Abstract: A capsule endoscope, an endoscope system, and an image correction method are provided. The capsule endoscope includes an image sensor and a posture sensor. The image sensor is coupled to a processor and obtains a sensed image. The posture sensor is coupled to the processor and obtains three-axis data. The processor calculates a screen rotation angle according to the three-axis data and corrects the sensed image according to the screen rotation angle. A first axis and a second axis of the corrected sensed image rotate toward an actual vertical axis and an actual horizontal axis.

Abstract: A video processing method includes: decoding apart of a bitstream to generate a decoded frame, where the decoded frame is a projection-based frame that includes projection faces in a projection layout; and remapping sample locations of the projection-based frame to locations on the sphere, where a sample location within the projection-based frame is converted into a local sample location within a projection face packed in the projection-based frame; in response to adjustment criteria being met, an adjusted local sample location within the projection face is generated by applying adjustment to at least one coordinate value of the local sample location within the projection face, and the adjusted local sample location within the projection face is remapped to a location on the sphere; and in response to the adjustment criteria not being met, the local sample location within the projection face is remapped to a location on the sphere.

Abstract: A video decoding method includes: decoding a part of a bitstream to generate a decoded frame, and parsing at least one syntax element from the bitstream. The decoded frame is a projection-based frame that includes projection faces packed in a cube-based projection layout. At least a portion of a 360-degree content of a sphere is mapped to the projection faces via cube-based projection. The at least one syntax element is indicative of a guard band configuration of the projection-based frame.

Abstract: An exemplary video processing method includes: receiving an omnidirectional content corresponding to a sphere; obtaining a plurality of projection faces from the omnidirectional content of the sphere according to a pyramid projection; creating at least one padding region; and generating a projection-based frame by packing the projection faces and the at least one padding region in a pyramid projection layout. The projection faces packed in the pyramid projection layout include a first projection face. The at least one padding region packed in the pyramid projection layout includes a first padding region. The first padding region connects with at least the first projection face, and forms at least a portion of one boundary of the pyramid projection layout.

Abstract: An endoscope includes a control module, a lens module, a cover, and an encapsulation. The lens module is electrically connected to the control module. The cover has a transparent area, and the cover covers the lens module in a sealing manner. The encapsulation encapsulates the cover and the control module, and exposes the transparent area, such that the encapsulation serves as a shell of the endoscope.

Abstract: A video decoding method includes decoding a part of a bitstream to generate a decoded frame, wherein the decoded frame is a projection-based frame that includes a plurality of projection faces packed in a projection layout with M projection face columns and N projection face rows, M and N are positive integers, and at least a portion of a 360-degree content of a sphere is mapped to the plurality of projection faces via projection. Regarding the decoded frame, a picture width excluding guard band samples is equal to an integer multiple of M, and a picture height excluding guard band samples is equal to an integer multiple of N.

Abstract: A video decoding method includes decoding a part of a bitstream to generate a decoded frame. The decoded frame is a projection-based frame that comprises at least one projection face and at least one guard band packed in a projection layout. At least a portion of a 360-degree content of a sphere is mapped to the at least one projection face via projection. The decoded frame is in a 4:2:0 chroma format or a 4:2:2 chroma format, and a guard band size of each of the at least one guard band is equal to an even number of luma samples.

Abstract: A video processing method includes: decoding apart of a bitstream to generate a decoded frame, where the decoded frame is a projection-based frame that includes projection faces in a projection layout; and remapping sample locations of the projection-based frame to locations on the sphere, where a sample location within the projection-based frame is converted into a local sample location within a projection face packed in the projection-based frame; in response to adjustment criteria being met, an adjusted local sample location within the projection face is generated by applying adjustment to at least one coordinate value of the local sample location within the projection face, and the adjusted local sample location within the projection face is remapped to a location on the sphere; and in response to the adjustment criteria not being met, the local sample location within the projection face is remapped to a location on the sphere.

Abstract: A video processing method includes a step of receiving a bitstream, and a step of decoding a part of the bitstream to generate a decoded frame, including parsing a plurality of syntax elements from the bitstream. The decoded frame is a projection-based frame that includes a plurality of projection faces packed at a plurality of face positions with different position indexes in a hemisphere cubemap projection layout. A portion of a 360-degree content of a sphere is mapped to the plurality of projection faces via hemisphere cubemap projection. Values of the plurality of syntax elements are indicative of face indexes of the plurality of projection faces packed at the plurality of face positions, respectively, and are constrained to meet a requirement of bitstream conformance.

Abstract: A video processing method includes: decoding a part of a bitstream to generate a decoded frame, where the decoded frame is a projection-based frame that includes projection faces in a hemisphere cubemap projection layout; and remapping sample locations of the projection-based frame to locations on the sphere, where a sample location within the projection-based frame is converted into a local sample location within a projection face packed in the projection-based frame; in response to adjustment criteria being met, an adjusted local sample location within the projection face is generated by applying adjustment to one coordinate value of the local sample location within the projection face, and the adjusted local sample location within the projection face is remapped to a location on the sphere; and in response to the adjustment criteria not being met, the local sample location within the projection face is remapped to a location on the sphere.

