Abstract: A pouch type all-solid-state battery including a reference electrode is disclosed. In the all-solid-state battery, a potential variation of each electrode is accurately measured because the ion transfer path between the reference electrode and a positive electrode/negative electrode is short. Accordingly, the all-solid-state battery secures a desired cell performance while having battery specifications similar to actual battery specifications.

Abstract: Disclosed are an apparatus and method for electing a committee node in a blockchain. The apparatus for electing a committee node in a blockchain is configured to transmit a staking transaction including validator information to a blockchain system to register a validator node, generate a draw pool for electing a committee node based on the validator information, change entries of the draw pool using a predefined shuffling algorithm, select a preset number of top entries as votes of a committee member from among the entries of the shuffled draw pool, and elect, as the committee node, the validator node that has acquired votes of a committee.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is an apparatus and method for synchronizing a block in a blockchain network. The apparatus synchronizes node information of existing participating nodes connected to a blockchain network by joining the blockchain network, determines synchronization target blocks by calculating the current section of a blockchain using an agreed-upon block received from the existing participating nodes, receives a block header of each section and the segment hash table of a snapshot that are verification data for verifying synchronization target data for the synchronization target blocks from participating nodes that are not connected as peers, among the existing participating nodes, generates a snapshot by receiving snapshot segments and the blocks of the current section, which are the synchronization target data, from participating nodes connected as peers, among the existing participating nodes, verifies the snapshot generated from the snapshot segments, and synchronizes the verified snapshot.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a method for adding an additional chain to a blockchain. The method includes depositing, by a node of the blockchain, an asset corresponding to the additional chain; selecting the node as one of consensus nodes for connecting an additional block to the additional chain based on a share value corresponding to the asset; and performing, by the node, distributed consensus for connecting the additional block. Here, nodes constituting the blockchain include major shareholder nodes for processing transactions.

Abstract: An operation method of a first access point (AP) may comprise: transmitting, to a control device of a base station, channel information between the first AP and one or more user equipments (UEs) connected to the base station; receiving allocation information determined by the control device; identifying an entity to decode a uplink (UL) signal of each of the one or more UEs from among a plurality of APs and the control device constituting the base station, based on the allocation information; directly performing a decoding operation on a first UL signal received from a first UE among the one or more UEs, based on the allocation information; and transmitting, to the control device, a first report related to a result of the decoding operation on the first UL signal.

Abstract: A method may comprise: generating first and second FA sequences corresponding to first and second FAs, respectively, based on a first sequence; mapping elements of first and second FA signals, which are respectively generated by modulating the first and second FA sequences, to first and second subcarrier groups corresponding to the first and second FAs, first base station, and first symbol; generating third and fourth FA sequences corresponding to the first and second FAs, respectively, based on a second sequence; mapping elements of third and fourth FA signals, which are respectively generated by modulating the first and second FA sequences, to third and fourth subcarrier groups corresponding to the first and second FAs, second base station, and second symbol; and transmitting a first transmission signal including the first and second FA signals, and a second transmission signal including the third and fourth FA signals.

Abstract: This application discloses a computing system to identify structures of an integrated circuit capable of being fabricated utilizing a lithographic mask described by mask layout data and to generate process windows for the identified structures based, at least in part, on the mask layout data and a failure definition for the identified structures. The computing system utilizes process windows for the identified structures to determine failure rates for the identified structures based on a distribution of the manufacturing parameters. The computing system determines frequency of occurrences for the identified structures from the mask layout data and generates a die yield metric for the integrated circuit by aggregating the failure rates for the identified structures based on the frequency of occurrences for the identified structures in the integrated circuit. These increases in yield of the integrated circuit allow manufacturers to produce more units per fixed processing cost of the wafer.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are an apparatus and method for apparatus for synchronizing consensus node information in a blockchain network. The apparatus for synchronizing consensus node information includes one or more processors, and execution memory for storing at least one program that is executed by the one or more processors, wherein the at least one program is configured to receive a committed message for block consensus from the blockchain network and verify nodes participating in the block consensus, set a block number required to participate in the block consensus to a block size of a start block of a section corresponding to the block consensus, and broadcast consensus node information including the block number to the blockchain network.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a method for distributed consensus. The method includes performing, by each of nodes forming a blockchain, an operation corresponding to a success probability (p) a number of times corresponding to the share value thereof; sending, by nodes having at least one share corresponding to the operation which is successful, a message for being selected as consensus nodes; and performing, by the consensus nodes, which are nodes having consensus shares selected from among the shares corresponding to the operation which is successful, distributed consensus. Here, the nodes forming the blockchain include major shareholder nodes for processing transactions.

Abstract: A block consensus method of a computing device is provided. The computing device receives a delegate request message including transaction hashes from each of a plurality of nodes, generates a prepared block including transaction hashes based on the delegate request message, and transmits a prepare message including the prepared block to the nodes. The computing device receives a commit message including a proof of consensus on a validity of the prepared block from the nodes, and transmits a reply message including a final block decided based on the commit message.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are an apparatus and method for achieving distributed consensus based on decentralized Byzantine fault tolerance. The apparatus may include one or more processors and an execution memory for storing at least one program that is executed by the one or more processors, wherein the program is configured to receive delegate request messages, each including a first transaction for requesting distributed consensus proposed by a client, and determine congress candidate nodes forming a consensus quorum, to be consensus nodes based on the delegate request messages, generate a prepare message that includes a second transaction for obtaining consent to results of determination of the consensus nodes, and send the prepare message to the consensus nodes, and receive commit messages, each including an electronic signature of a corresponding consensus node, from the respective consensus nodes, and broadcast a reply message indicative of results of verification of the electronic signatures.

