Abstract: An encoder includes circuitry and memory. The circuitry, in operation, generates a first coefficient value by applying a CCALF (cross component adaptive loop filtering) process to a first reconstructed image sample of a luma component. The circuitry generates a second coefficient value by applying an ALF (adaptive loop filtering) process to a second reconstructed image sample of a chroma component. The circuitry generates a third coefficient value by adding the first coefficient value to the second coefficient value, and encodes a third reconstructed image sample of the chroma component using the third coefficient value. In the CCALF process, in response to a coordinate of the second reconstructed image sample being (x, y), coordinates of the first reconstructed image samples are (2x, 2y?1), (2x?1, 2y), (2x, 2y), (2x+1, 2y), (2x?1, 2y+1), (2x, 2y+1), (2x+1, 2y+1), and (2x, 2y+2).

Abstract: An encoder includes circuitry and memory. The circuitry, in operation, generates a first coefficient value by applying a CCALF (cross component adaptive loop filtering) process to a first reconstructed image sample of a luma component. The circuitry generates a second coefficient value by applying an ALF (adaptive loop filtering) process to a second reconstructed image sample of a chroma component. The circuitry generates a third coefficient value by adding the first coefficient value to the second coefficient value, and encodes a third reconstructed image sample of the chroma component using the third coefficient value. In the CCALF process, in response to a coordinate of the second reconstructed image sample being (x, y), coordinates of the first reconstructed image samples are (2x, 2y?1), (2x?1, 2y), (2x, 2y), (2x+1, 2y), (2x?1, 2y+1), (2x, 2y+1), (2x+1, 2y+1), and (2x, 2y+2).

Abstract: An encoder includes circuitry and memory coupled to the circuitry. The circuitry, in operation, for each coefficient of a plurality of coefficients included in a block, determines a base level relating to Context-Based Adaptive Binary Arithmetic Coding (CABAC) for the coefficient, and encodes an absolute value of the coefficient. In determining the base level, when one or more flags are used in encoding the absolute value of the coefficient, the base level is determined to be a first value, and when one or more flags are not used in the encoding, the base level is determined to be a second value that is smaller than the first value. In encoding the absolute value of the coefficient, when one or more flags are not used, a rice parameter is determined based on the base level which is equal to the second value, and the coefficient is binarized using the rice parameter.

Abstract: An encoder includes circuitry and memory coupled to the circuitry. The circuitry, in operation, generates a first coefficient value by applying a CCALF (cross component adaptive loop filtering) process to a first reconstructed image sample of a luma component, generates a second coefficient value by applying an ALF (adaptive loop filtering) process to a second reconstructed image sample of a chroma component, and clips the second coefficient value. The circuitry generates a third coefficient value by adding the first coefficient value to the clipped second coefficient value, and clips the third coefficient value. The circuitry encodes a third reconstructed image sample of the chroma component using the clipped third coefficient value.

Abstract: An image encoder is provided including circuitry and a memory coupled to the circuitry. The circuitry, in operation, responds to a size of a block satisfying a size condition by generating a prediction image using a prediction mode selected from a plurality of prediction modes. The plurality of prediction modes include a first prediction mode in which a prediction process uses a motion vector and a reference block in a same picture as the block. The circuitry encodes the block using the prediction image.

Abstract: An encoder includes circuitry, and memory coupled to the circuitry. The circuitry, in operation, for each of a plurality of sub-bitstreams having mutually different frame rates, encodes identification information into a header of a bitstream including the plurality of sub-bitstreams, the identification information indicating a temporal ID that is an identifier of a temporal layer related to a temporal scalability and corresponds to the sub-bitstream, and encodes level information indicating a conformance level of the sub-bitstream.

