Abstract: A projection apparatus and image display apparatus. The apparatus includes a three-color light source that emits a plurality of color lights having different wavelengths, and a diffraction type optical element that performs diffusion forming of individual color lights. A field lens makes the diffusion-formed individual color lights into parallel lights, and a liquid crystal panel has a microlens array with a plurality of microlenses arranged in a matrix at the incident regions of the individual parallel color lights. A pixel section has three pixel openings arranged oppositely to the individual microlenses.

Abstract: There is provided a high-reliability projection apparatus, causing no noise during switching of the optical paths of individual color lights.

Abstract: A projection liquid crystal display apparatus has a light source for emitting white light and a liquid crystal display unit, between which a holographic optical element serving as the color separating/focusing means is disposed. Upon receipt of the white light, the holographic optical element performs separation into light components of the primary colors of red, green and blue, at angles corresponding to the arrangement of the pixels on the liquid crystal display unit so as to direct these primary color light components to pixels of the corresponding colors, an whereby image to be reproduced (real image) is formed on the liquid crystal display unit. The holographic optical element is produced by using the liquid crystal display unit as an exposure mask.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display panel manufacturing method and an aligning apparatus for use in the method make it possible to precisely align an active matrix substrate and a counter substrate with high precision even if the two alignment marks thereon are substantially apart from each other. A clear image is formed by focusing a microscope onto an alignment mark on a counter substrate, captured into a video camera and output as a first image signal. The first image signal output from the video camera is temporarily stored in an image memory. Next, a clear image is formed by focusing the microscope onto an alignment mark on an active matrix substrate, captured into the video camera and output as a second image signal. The second image signal output from the video camera and the first image signal temporarily stored in the image memory are synthesized by an image synthesizing circuit, and then, displayed clearly on a monitor.

Abstract: A flat panel display device having formed on a drive substrate, a logic circuit for combining a first inspection-use output of a horizontal scanning circuit and a second inspection-use output of a vertical scanning circuit and a combined inspection-use output terminal for outputting the combined inspection-use output obtained through the logic circuit. Another flat panel display device of the present invention has switch circuits for using a first input terminal of the horizontal scanning circuit as an inspection-use output terminal of the vertical scanning circuit and using a second input terminal of the vertical scanning circuit as an inspection-use output terminal of the horizontal scanning circuit.

Abstract: According to the present invention, in a liquid crystal display apparatus, there are provided second horizontal switching elements M.sub.Bl to M.sub.Bm, which are driven at the advanced phase relative to picture element switching signals .phi..sub.Hl to .phi..sub.Hm, at columns L.sub.l to L.sub.m to which a video signal is supplied, a signal, which is derived through said second horizontal switching elements M.sub.Bl to M.sub.Bm, is fed back through an inverting circuit (14) and the like to an input terminal (1), and there are provided third switching elements M.sub.Rl to M.sub.Rm which are turned on at every predetermined period. According to this apparatus, since a signal derived from a liquid crystal cell C is returned to the same liquid crystal cell C, the displacement of the picture and the like can be avoided, any special scanning and the like are not required and a prior art driving circuit and so on can be used as they are.

Abstract: A sample-and-hold circuit is provided wherein an input signal is fed via a first gate element to one end of a first capacitor whose other end is alternately grounded, the one end of the first capacitor being connected via a second capacitor to a gate (or base) of a source (or emitter) follower transistor to obtain an output from the source (or emitter) of the transistor which is connected via a second gate element to one end of the first capacitor, while the gate (or base) of the transistor is connected via a third gate element to a DC voltage supply having a predetermined voltage value, and the second and third gate elements are turned on during a first period of the input signal so that a voltage corresponding to the gate-source (or base-emitter) offset voltage of the transistor is stored in the second capacitor, while the first gate element is turned on during a second period of the input signal to produce an output signal equivalent in level to the input signal.