element; a fifth shaft fixedly connected to a second motor/generator; and a sixth shaft transmitting rotational power transmitted from the fifth shaft to a final reduction gear of the differential gear. In particular, the six shafts are connected to external gears mutually by four gear sets so that rotational power is transmitted.

Abstract: A power transmission apparatus for a vehicle may include a first input shaft directly connected with a motor/generator, second and third input shafts and torque mediating shaft coaxial and selectively connected with the first input shaft, a first intermediate shaft and first and second idle shafts in parallel with the first input shaft, a second intermediate shaft in parallel with the first input shaft, and selectively connected with a transmission housing, an output shaft in parallel with the first input shaft, and coaxial and selectively connected with the second intermediate shaft, a first shifting section including six gear sets, selectively receiving torque through the first and third input shafts, and outputting intermediate shift-stages, and a second shifting section including a planetary gear set, forming an output torque by combination torques from the first shifting section and the second input shaft, and outputting the output torque to the output shaft.