Abstract: An optical packet header identifier having a simplified configuration and being superior in reliability, stability, and economical efficiency, an optical router incorporating the identifier therein, and a routing method using the optical router are provided. The optical packet header identifier includes an optical waveguide, optical focusing elements, and a photo receiver. Tilted gratings for diffracting an incident optical beam and emitting the beams as diffracted optical beams to the outside of the waveguide are formed within the optical waveguide. The tilted gratings are not formed uniformly in a longitudinal direction of a core of the optical waveguide, but are arranged at intervals. The length of a portion containing a set of gratings and the length of a portion containing no gratings can be defined in increments of length “L”. “L” equals to the spatial length which 1 bit in an optical signal occupies.

Abstract: An optical packet header identifier having a simplified configuration and being superior in reliability, stability, and economical efficiency, an optical router incorporating the identifier therein, and a routing method using the optical router are provided. The optical packet header identifier includes an optical waveguide, optical focusing elements, and a photo receiver. Tilted gratings for diffracting an incident optical beam and emitting the beams as diffracted optical beams to the outside of the waveguide are formed within the optical waveguide. The tilted gratings are not formed uniformly in a longitudinal direction of a core of the optical waveguide, but are arranged at intervals. The length of a portion containing a set of gratings and the length of a portion containing no gratings can be defined in increments of length “L”. “L” equals to the spatial length which 1 bit in an optical signal occupies.

Abstract: An optical packet header identifier having a simplified configuration and being superior in reliability, stability, and economical efficiency, an optical router incorporating the identifier therein, and a routing method using the optical router are provided. The optical packet header identifier includes an optical waveguide, optical focusing elements, and a photo receiver. Tilted gratings for diffracting an incident optical beam and emitting the beams as diffracted optical beams to the outside of the waveguide are formed within the optical waveguide. The tilted gratings are not formed uniformly in a longitudinal direction of a core of the optical waveguide, but are arranged at intervals. The length of a portion containing a set of gratings and the length of a portion containing no gratings can be defined in increments of length “L”. “L” equals to the spatial length which 1 bit in an optical signal occupies.

Abstract: The present focusing method is used in a focus detecting apparatus comprising an objective lens, means for entering a luminous flux for focus detection into a target object from a position inconsistent with an optical axis of the objective lens through at least the objective lens, a condenser lens for converging the luminous flux after it is reflected by the target object and again passes through the objective lens, two two-division sensors disposed with the same optical inclination in front of and behind a position where the reflected luminous flux is converged by the condenser lens when a focus of the objective lens is adjusted to the surface of the target object, and a signal processing circuit for performing operational processing of signals from the two two-division sensors. The focus detecting apparatus detects whether the focus of the objective lens is adjusted to the surface of the target object.

Abstract: Laser scanning optics for scanning a laser beam issuing from a laser in the main scanning direction while repeatedly steering it in the subscanning direction is disclosed. The laser scanning optics includes focusing optics for focusing the laser beam, a first deflector for steering the laser beam in the subscanning direction, and a second deflector for steering the laser beam in the main scanning direction. The focusing optics causes the laser beam to form an elliptical beam spot, which is elongate in the main scanning direction, in a scanning plane. The first deflector is driven such that the laser beam is scanned at a higher speed in the subscanning direction than in the main scanning direction. The first deflector is so controlled, based on a value input beforehand or data measured beforehand, as to correct the distortion of linearity in the main scanning direction by subscanning.

Abstract: A laser irradiation apparatus excellent in an irradiation efficiency and an irradiation quality, and an exposure method using the laser irradiation apparatus are provided, the apparatus comprising an optical unit including a semiconductor laser array in which a plurality of semiconductor lasers emitting laser beams are disposed, light propagation means for propagating the laser beams to deliver a propagated laser beam, and an optical device including a mask, on which irradiation patterns for irradiating the propagated laser beam are formed, and an image forming optical element for forming an image of the propagated laser beam irradiated from the irradiation patterns of the mask. The apparatus enables simultaneous scanning of a plurality of laser beams with uniform light intensity distribution.

Abstract: An optical packet header identifier having a simplified configuration and being superior in reliability, stability, and economical efficiency, an optical router incorporating the identifier therein, and a routing method using the optical router are provided.

Abstract: Laser scanning optics for scanning a laser beam issuing from a laser in the main scanning direction while repeatedly steering it in the subscanning direction is disclosed. The laser scanning optics includes focusing optics for focusing the laser beam, a first deflector for steering the laser beam in the subscanning direction, and a second deflector for steering the laser beam in the main scanning direction. The focusing optics causes the laser beam to form an elliptical beam spot, which is elongate in the main scanning direction, in a scanning plane. The first deflector is driven such that the laser beam is scanned at a higher speed in the subscanning direction than in the main scanning direction. The first deflector is so controlled, based on a value input beforehand or data measured beforehand, as to correct the distortion of linearity in the main scanning direction by subscanning.

Abstract: A device and method for inspecting a test piece with a laser beam in which the laser beam is divided into plural beams, and each of the plural beams has an identification marker, such as a particular polarity or intensity. Each of the marked beams, scans a different portion of the test piece to reduce the time needed to inspect the test piece.

Abstract: The present focusing method is used in a focus detecting apparatus comprising an objective lens, means for entering a luminous flux for focus detection into a target object from a position inconsistent with an optical axis of the objective lens through at least the objective lens, a condenser lens for converging the luminous flux after it is reflected by the target object and again passes through the objective lens, two two-division sensors disposed with the same optical inclination in front of and behind a position where the reflected luminous flux is converged by the condenser lens when a focus of the objective lens is adjusted to the surface of the target object, and a signal processing circuit for performing operational processing of signals from the two two-division sensors. The focus detecting apparatus detects whether the focus of the objective lens is adjusted to the surface of the target object.

