Abstract: An automatic payment system includes: first and second conveyer stages arranged along a conveying route on which products are moved; a slope disposed between the first and second conveyer stages on the conveying route; at least one first ID sensor facing the first conveyer state to sense IDs attached to the products when the products overlap the first conveyer stage; at least one second ID sensor facing the second conveyer stage to sense IDs attached to the products when the products overlap the second conveyer stage; and a bottom ID sensor facing the conveyer route under the slope.

Abstract: Methods of depositing a film are provided. The methods may include providing a substrate that includes a first surface and a second surface adjacent to the first surface; forming a polymer sacrificial layer on the first surface by using a molecular layer deposition (MLD) process; forming a first film on the second surface; and removing the polymer sacrificial layer formed on the first surface. A functional group density of the first surface may be higher than a functional group density of the second surface, and the polymer sacrificial layer may include a thermally decomposable polymer.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing an integrated circuit device, the method including forming a doped silicon oxide film on a substrate by supplying, onto the substrate, a silicon precursor, an oxidant, and at least two dopant sources including dopant elements that are different from each other such that the doped silicon oxide film includes at least two dopant elements; forming a vertical hole in the doped silicon oxide film by dry-etching the doped silicon oxide film; and forming a vertical structure in the vertical hole, wherein the silicon precursor includes a monosilane compound, a disilane compound, a siloxane compound, or a combination thereof, and the silicon precursor includes a Si—H functional group, and a C1-C10 oxy group or a C1-C10 organoamino group.

Abstract: A semiconductor device manufacturing method includes providing a first layer having a first surface, providing a second layer including a trench that exposes the first surface, onto the first layer, forming a first polymer layer that fills the trench, and performing a heat treatment process on the first polymer layer to form a second polymer layer. A second surface of the second layer is exposed by the trench, the first polymer layer includes a first portion being in contact with the first surface, and a second portion being in contact with the second surface, when the heat treatment process is performed, the first portion of the first polymer layer is decomposed, when the heat treatment process is performed, the second portion of the first polymer layer is cross-linked to form the second polymer layer, and physical properties of the first layer are different from physical properties of the second layer.

Abstract: Disclosed is a battery state estimation method and apparatus, the method including selecting sensing data of a portion of batteries, transmitting the selected sensing data to at least one estimator among estimators, transmitting sensing data of a remaining portion of the batteries to a remaining estimator among the estimators, and determining state information of the batteries using the estimators.

Abstract: A battery optimization method and apparatus is provided. The battery optimization method includes selectively adjusting a parameter set related to a corresponding SoC section among a plurality of parameters of an electrochemical thermal (ECT) model based on operating data of each SoC section, and updating the plurality of parameters of the ECT model based on adjusted parameter sets.

Abstract: Provided are battery management apparatuses and methods. The battery management apparatus includes a converter configured to acquire and convert information of a battery cell, an antenna configured to transmit the converted information to an adjacent battery cell and to receive converted information of the adjacent battery cell, in response to a command of a controller, and a coil configured to wirelessly charge or discharge the adjacent battery cell, in response to another command of the controller, wherein the controller is configured to control the wireless charging or the wireless discharging based on information of the adjacent battery cell.

Abstract: Disclosed is a battery state estimation method and apparatus, the method including selecting sensing data of a portion of batteries, transmitting the selected sensing data to at least one estimator among estimators, transmitting sensing data of a remaining portion of the batteries to a remaining estimator among the estimators, and determining state information of the batteries using the estimators.

Abstract: Disclosed is a battery state estimation method and apparatus, the method including selecting sensing data of a portion of batteries, transmitting the selected sensing data to at least one estimator among estimators, transmitting sensing data of a remaining portion of the batteries to a remaining estimator among the estimators, and determining state information of the batteries using the estimators.

Abstract: Provided is a method and apparatus of charging a battery of a vehicle using a regenerative braking. A device for charging a second vehicle using a first vehicle includes a roller apparatus configured to transmit, to the second vehicle, a rotational force generated in response to a rotation of a wheel of the first vehicle; a controller configured to control a gear ratio of the roller apparatus; and a transmission configured to change the gear ratio in response to an instruction of the controller.

