Abstract: Shortening TAT for processing express lots without reducing the utilization rate of manufacturing apparatuses for semiconductor device. When the number of vacant ports LPOT of a manufacturing apparatus EQ3 used in a next step is only one at the of time of completing a process for a normal lot LA by a manufacturing apparatus EQ1 and when there is a possibility that processes for an express lot LB performed by a manufacturing apparatus EQ2 will be completed before a remaining processing time period for a lot LC performed by the manufacturing apparatus EQ3 reaches a predetermined set value, the lot LA is transferred to a lot stocker LS for securing a vacant port LPOT and as soon as the processes for the express lot LB performed by the manufacturing apparatus EQ2 are completed, the express lot LB is transferred to the vacant port LPOT in the manufacturing apparatus EQ3.

Abstract: A specification-variable camera comprises a plurality of switches. A specification-change member renders a predetermined combination of the plurality of switches conductive. An operation member is used to select a mode of the camera. A detection switch serves to detect an operation on the operation member. A control means is compatible with a plurality of specifications. The control means sets a mode of the camera in correspondence with conducting states of the switches, when an output is supplied from the detection switch. The specification of the camera is changed by changing the combination of the conducting states of the switches.

Abstract: A camera is provided which enables the selection of a plurality of specifications in a simple structure and by a simple method. A first contact pattern, a second contact pattern, and a third contact pattern are provided at different positions, respectively. The mode of the camera can be optionally selected out of a derivative mode switch having a first mode setting button which enables conduction of the first contact pattern and the second contact pattern, and a derivative mode switch having a first mode setting button which enables conduction of the first contact pattern and the third contact pattern.

Abstract: With a camera, a photographing prohibition state can surely be recognized only by viewing a liquid crystal display. In the camera, an LCD with a variable transmissivity is disposed within a finder. A film is fed by a film feed section. When a film rewinding operation by the film feed section is completed, a CPU instructs an LCD drive section to lower the transmissivity of the LCD.

Abstract: A developing apparatus includes a developer container for containing a developer comprising magnetic carrier and non-magnetic toner produced through polymerization method; a developer carrying member, provided in an opening of the developer container, for carrying the developer; detecting means for detecting a toner content in the developer, the detecting means including a coil sensor and detecting the toner content using magnetic permeability of the developer.

Abstract: A camera includes a finder optical system. A transmissivity variable element is arranged in the finder optical system and changes the light transmissivity. A release signal outputting circuit outputs a release signal. A light exposure mechanism effects a light exposure operation in accordance with the release signal from the release signal outputting circuit. A control circuit effects control such that, after the outputting of the release signal but before the start of the light exposure operation by the light exposure mechanism, the transmissivity of the finder optical system is made lower by the transmissivity variable element.

Abstract: A toner image forming method by developing an electrostatic latent image on a photoreceptor to form a toner image employing a developer comprising toner, transferring the toner image onto an image forming material, and fixing the transferred toner image employing a fixing unit, is disclosed. The fixing unit is comprised of a heating roller and a pressure roller which is brought into contact with said heating roller, the heating roller is constituted of a cylinder having an interior diameter of from 10 to 70 mm and a wall thickness of from 0.1 to 2 mm comprised of a metal or a metal alloy, and a heating member being incorporated in the interior, a surface of the cylinder being covered with a fluorine resin at a thickness of from 10 to 500 &mgr;m, the pressure roller is constituted of a metal cylinder whose surface is covered with an elastic material having an Asker hardness C of less than 80 degrees at a thickness of 0.

Abstract: A developing device includes a developer bearing member for bearing and conveying a developer having a toner and a carrier, a first magnetic pole arranged in the developer bearing member, a second magnetic pole arranged in the developer bearing member, a polarity of the second magnetic pole being opposite to a polarity of the first magnetic pole. The second magnetic pole is adjacent to the first magnetic pole and is arranged on a downstream side of the first magnetic pole in a moving direction of the developer bearing member. A regulating member regulates a layer thickness of the developer borne by the developer bearer. The regulating member is arranged in the vicinity of the second magnetic pole and a concentration detector for detecting a concentration of the toner in the developer.

