Abstract: [Problem] To provide a compound which is useful as an agent for preventing and/or treating kidney diseases. [Means for Solution] The present inventors have studied compounds having a trypsin inhibitory activity, and have confirmed that a guanidinobenzoic acid ester compound has a trypsin inhibitory activity, thereby completing the present invention. The guanidinobenzoic acid ester compound of the present invention can be used as an agent for preventing and/or treating kidney diseases (for example, chronic kidney disease, acute glomerulonephritis, acute kidney injury, and the like) as an agent which will substitute low-protein diet therapy, and/or as an agent for preventing and/or treating trypsin-related diseases (for example, chronic pancreatitis, gastroesophageal reflux disease, hepatic encephalopathy, influenza, and the like).

Abstract: [Problem]To provide a compound which is useful as an agent for preventing and/or treating kidney diseases. [Means for Solution]The present inventors have studied compounds having a trypsin inhibitory activity, and have confirmed that a guanidinobenzoic acid ester compound has a trypsin inhibitory activity, thereby completing the present invention. The guanidinobenzoic acid ester compound of the present invention can be used as an agent for preventing and/or treating kidney diseases (for example, chronic kidney disease, acute glomerulonephritis, acute kidney injury, and the like) as an agent which will substitute low-protein diet therapy, and/or as an agent for preventing and/or treating trypsin-related diseases (for example, chronic pancreatitis, gastroesophageal reflux disease, hepatic encephalopathy, influenza, and the like).

Abstract: As a result of extensive studies on NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitors, the present inventors found that a quinolone derivative having, at the 2-position, an alkyl group substituted with a heteroatom or the like has an excellent NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitory activity, and accomplished the present invention. The compound of the present invention has a reactive oxygen species production inhibitory activity based on the NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitory activity, and therefore can be used as an agent for preventing and/or treating diabetes, impaired glucose tolerance, hyperlipidemia, fatty liver, diabetic complications and the like.

Abstract: [Problem] The present invention has an object to provide a compound having a GPR40 agonistic activity, which is useful as a pharmaceutical composition, an insulin secretion promoter, or an agent for preventing/treating diabetes. [Means for Solution] The present inventors have extensively studied a compound having a GPR40 agonistic activity, and as a result, they have found that the compound (I) of the present invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in which a carboxylic acid is bonded to a bicyclic or tricyclic moiety through methylene, and further, a benzene ring substituted with a monocyclic 6-membered aromatic ring is bonded to a bicyclic or tricyclic moiety through —O-methylene or —NH-methylene, has an excellent GPR40 agonistic activity. They have also found that the compound has an excellent insulin secretion promoting action and strongly inhibits increase in the blood glucose after glucose loading, thereby completing the present invention.

Abstract: As a result of extensive studies on NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitors, the present inventors found that a quinolone derivative having, at the 2-position, an alkyl group substituted with a heteroatom or the like has an excellent NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitory activity, and accomplished the present invention. The compound of the present invention has a reactive oxygen species production inhibitory activity based on the NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitory activity, and therefore can be used as an agent for preventing and/or treating diabetes, impaired glucose tolerance, hyperlipidemia, fatty liver, diabetic complications and the like.

Abstract: Compounds having the formula (I): wherein R1 is hydrogen, lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, lower or higher alkynyl, cyclo(lower)alkyl, cyclo(higher)alkyl, cyclo(lower)alkyl(lower)alkyl, cyclo(higher)alkyl(lower)alkyl, cyclo(lower)alkenyl(lower)alkyl, aryl-fused cyclo(lower)alkyl, lower alkoxy, acyl, aryl, ar(lower)alkoxy, ar(lower)alkyl, heteroar(lower)alkyl, amino, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl or heterocyclyl(lower)alkyl, which may be substituted with one or more suitable substituent(s), R2 is hydrogen or lower alkyl, X is pyrrolidinylene or piperidinylene, Y is pyridylene, which may be substituted with one or more suitable substituent(s), Z is lower alkenylene, which may be substituted with lower alkyl or halogen, and salts thereof are useful as a histone deacetylase inhibitors.

Abstract: Compounds having the formula (I): wherein R1 is hydrogen, lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, lower or higher alkynyl, cyclo(lower)alkyl, cyclo(higher)alkyl, cyclo(lower)alkyl(lower)alkyl, cyclo(higher)alkyl(lower)alkyl, cyclo(lower)alkenyl(lower)alkyl, aryl-fused cyclo(lower)alkyl, lower alkoxy, acyl, aryl, ar(lower)alkoxy, ar(lower)alkyl, heteroar(lower)alkyl, amino, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl or heterocyclyl(lower)alkyl, which may be substituted with one or more suitable substituent(s), R2 is hydrogen or lower alkyl, X is pyrrolidinylene or piperidinylene, Y is pyridylene, which may be substituted with one or more suitable substituent(s), Z is lower alkenylene, which may be substituted with lower alkyl or halogen, and salts thereof are useful as a histone deacetylase inhibitors.

