Abstract: A roll stamper for forming an information recording medium substrate has a stamper member having a pattern corresponding to a pre-format for an information recording medium formed in its obverse surface, fixation members fixed to both end portions of a reverse surface of the stamper so as to be integral with the stamper member, and fit grooves formed in a circumferential surface of a specular roll base parallel to the axis of the specular roll base. The fixation members are fitted in the fit grooves, and the stamper member is fixed on the circumferential surface of the specular roll base. The roll stamper also includes a mechanism for applying a tensile force to the stamper member. This roll stamper is used in an apparatus having an extruder for melting and extruding a resin to form a resin sheet and a specular roll facing the roll stamper to continuously form the information recording medium substrate.

Abstract: An optical recording medium has a substrate and, provided thereon, a recording layer, a recording auxiliary layer that covers a given region on the surface of the recording layer on its side not facing the substrate, and a recording restraining layer that the covers the recording layer on its surface not covered with the recording auxiliary layer.

Abstract: A roll stamper for forming an information recording medium substrate has a stamper member having a pattern corresponding to a pre-format for an information recording medium formed in its obverse surface, fixation members fixed to both end portions of a reverse surface of the stamper so as to be integral with the stamper member, and fit grooves formed in a circumferential surface of a specular roll base parallel to the axis of the specular roll base. The fixation members are fitted in the fit grooves, and the stamper member is fixed on the circumferential surface of the specular roll base. The roll stamper also includes a mechanism for applying a tensile force to the stamper member. This roll stamper is used in an apparatus having an extruder for melting and extruding a resin to form a resin sheet and a specular roll facing the roll stamper to continuously form the information recording medium substrate.

Abstract: An optical modulation element characterized in that a two-dimensional phase type diffraction gratings, whose refractive index changes for each predetermined period along two different directions in a predetermined plane, is adopted, and a changing state of the refractive index is controlled to change characteristics of the diffraction grating, so that a diffraction phenomenon of light incident on the element is controlled.

Abstract: A process for producing an optical recording medium, including the steps of: melt-extruding a resin to form a resin sheet; passing the resin sheet under pressure between a first roller having a predetermined unevenness pattern and a second roller disposed opposite thereto before the resin sheet is hardened, thereby to transfer the unevenness pattern to a surface of the resin sheet; and forming a recording layer having an organic coloring matter on the surface of the resin sheet provided with the unevenness pattern; wherein the steps are conducted while the resin sheet is moved.

Abstract: A liquid crystal optical modulator having a liquid crystal held between two substrates each having a light-transmissive electrode on the surface, in which at least one substrate has minute alignment-treated region having two or more kinds of liquid crystal aligning abilities different from each other formed and arranged on the same substrate.

Abstract: A display element includes a substrate and a display pattern formed on the substrate, the display pattern including a diffraction grating. The width in the direction perpendicular to the grating lines of the diffraction grating of the display pattern is selected so as to prevent re-diffraction of the light diffracted by the one diffraction grating. An observation apparatus includes the afore-said display element, but the display pattern has a first diffraction grating structure and a second diffraction grating structure. An illuminating system and an observation system are added so as to allow for observation of the display pattern. The direction of the grating lines of the first diffraction grating structure differs from that of the grating lines of the second diffraction grating structure, thereby preventing the occurrence of a rainbow-like image.

Abstract: An optical modulation device for effecting optical modulation by controlling the diffraction phenomenon of light, which not only consumes a small amouhnt of the driving energy employed, such as a electric power, but which is also capable of improvements in reliability.

Abstract: An optical modulation element which enables substantially total transmission of incident light and provides a high contrast when it as used as a display element, thereby enabling multiplex driving.

Abstract: A color filter with a good heat resistance is provided on a base plate for a liquid crystal device by vapor deposition of a colorant. Transparent electrodes are formed on the color filter and the thus formed base plate is combined with the other base plate having thereon a TFT circuit for driving a liquid crystal interposed between the base plates. Thus a liquid crystal color display device having a structure suited for driving is provided.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus of the type comprising a liquid crystal panel having a first substrate having first electrodes thereon, a liquid crystal layer, a second substrate having a second electrode, polarizing means and light-scattering reflection means; a light source for emitting light toward the liquid crystal from the side of the first substrate; means for forming an electrostatic light image corresponding to the light rays reflected from the liquid crystal panel; and developing means. Picture elements are arranged in a row or column with a spacing (P) between adjacent picture elements, each picture element being formed at a portion where the first and second electrodes face each other through the liquid crystal layer, the gap (P) being equal to or larger than the distance (D) from the interface between the second electrode and the liquid crystal layer to the scattering reflection surface of the light-scattering reflection means.

Abstract: A method for forming images comprises applying voltage or electric charge to one or more electrodes selected from an electrode group comprising electrodes each of which has a transistor and attaching a toner to the selected electrodes. A device for forming images comprises an electrode group and a toner supplying device, each of electrodes of the electrode group being provided with a transistor.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device has a power source, a voltage converter, a liquid crystal display cell and a control signal generator. The voltage supplied from the power source to the converter is converted into a voltage for operating the liquid crystal display cell and such converted voltage is supplied to the liquid crystal display cell while a control signal derived from the control signal generator is also applied to the liquid crystal display cell, thereby effecting display.