Abstract: A method for producing a (2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)boronic acid derivative (3) includes the step of decarboxylating a 5-bromopyrimidine derivative (1) to synthesize 5-bromo-2-methylpyrimidine (2). The method enables efficient production of 5-bromo-2-methylpyrimidine (2) with less environmental impact, leading to efficient production of (2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)boronic acid derivative (3) which is useful as a pharmaceutical intermediate.

Abstract: The present invention is to provide a method for the efficient production on an industrial scale of SS-31 (D-Arg-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH2), which is an SS peptide. According to the present invention, the desired SS-31 is produced by efficiently synthesizing a tetrapeptide compound as a precursor of SS-31 and improving the tetrapeptide purity by crystallization.

Abstract: The present invention is to provide a method for the efficient production on an industrial scale of SS-31 (D-Arg-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH2), which is an SS peptide. According to the present invention, the desired SS-31 is produced by efficiently synthesizing a tetrapeptide compound as a precursor of SS-31 and improving the tetrapeptide purity by crystallization.

Abstract: A problem to be solved by the present invention is to provide a process for producing an optically active bicyclic urea compound useful as an intermediate for ?-lactamase inhibitor, in a simple and easy manner with high efficiency. The present invention includes reacting a specific ester compound with a specific amine in the presence of a metal alkoxide and/or an alkaline earth metal salt to produce the corresponding amide compound, which is then reacted with phosgene or a phosgene equivalent, followed by, if necessary, treatment with an acid or a base, to produce an optically active bicyclic urea compound. This makes it possible to produce an optically active bicyclic urea compound in a simple and easy manner with high efficiency and in high optical purity, without using expensive reagents such as catalysts and condensation agents, and without passing through protection and deprotection steps.

Abstract: A cyclic amine compound having a prescribed configuration can be efficiently prepared by reducing an imine derivative in the presence of a sulfonic acid. Specifically, a cyclic amine compound which is substituted with an amino group and a carboxyl group in which both groups are arranged in the trans configuration can be prepared efficiently.

Abstract: A cyclic amine compound having a prescribed configuration can be efficiently prepared by reducing an imine derivative in the presence of a sulfonic acid. Specifically, a cyclic amine compound which is substituted with an amino group and a carboxyl group in which both groups are arranged in the trans configuration can be prepared efficiently.

Abstract: A rotation axis of a work spindle and a rotation axis of a spindle primary-axis portion are rotated relative to each other and feeding of a work-piece to a tool is accordingly adjusted, whereby warpage of the tool in accordance with a change in machining condition is corrected. A revolution volume of the relative rotation is compared and calculated in process based on data entered in advance, a result of measurement by a displacement sensor and information such as a machining position, and controlled in real time until the end of machining. The relative rotation is driven by an actuator such as a piezoelectric element, at a resolution even as fine as in seconds. The data entered in advance can be sequentially updated in accordance with monitoring of a processed product.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display element comprising a color filter having a plurality of colored portions each having a different spectral color and a reflector wherein the color filter is so adapted that transmitted light from the standard C light source is substantially achromatic and the transmittance of visible light by the standard C light source is 30-65%.

Abstract: A rotation axis of a work spindle and a rotation axis of a spindle primary-axis portion are rotated relative to each other and feeding of a work-piece to a tool is accordingly adjusted, whereby warpage of the tool in accordance with a change in machining condition is corrected. A revolution volume of the relative rotation is compared and calculated in process based on data entered in advance, a result of measurement by a displacement sensor and information such as a machining position, and controlled in real time until the end of machining. The relative rotation is driven by an actuator such as a piezoelectric element, at a resolution even as fine as in seconds. The data entered in advance can be sequentially updated in accordance with monitoring of a processed product.

Abstract: A rotation axis of a work spindle and a rotation axis of a spindle primary-axis portion are rotated relative to each other and feeding of a work-piece to a tool is accordingly adjusted, whereby warpage of the tool in accordance with a change in machining condition is corrected. A revolution volume of the relative rotation is compared and calculated in process based on data entered in advance, a result of measurement by a displacement sensor and information such as a machining position, and controlled in real time until the end of machining. The relative rotation is driven by an actuator such as a piezoelectric element, at a resolution even as fine as in seconds. The data entered in advance can be sequentially updated in accordance with monitoring of a processed product.

Abstract: Driving is effected by MLA under a condition of L≠M or (M/L·(L+D) )≠N where M represents the total number of row electrodes, L represents the number of simultaneously selected row electrodes, D represents the number of dummy row electrodes and N represents the maximum magnifying power of a column voltage wherein driving is performed at a driving bias ratio which is deviated toward the minimum bias ratio with respect to the optimum bias ratio.