Abstract: A compound having the formula (I): wherein R1 is hydrogen, lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, lower or higher alkynyl, cyclo(lower)alkyl, cyclo(higher)alkyl, cyclo(lower)alkyl(lower)alkyl, cyclo(higher)alkyl(lower)alkyl, cyclo(lower)alkenyl(lower)alkyl, aryl-fused cyclo(lower)alkyl, lower alkoxy, acyl, aryl, ar(lower)alkoxy, ar(lower)alkyl, heteroar(lower)alkyl, amino, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl or heterocyclyl(lower)alkyl, which may be substituted with one or more suitable substituent(s), R2 is hydrogen or lower alkyl, X is arylene, heterorarylene, cycloalkylene, heterocycloalkylene or aryl-fused cycloalkene, Y is arylene, heteroarylene, which may be substituted with one or more suitable substituent(s), Z lower alenylene, which may be substituted with lower alkyl or halogen, or a salt thereof. The compound is useful as a histone deacetylase inhibitor.

Abstract: A compound having the following formula (I): wherein R1 is N-containing heterocyclic ring optionally substituted with one or more suitable substituent(s), R2 is hydroxyamino, R3 is hydrogen or a suitable substituent, L1 is —(CH2)n— (wherein n is an integer of 0 to 6) optionally substituted with one or more suitable substituent(s), wherein one or more methylene(s) may be replaced with suitable heteroatom(s), and L2 is lower alkenylene, or a salt thereof. The compound is useful as a histone deacetylase inhibitor.

Abstract: A cyclic tetrapeptide compound of the formula (I): wherein R1 is hydrogen; R2 is lower alkyl, aryl, optionally substituted ar(lower)alkyl, heterocyclic(lower)alkyl, cyclo(lower)alkyl(lower)alkyl, lower alkylcarbamoyl(lower)alkyl or arylcarbamoyl(lower)alkyl; R3 and R4 are each independently hydrogen, lower alkyl, optionally substituted ar(lower)alkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclic(lower)alkyl or cyclo(lower)alkyl(lower)alkyl, or R3 and R4 are linked together to form lower alkylene or condensed ring, or one of R3 and R4 is linked to the adjacent nitrogen atom to form a ring; R5 is lower alkylene or lower alkenylene, Y is [wherein RY1 is hydrogen, halogen or optionally protected hydroxy, RY2 is hydrogen, halogen, lower alkyl or phenyl, and RY3 is hydrogen or lower alkyl]; R8 is hydrogen or lower alkyl; and n is an integer of 1 or 2, or a salt thereof.

Abstract: A compound having the following formula (I): wherein R1 is hydrogen, lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, lower or higher alkynyl, cyclo(lower)alkyl, cyclo(higher)alkyl, cyclo(lower)alkyl(lower)alkyl, cyclo(higher)alkyl(lower)alkyl, cyclo(lower)alkenyl(lower)alkyl, aryl-fused cyclo(lower)alkyl, lower alkoxy, acyl, aryl, ar(lower)alkoxy, ar(lower)alkyl, heteroar(lower) alkyl, amino, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl or heterocyclyl(lower)alkyl, which may be substituted with one or more suitable substituent(s), R2 is hydrogen or lower alkyl, X is arylene, heteroarylene, cycloalkylene, heterocycloalkylene or aryl-fused cycloalkylene, Y is arylene or heteroarylene, which may be substituted with one or more suitable substituent(s), Z is lower alkenylene, which may be substituted with lower alkyl or halogen, or a salt thereof. The compound is useful as a histone deacetylase inhibitor.

Abstract: A compound having the following formula (I): 1

Abstract: This invention relates to a quinoline compound of the formula: ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 is a pyridyl group or aryl, each of which may be substituted with suitable substituent(s),A is --COHN-- or --NHCO--,n is an integer of 0 or 1, and ##STR2## is a group of the formula: ##STR3## In which R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5, R.sup.6 and R.sup.7 are as defined,and pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to processes for preparation thereof, to a pharmaceutical composition comprising the same, and to a method for the prevention and/or the treatment of bone diseases caused by abnormal bone metabolism in human being or animals.