Abstract: This application discloses a computing system to identify structures of an integrated circuit capable of being fabricated utilizing a lithographic mask described by mask layout data and to generate process windows for the identified structures based, at least in part, on the mask layout data and a failure definition for the identified structures. The computing system utilizes process windows for the identified structures to determine failure rates for the identified structures based on a distribution of the manufacturing parameters. The computing system determines frequency of occurrences for the identified structures from the mask layout data and generates a die yield metric for the integrated circuit by aggregating the failure rates for the identified structures based on the frequency of occurrences for the identified structures in the integrated circuit. These increases in yield of the integrated circuit allow manufacturers to produce more units per fixed processing cost of the wafer.

Abstract: An agreement method of a block in a blockchain network by a chair node includes: receiving, from a plurality of congress nodes in a congress, information on an exceptional situation which occurred during agreement processes of a block; transmitting an empty block agreement start message including information on the exceptional situation and verification data for the exceptional situation to the plurality of congress nodes; generating a candidate empty block which does not include a transaction when receiving a delegate request message from at least two congress nodes among the plurality of congress nodes and transmitting the candidate empty block to committee nodes; and generating a final empty block when the candidate empty block is verified by the committee nodes and transmitting the final empty block to all nodes in the blockchain network is provided.

Abstract: An embodiment of the present invention relates to a secondary battery, and with respect to a technical problem to be resolved, provided is a secondary battery which has an electrode tab provided by forming a notch on a non-coated part of an electrode plate of an electrode assembly, and which can enable a current collecting plate to come into surface contact with the electrode tab.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are an apparatus and method for achieving distributed consensus based on decentralized Byzantine fault tolerance. The apparatus may include one or more processors and an execution memory for storing at least one program that is executed by the one or more processors, wherein the program is configured to receive delegate request messages, each including a first transaction for requesting distributed consensus proposed by a client, and determine congress candidate nodes forming a consensus quorum, to be consensus nodes based on the delegate request messages, generate a prepare message that includes a second transaction for obtaining consent to results of determination of the consensus nodes, and send the prepare message to the consensus nodes, and receive commit messages, each including an electronic signature of a corresponding consensus node, from the respective consensus nodes, and broadcast a reply message indicative of results of verification of the electronic signatures.

Abstract: Provided is a fuel level sensing apparatus for a fuel tank for sensing a remaining fuel level of the fuel tank through a variation in a measured resistance value depending on a position of a wiper in contact with a resistance substrate. The resistance substrate includes a first segment part and a second segment part disposed to be spaced apart from each other. A resistance setting part of the second segment part is connected to positive electrode terminals, and a connecting part of the first segment part is connected to a negative electrode terminal by a negative electrode lead. A connection point of the negative electrode lead connected to the connecting part is formed between both ends of the connecting part in a length direction. A resistance deviation in a measured resistance value depending on a change in the position of the wiper may be reduced.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are a method for automatically allocating IP addresses for a distributed storage system in a large-scale torus network and an apparatus for the method. The method for automatically allocating IP addresses includes acquiring neighboring-node information from multiple storage nodes that constitute the system; generating torus network topology for the multiple storage nodes by combining the neighboring-node information; generating IP address information through which a position of each of the multiple storage nodes in a structure corresponding to the torus network topology can be identified; and allocating IP addresses to the multiple storage nodes by delivering the IP address information to the multiple storage nodes.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are a server for a torus network-based distributed file system and a method using the server. A management server includes a system information storage unit for storing system information of a torus network-based distributed file system, a system management unit for managing one or more metadata servers that store metadata of files and multiple data servers that are included in the torus network to distribute and store data, and a communication unit for communicating with a switch connected from a first plane in the torus network or from outside the torus network to a client, and communicating with the metadata servers and the data servers.

Abstract: Provided herein is a shuffle embedded distributed storage system and method supporting virtual merge, the system and method including a distributed shared storage configured to store a virtual merged file; a plurality of map servers connected to the distributed shared storage via a network, and configured to perform a map function and record a map result data computed as a result of the map function in the distributed shared storage by means of a map result file; and a plurality of reduce servers connected to the distributed shared storage and the map servers via the network, wherein the virtual merged file includes a list of the map result files recorded by the plurality of map servers, and an identifier of a reduce server to which the virtual merged file is to be transmitted.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are a torus network-based file access path selection method for a distributed file system and an apparatus for the method. The file access path selection method includes acquiring, by a client, layout information about a file desired to be accessed, searching multiple data servers for an object data server based on the layout information, and determining a file access pattern based on a file access location and a size of the file, and setting any one of a shortest path for accessing the object data server and a secondary path having a hop count increased by one hop from that of the shortest path, as an access path to the object data server in consideration of the file access pattern and a bandwidth utilization rate for a network address located on the shortest path.