Abstract: A video processing method includes: decoding a part of a bitstream to generate a decoded frame, where the decoded frame is a projection-based frame that includes projection faces in a hemisphere cubemap projection layout; and remapping sample locations of the projection-based frame to locations on the sphere, where a sample location within the projection-based frame is converted into a local sample location within a projection face packed in the projection-based frame; in response to adjustment criteria being met, an adjusted local sample location within the projection face is generated by applying adjustment to one coordinate value of the local sample location within the projection face, and the adjusted local sample location within the projection face is remapped to a location on the sphere; and in response to the adjustment criteria not being met, the local sample location within the projection face is remapped to a location on the sphere.

Abstract: A video processing method includes a step of receiving a bitstream, and a step of decoding a part of the bitstream to generate a decoded frame, including parsing a plurality of syntax elements from the bitstream. The decoded frame is a projection-based frame that includes a plurality of projection faces packed at a plurality of face positions with different position indexes in a hemisphere cubemap projection layout. A portion of a 360-degree content of a sphere is mapped to the plurality of projection faces via hemisphere cubemap projection. Values of the plurality of syntax elements are indicative of face indexes of the plurality of projection faces packed at the plurality of face positions, respectively, and are constrained to meet a requirement of bitstream conformance.

Abstract: A video decoding method includes decoding a part of a bitstream to generate a decoded frame, and parsing at least one syntax element from the bitstream. The decoded frame is a projection-based frame that has projection faces packed in a cube-based projection layout. At least a portion of a 360-degree content of a sphere is mapped to the projection faces via cube-based projection. The at least one syntax element is indicative of packing of the projection faces in the cube-based projection layout.

Abstract: A video encoding method includes: encoding a projection-based frame to generate a part of a bitstream, wherein at least a portion of a 360-degree content of a sphere is mapped to projection faces via cube-based projection, and the projection-based frame has the projection faces packed in a cube-based projection layout; and signaling at least one syntax element via the bitstream, wherein said at least one syntax element is associated with a mapping function that is employed by the cube-based projection to determine sample locations for each of the projection faces.

Abstract: A video decoding method includes decoding a part of a bitstream to generate a decoded frame. The decoded frame is a projection-based frame that comprises at least one projection face and at least one guard band packed in a projection layout. At least a portion of a 360-degree content of a sphere is mapped to the at least one projection face via projection. The decoded frame is in a 4:2:0 chroma format or a 4:2:2 chroma format, and a guard band size of each of the at least one guard band is equal to an even number of luma samples.

Abstract: A video decoding method includes decoding a part of a bitstream to generate a decoded frame, wherein the decoded frame is a projection-based frame that includes a plurality of projection faces packed in a projection layout with M projection face columns and N projection face rows, M and N are positive integers, and at least a portion of a 360-degree content of a sphere is mapped to the plurality of projection faces via projection. Regarding the decoded frame, a picture width excluding guard band samples is equal to an integer multiple of M, and a picture height excluding guard band samples is equal to an integer multiple of N.

Abstract: A video decoding method includes decoding a part of a bitstream to generate a decoded frame. The decoded frame is a projection-based frame that comprises at least one projection face and at least one guard band packed in a projection layout. At least a portion of a 360-degree content of a sphere is mapped to the at least one projection face via projection. The decoded frame is in a 4:2:0 chroma format or a 4:2:2 chroma format, and a guard band size of each of the at least one guard band is equal to an even number of luma samples.

Abstract: A video processing method includes: obtaining a plurality of square projection faces from an omnidirectional content of a sphere according to a cube-based projection, scaling the square projection faces to generate a plurality of scaled projection faces, respectively, creating at least one padding region, generating a projection-based frame by packing the scaled projection faces and said at least one padding region in a projection layout of the cube-based projection, and encoding the projection-based frame to generate a part of a bitstream.

Abstract: A video processing method includes: receiving an omnidirectional content corresponding to a sphere, obtaining projection faces from the omnidirectional content, and creating a projection-based frame by generating at least one padding region and packing the projection faces and said at least one padding region in a 360 VR projection layout. The projection faces packed in the 360 VR projection layout include a first projection face and a second projection face, where there is an image content discontinuity edge between the first projection face and the second projection face if the first projection face connects with the second projection face. The at least one padding region packed in the 360 VR projection layout includes a first padding region, where the first padding region connects with the first projection face and the second projection face for isolating the first projection face from the second projection face in the 360 VR projection layout.

Abstract: A video decoding method includes: decoding a part of a bitstream to generate a decoded frame, including parsing a syntax element from the bitstream. The decoded frame is a projection-based frame that includes at least one projection face and at least one guard band packed in a projection layout with padding, and at least a portion of a 360-degree content of a sphere is mapped to the at least one projection face via projection. The syntax element specifies a guard band type of the at least one guard band.