Abstract: A method of fabricating a liquid crystal display device with high quality of display comprises the steps of: preparing a pair of substrates, at least one of which has an electrode surface and a surface of a level lower than or a surface having a higher surface energy than the electrode surface exposed on a surface of the one substrate; distributing liquid and spacers on a surface of the one substrate; and applying an external force on the surface of the one substrate to move the liquid and spacers.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a liquid crystal display device capable of easily giving a pre-tilt angle to a homeotropic orientation, the method having the steps of: forming a film of homeotropic orientation material on the surface of a substrate, the material being sensitive to ultraviolet ray and having a property of orientating liquid crystal molecules, on an average, vertically to the surface of the film; and applying ultraviolet rays to the film of homeotropic orientation material along a direction tilted from the normal to the surface of the film.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display element has: a pair of substrates facing each other; a liquid crystal layer sandwiched between the pair of substrates; a unit for applying an electric field to the liquid crystal layer, the electric field being substantially parallel to surfaces of the pair of substrates; and an alignment structure that an interface of one of the pair of substrates with the liquid crystal layer is not subjected to a positive alignment process and an interface of the other of the pair of substrates with the liquid crystal layer is subjected to the positive alignment process, wherein the alignment state of liquid crystal molecules of the liquid crystal layer is changed between directions both parallel to the surfaces of the pair of substrates.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a liquid crystal display device including the steps of: preparing a parent substrate having an orientation structure on the surface thereof subjected to orientation treatment; interposing primary liquid crystal material between a child substrate not subjected to orientation treatment and the parent substrate, and transferring an orientation state corresponding to the orientation structure of the parent substrate to the child substrate; separating the parent substrate and the child substrate while heating the primary liquid crystal material in an isotropic phase; and forming the liquid crystal display device by using the child substrate. At least one of the two substrates of the liquid crystal display device is not required to be subjected to direct rubbing treatment. It is therefore possible to prevent device defects and performance degradation to be caused by electrostatic charges generated by rubbing.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display cell comprising a pair of substrates, a liquid crystal material sandwiched between the pair of substrates, and an optical polarization memory film provided on one or both of the substrates. The optical polarization memory film is exposed by polarized lights to produce a positive orientation means including a multiple micro domains. In the micro domains, orientation direction is uniform in each domain and substantially isotropic as a whole. The visual angular dependency is eliminated. No rubbing treatment is done, and problems caused by rubbing can be solved.

Abstract: No rubbing treatment is done on a pair of transparent substrates. A liquid crystal layer is sandwiched between these transparent substrates to exhibit a multi-domain structure wherein liquid crystal molecules are oriented to various directions at the interface between the liquid crystal layer and a transparent substrate so that the liquid crystal molecules can be considered to be orientated at every direction at an equal possibility with respect to the directions in a plane parallel to the transparent substrate. The transparent substrates constitute a liquid crystal display cell having a reference direction such as an observation direction. A pair of polarizers are disposed outside the transparent substrates to have a transmission or an absorption axis aligned with the observation direction.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a liquid crystal display, includes the steps of: forming thin film transistors TFTs, pixel electrodes connected to the TFTs, and electrode lines connected to the TFTs, respectively on a surface of a first substrate; forming a common electrode on a surface of a second substrate which is not subjected to any orientation process, the first substrate having no orientation means; forming an orientation film on the common electrode on the second substrate and performing a rubbing process only on the orientation film on the second substrate wherein the first substrate is not subjected to a rubbing process; disposing the first and second substrates to face each other and to be spaced apart from each other by a predetermined distance, and injecting a nematic liquid crystal material that is in an isotropic phase thereof, which is heated to at least a phase transition temperature that provides an isotropic phase of said liquid crystal material, said liquid crystal material being injected in bet

Abstract: A liquid crystal display element does not include an orientation layer for orienting a liquid crystal material injected between a pair of substrates thereof. Liquid crystal molecules in the liquid crystal material are oriented randomly in random directions between the substrates. Macroscopically, the liquid crystal molecules of the liquid crystal material are oriented omnidirectionally in a substrate in-plane direction, so that the molecules have an equal random probability of orientation in each direction. Microscopically, however, the liquid crystal molecules of the liquid crystal material are unidirectionally oriented.