Abstract: A process for purification of (meth)acrylic acid which comprises adding to a crude (meth)acrylic acid one or two or more polar organic substances as a second component at a concentration of 1-35% by weight, crystallizing (meth)acrylic acid from the resulting (meth)acrylic acid solution, and separating the precipitated crystal of (meth)acrylic acid and a mother liquor from each other.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus is provided with a function for forming an image on a recording medium such, as a sheet or the like. The image forming apparatus includes an image forming unit for forming an image on a recording material including an image bearing member. A developing unit develops an electrostatic image formed on the image bearing member by a developer. A density detection unit detects a developer density inside the developing unit. The density detection unit detects a parameter relating to physical property of the developer based on a previous detection value detected by the density detection unit during a previous image forming drive operation by the image forming unit and before the previous image forming drive operation stops. The detection unit also detects a next detection value detected by the density detecting unit after the previous image forming drive operation stops and before a next image forming drive operation by the image forming unit starts.

Abstract: Decreasing foreign materials adhering to a semiconductor substrate to improve a yield and decreasing handling errors for the semiconductor substrate to improve an operating ratio of the semiconductor manufacturing apparatus.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an image forming apparatus which has an image bearing member for bearing a latent image, charging device for charging the image bearing member by bringing ears of electrically conductive particles into contact with the image bearing member, developing device for visualizing the latent image formed on the image bearing member as a toner image by using a developer containing toner and carrier after the image bearing member has been charged by the charging device, a permeability of the carriers being different from a permeability of the electrically conductive particles, density control device for controlling density of the developer within the developing device, the density control device detecting a permeability of the developer, comparing a detected signal value based on the detected result with a reference value, and controlling the density of the developer on the basis of the comparison result, and reference value correcting device for correcting the reference value, the ref

Abstract: A development apparatus includes a toner carrying member for carrying magnetic toner disposed opposed to an image bearing member to form a developing zone: magnetic field generating means in the toner carrying member; a toner supplying rotary member for applying the magnetic toner onto the toner carrying member and stripping the magnetic toner from the toner carrying member, comprising a surface layer of electrically conductive foam material.

Abstract: A developing device comprises a developer bearing member for bearing and conveying a developer having a toner and a carrier, a first magnetic pole arranged in the developer bearing member, a second magnetic pole arranged in the developer bearing member, a polarity of the second magnetic pole being opposite to a polarity of the first magnetic pole, and the second magnetic pole being adjacent to the first magnetic pole and arranged on a downstream side of the first magnetic pole in a moving direction of the developer bearing member, a regulating member for regulating a layer thickness of the developer borne by the developer bearer, the regulating member being arranged in the vicinity of the second magnetic pole and a concentration detector for detecting a concentration of the toner in the developer.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes an image bearing member on which a latent image corresponding to image information is formed, a developing device for developing the latent image on said image bearing member with a developer including carrier and toner, a supplying device for supplying a developer to the developing device, a detector for detecting information corresponding to the magnetic permeability of the developer, and a selecting device for selecting modes on the basis of the information detected by the detecting device, wherein the selecting device can select a first control mode that controls the amount of the developer which is supplied to the developing device by the supplying device on the basis of the information detected by the detector, and a second control mode that controls the amount of the developer which is supplied to the developing device by the supplying device on the basis of the image information.

Abstract: A toner image forming method by developing an electrostatic latent image on a photoreceptor to form a toner image employing a developer comprising toner, transferring the toner image onto an image forming material, and fixing the transferred toner image employing a fixing unit, is disclosed.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus uses a toner wherein when a weight average diameter of the initial toner in a developing device is set to D1, and a weight average diameter of a toner forming an initial toner image on an image bearing member is D2, such that D1≧D2 is satisfied.

Abstract: An image forming method includes (i) a charging step of using a charging device including conductive magnetic particles, a rotatable conductive-magnetic-particle carrying member for carrying and conveying the conductive magnetic particles, and a plurality of magnetic-field generation means provided within the conductive-magnetic-particle carrying member, and charging a surface of an image bearing member by applying a voltage to the conductive-magnetic-particle carrying member and causing the conductive magnetic particles to contact the image bearing member, (ii) a latent-image forming step of forming an electrostatic latent image on the charged surface of the image bearing member, and (iii) a developing step of using a developing device facing the image bearing member and including a two-component developer including a toner and magnetic carrier particles, a developer carrying member for carrying the two-component developer, and a plurality of magnetic-field generation means provided within the developer carr

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes an image bearing member for carrying an electrostatic image, a contact charger for electrically charging the image bearing member while contacting to a surface of the image bearing member, the contact charger forming an oscillating electric field having a frequency of 100-600 Hz; a developer for developing the electrostatic image on the image bearing member with a developer comprising toner and a carrier having a volume resistivity value of 106-1010 &OHgr;.

Abstract: To provide an image forming apparatus provided with a function for forming an image on a recording medium such as a sheet or the like.