Abstract: A method of driving a picture display device having an N number (N is an integer of not less than 2) of scanning electrodes and a plurality of data electrodes and being capable of optically responding to an effective value of a voltage applied to a pixel, which includes dividing the scanning electrodes into an M number of subgroups each having L rows, and applying voltages based on signals formed by expanding time-sequentially column vectors of an orthogonal matrix (A) having L rows to the scanning electrodes in each of the subgroups in order to select each of the subgroups together, changing, every time when a selection pulse is applied, the subgroups to which the selection pulse is applied, wherein L is 8 or less and N is 200 or more; the polarities of scanning voltages and data voltages are inverted with a periodicity of S times (S is a natural number) of a selection pulse width, and S is so determined that when an integer portion in the quotient of M/S is an even number, a remainder b satisfies S/b<12,

Abstract: A liquid crystal display element comprises a pair of substrates provided with electrodes and a liquid crystal and solidified matrix composite material, disposed between the pair of substrates, which includes a nematic liquid crystal dispersed and held in a solidified matrix, the nematic liquid crystal being such that the refractive index of the liquid crystal is changed depending on states of applying a voltage wherein in a state, the refractive index of the liquid crystal substantially coincides with that of the solidified matrix to thereby pass light, and in the other state, the former does not coincide with the latter to thereby cause the scattering of light, wherein the refractive index anisotropy .DELTA.n of the liquid crystal used is 0.18 or higher, and the dielectric anisotropy .DELTA..epsilon..sub.LC of the liquid crystal used satisfies the relation of 5<.DELTA..epsilon..sub.LC <13.

Abstract: A composition for use in a liquid crystal optical element, such as a liquid crystal display or laser shutter device, comprised of a liquid crystal material and a solidified polymer material. The liquid crystal is such that its refractive index is changed depending on states of applying a voltage. In one state, the refractive index of the liquid crystal substantially coincides with the refractive index of the solidified matrix to thereby pass light. While in the other state, the refractive index of the liquid crystal does not coincide with the refractive index of the solidified matrix to thereby cause the scattering of light. Specifically, the liquid crystal material used in the composition has a refractive index anisotropy (.DELTA.n) is greater than 0.18 and the dielectric anisotropy (.DELTA..epsilon.) satisfies the relation of 5<.DELTA..epsilon.<11.6.

Abstract: A liquid crystal optical element comprising a pair of substrates with electrodes and a liquid crystal/polymer composite material interposed between the pair of substrates wherein polymer which constitutes a polymer phase has a maximum value of 20.degree. C. or less in the temperature dependence of the loss dielectric constant (a frequency for measurement=100 Hz).

Abstract: A driving method for a direct addressing type liquid crystal display device for displaying gradation by changing the amplitude of voltages applied to pixels, wherein a series of voltage pulses, as signal voltages, composed of a plurality of different voltage levels are applied in order to display a specified gradation, and for a display, a plurality kinds of gradation in which a part of the voltage levels is commonly used are selected.

Abstract: A method of driving a liquid crystal display device by selecting simultaneously a plurality of lines in a liquid crystal display element characterized in that display data are temporality stored in memories; the data are read out plural times from the memories, and arithmetic operation are performed to the read-out data to produce signals to be applied to data electrodes, wherein the picture area is divided into a plurality of picture area blocks each including scanning lines the number of which are a multiple of a natural number of simultaneously selected scanning lines; the memories are divided into a plurality of memory blocks each having capacity capable of reading and writing data displayed on the picture area blocks; fames for writing are made in synchronism with frames for reading the data, and a memory block undergoes a predetermined number of times of reading, and then new display data are written into said memory block.

Abstract: The display device using a transparent-scattering type liquid crystal element has such a structure that the light quantity to an observer is controlled as possible when a black image is provided, and a high efficiency of light is maintained in comparison with the conventional technique when a white image is provided. A prism array 2 is disposed at the back surface of the transparent-scattering type display element so that a sawteeth-like surface of the prism array 2 faces the display element 1, and a light absorber 3 is disposed at the back surface of the prism array.

Abstract: A method for forming a selection pulse sequence includes arranging, time-sequentially, selection pulse vectors which are applied to simultaneously selected scanning electrodes by repeating a subsequence which has a time period of 1/n (n is an integer of n.gtoreq.2) times one frame (a time period in which addressing operations are finished).

Abstract: A method of driving an image display device including the steps of: dividing row electrodes of an image display device having a plurality of row electrodes and a plurality of column electrodes into a plurality of subgroups; selecting summarizingly one of the plurality of subgroups; applying voltages based on signals formed by expanding time-sequentially column vectors of an orthogonal matrix on the row electrodes; performing a gray scale display by a frame rate control (FRC) by using a plurality of frames; performing a space modulation shifting a phase of the FRC with a pixel block comprising a plurality of pixels as a unit; and wherein the phase of the space modulation is set such that a ratio of the columns each applying an equally effective voltage on all of the pixels in the column in each frame in displaying an intermediate gray scale level by all of the pixels belonging to the same subgroup is 40% or more on an average of all of the intermediate gray scale levels and all of the frames.