Abstract: A processor-implemented method to detect a battery fault includes obtaining first states of detection targets in a battery, generating a representative state based on the first states, generating second states by applying the representative state to each of the first states, generating one or more third states by amplifying at least a portion of the second states, and detecting for a fault of the battery based on the one or more third states.

Abstract: An electrical polarization filter, an electronic apparatus including the electrical polarization filter, and a method of operating the electronic apparatus are provided. The electrical polarization filter includes a liquid crystal panel configured to control a polarization angle of incident light and a polarization unit configured to display a linear polarization characteristic. The liquid crystal panel includes first and second transparent plates, first and second electrodes provided between the first transparent plate and the second transparent plate, and a liquid crystal layer provided between the first electrode and the second electrode, wherein the incident light directly enters one of the first and second transparent plate provided on an outer side. The polarization unit may be a passive type polarization unit or an active type polarization unit.

Abstract: Provided is a method and apparatus of charging a battery of a vehicle using a regenerative braking. A device for charging a second vehicle using a first vehicle includes a roller apparatus configured to transmit, to the second vehicle, a rotational force generated in response to a rotation of a wheel of the first vehicle; a controller configured to control a gear ratio of the roller apparatus; and a transmission configured to change the gear ratio in response to an instruction of the controller.

Abstract: Disclosed is a battery state estimation method and apparatus, the method including selecting sensing data of a portion of batteries, transmitting the selected sensing data to at least one estimator among estimators, transmitting sensing data of a remaining portion of the batteries to a remaining estimator among the estimators, and determining state information of the batteries using the estimators.

Abstract: Provided are battery management apparatuses and methods. The battery management apparatus includes a converter configured to acquire and convert information of a battery cell, an antenna configured to transmit the converted information to an adjacent battery cell and to receive converted information of the adjacent battery cell, in response to a command of a controller, and a coil configured to wirelessly charge or discharge the adjacent battery cell, in response to another command of the controller, wherein the controller is configured to control the wireless charging or the wireless discharging based on information of the adjacent battery cell.

Abstract: The electric pen device includes an optical system including a lens and an image sensor configured to convert an image signal of light that has passed through the optical system to an electrical signal. The electric pen device includes a control board configured to interact with an electronic device and a communication module configured to communicate by wire or wirelessly with the electronic device, so that an image or a picture taken by a camera is confirmed and an optical zoom is controlled from the external electronic device.

Abstract: A processor-implemented method to detect a battery fault includes obtaining first states of detection targets in a battery, generating a representative state based on the first states, generating second states by applying the representative state to each of the first states, generating one or more third states by amplifying at least a portion of the second states, and detecting for a fault of the battery based on the one or more third states.

Abstract: The electric pen device includes an optical system including a lens and an image sensor configured to convert an image signal of light that has passed through the optical system to an electrical signal. The electric pen device includes a control board configured to interact with an electronic device and a communication module configured to communicate by wire or wirelessly with the electronic device, so that an image or a picture taken by a camera is confirmed and an optical zoom is controlled from the external electronic device.

Abstract: An electrical polarization filter, an electronic apparatus including the electrical polarization filter, and a method of operating the electronic apparatus are provided. The electrical polarization filter includes a liquid crystal panel configured to control a polarization angle of incident light and a polarization unit configured to display a linear polarization characteristic. The liquid crystal panel includes first and second transparent plates, first and second electrodes provided between the first transparent plate and the second transparent plate, and a liquid crystal layer provided between the first electrode and the second electrode, wherein the incident light directly enters one of the first and second transparent plate provided on an outer side. The polarization unit may be a passive type polarization unit or an active type polarization unit.

Abstract: An apparatus for and a method of detecting eyes from an input face image. The apparatus for detecting eyes includes: an eye candidate detector which divides an input face image into left and right images and detects at least one eye candidate from limited image regions of the left and right images; an eye candidate evaluator which evaluates the eye candidates by evaluating each combination of the eye candidates using geometric information as to the eye candidates to filter out eye candidates that cannot be eyes; a learning database which stores a plurality of face images in which positions of eyes are arranged and a plurality of face images which do not include eyes or in which positions of eyes are not arranged; and an eye candidate verifier which verifies the eye candidates with reference to the learning database and outputs an eye detection result signal.