Abstract: In a single panel color projection LCD, white light emitted from a light source is optically processed by an optical processing unit so as to convert three primary color beams obtained from the white light into predetermined polarized beams. All of the predetermined polarized beams may be P-polarized beams or S-polarized beams. Thereafter, the optical processing unit irradiates only the predetermined polarized beams onto the liquid crystal panel without an optical power loss. A color image which is given by the liquid crystal panel is projected onto a screen to be displayed in an enlarged form.

Abstract: A focal point detecting apparatus for an objective lens is disclosed for inspecting whether or not the focal point of the objective lens used in an electron microscope, an optical inspecting apparatus, a laser processing apparatus, etc. is positioned on a surface of a target object. The focal point detecting apparatus comprises for entering an optical beam for detecting a focal point from a position deviant from an optical axis of an objective lens to a surface of a target object to be inspected through at least the objective lens; and two two-split sensors on which the optical beam reflected from the surface of the target object so as to pass again through the objective lens is converged by at least a condenser lens. The two two-split sensors are arranged at the same optical inclination in front of and behind the position on which the reflected optical beam is converged by the condenser lens when the focal point of the objective lens is positioned on the surface of the target object.

Abstract: In an optical illumination instrument for use in photolithographic process of manufacturing semiconductor devices, a reflection type homogenizer is composed of an array of paraboloid mirrors of a same size arranged on a same plane.

Abstract: A parallel image processing apparatus includes (1) a light diffusing layer, (2) a photoelectric conversion layer which receives diffused light from the diffusion layer, and (3) an edge detection layer which receives signals from conversion elements in the conversion layer, and generates edge information which defines the edge of object(s) imaged on the light diffusing layer. The conversion layer includes pairs of conversion elements, the pairs having a center element and a peripheral element surrounding it. Signals from one or more center elements are summed, the sum being differentially amplified with a sum of signals from one or more peripheral elements to arrive at an edge signal. Edge signals may be used to differentiate among characters, pictures or photographs, and a blank images.

Abstract: A parallel optical information processing system includes an information inputting part which produces a coherent optical beam spatially modulated by input image information. A rewritable hologram memory carries a plurality of stored images as holograms so that the holograms are overlapped with each other, the rewritable hologram memory being written with image information when illuminated by a recording optical beam. An image reproducing part is supplied with the input image information, and produces reproduced image information from the rewritable hologram memory. A hologram synthesizing part synthesizes a synthetic hologram in response to the reproduced image information. A hologram recording part records the synthetic hologram in the rewritable hologram memory through the recording optical beam.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an apparatus for measuring the intracranial pressure of a living body or patient utilizing ultrasonic waves. An ultrasonic pulse is transmitted as triggered by a trigger signal into the cranium from an ultrasonic probe placed outside the cranium of the living body, the data of an interference reflection wave caused by the multiple reflections of the incident waves at the interstital boundaries within the cranium is analyzed for frequency, and the time difference between the element waves of the interference reflection wave is calculated and delivered as output. Thus, the dura mater thickness and its change are measured, and the intracranial pressure and its change can be measured utilizing the correlation between the intracranial pressure and dura mater thickness.

Abstract: A parallel image processing system comprises an image detection array of photodector elements, edge detection circuit including a number of edge detection elements for producing an output signal indicating detection of edge of the input image, and movement detection circuit including a number of movement detection elements each being supplied with output signals from a first group of the edge detection elements along a first signal path as an excitement signal and further from a second group of the edge detection elements along a second signal path as an inhibitory signal, for producing a movement detection signal indicating movement of the input image on the basis of comparison of the excitement signal and the inhibitory signal.

Abstract: An apparatus for recording the intracranial pressure of a living body or patient utilizing ultrasonic waves includes a probe which is connected to a pulser to receive intracranial echoes that are multi-reflected being interfered with each other, a receiver for amplifying the received echoes, a gate circuit which applies a gate for a predetermined time duration of echo synchronous with the heart beat among the amplified echoes and which produces internal waves of gates, and a recorder for continuously recording peak values of the output waveforms. The intracranial pressure waveforms are continuously recorded, a change in thickness of the dura mater is found from the recorded intracranial pressure waveforms and a change of the intracranial pressure is found by utilizing a correlation between the intracranial pressure and the thickness of the dura mater.

Abstract: An optical processing system comprises first light source, a spatial modulator for modulating optical beam passing therethrough, an image input part for writing the input image on the modulator by means of an incoherent optical beam, an optical Fourier transform device, an optical memory for storing a plurality of image informations in a form of Fourier transform hologram comprising a medium which allows erasing and rewriting of information by optical beam, an image detection/light source device supplied with a plurality of optical beams for producing another optical beam in correspondence to one of the optical beams which has the maximum intensity along a path of that optical beam in a reversed direction, a second light source for irradiating the optical memory by another optical beam for writing a new information, an image output device provided in an optical path of the output beam, and a controller connected to the image input device, first light source and second light source for controlling energization

Abstract: The present invention provides an ultrasonic method for measuring the size of a possible flaw in a solid mass, in which an ultrasound is transmitted perpendicularly to the searching surface of a solid mass being the object under measurement through a liquid, a ratio in sound pressure between a reflected wave of the ultrasound from the surface of the solid mass and a reflected wave from any flaw in the solid, and a distance from the surface of the solid mass to the flaw, derived from the difference in time of reception between the reflected wave from the surface of the solid mass and the reflected wave from the flaw in the solid mass, are taken as indices of evaluation, and these indices of evaluation are compared with a reference value obtained beforehand by measuring a test piece made of a same material as that of the solid mass, thereby determining the size of the flaw.