Abstract: Provided is an encoder including: circuitry; and memory coupled to the circuitry. In operation, the circuitry: performs a mapping process of Luma Mapping with Chroma Scaling (LMCS) for transforming a first pixel value space applied to a luma display image signal into a second pixel value space applied to a luma encoding process signal, using line segments forming a transform curve, each of which corresponds to a different one of sections obtained by partitioning the first pixel value space; and encodes an image, and in the performing of the LMCS, the circuitry determines the transform curve so that among boundary values in the second pixel value space, a first value obtained by dividing a boundary value by a base width defined according to a bit depth of the image is not equal to a second value obtained by dividing another boundary value by the base width.

Abstract: An encoder includes circuitry and memory coupled to the circuitry. The circuitry, in operation: generates (i) a first quantization matrix for transform coefficients included in a current block to be processed and (ii) a second quantization matrix for transform coefficients included in a low frequency domain among the transform coefficients included in the current block; and quantizes the transform coefficients included in the current block using at least one of the first quantization matrix or the second quantization matrix, in accordance with a size of the current block.

Abstract: A decoder includes circuitry which, in operation, parses a first flag indicating whether a CCALF (cross component adaptive loop filtering) process is enabled for a first block located adjacent to a left side of a current block; parses a second flag indicating whether the CCALF process is enabled for a second block located adjacent to an upper side of the current block; determines a first index associated with a color component of the current block; and derives a second index indicating a context model, using the first flag, the second flag, and the first index. The circuitry, in operation, performs entropy decoding of a third flag indicating whether the CCALF process is enabled for the current block, using the context model indicated by the second index; and performs the CCALF process on the current block in response to the third flag indicating the CCALF process is enabled for the current block.

Abstract: An encoder includes circuitry and memory coupled to the circuitry. The circuitry, in operation: determines whether a size of a current block, which is a unit for which a vector candidate list including vector candidates is generated, is less than or equal to a threshold; when the size of the current block is less than or equal to the threshold, generates the vector candidate list by registering a history-based motion vector predictor (HMVP) vector candidate in the vector candidate list from an HMVP table without performing a first pruning process; when the size of the current block is greater than the threshold, generates the vector candidate list by performing the first pruning process and registering the HMVP vector candidate in the vector candidate list from the HMVP table; and encodes the current block using the vector candidate list.

Abstract: An antenna system for vehicles includes a first antenna attached in a vicinity of a windshield of a vehicle; and a second antenna attached in a vicinity of a rear glass of the vehicle, wherein the first antenna and the second antenna are configured to transmit and receive an electromagnetic wave in a predetermined frequency band F, and wherein defining a region A and a region B with respect to a vehicle center axis extending in a traveling direction of the vehicle, so as to bisect a vehicle width of the vehicle from a viewpoint in a direction normal to a horizontal plane, the first antenna is arranged in the region A, and the second antenna is arranged in the region B.

Abstract: A casting mold making apparatus and a method employing a tank with a pour hole formed at a bottom wall of the tank and an opening section open toward the opposite side to a bottom wall side. A first process of the method includes stirring component materials inside the tank with a stirring impeller so as to make a foam mixture while an opening section side of the tank is closed and the pour hole is closed. The second process is performed after the first process and includes opening the pour hole, pressing the tank against a mold such that a fill hole formed so as to pass into the mold is disposed adjacent to the pour hole, and supplying compressed air into the tank while stirring the foam mixture inside the tank with the stirring impeller so as to fill the foam mixture into a cavity of the mold.

Abstract: An encoder includes circuitry, and memory coupled to the circuitry. The circuitry, in operation, for each of a plurality of sub-bitstreams having mutually different frame rates, encodes identification information into a header of a bitstream including the plurality of sub-bitstreams, the identification information indicating a temporal ID that is an identifier of a temporal layer related to a temporal scalability and corresponds to the sub-bitstream, and encodes level information indicating a conformance level of the sub-bitstream.

Abstract: An encoder includes circuitry and memory coupled to the circuitry. The circuitry, in operation, generates a first coefficient value by applying a CCALF (cross component adaptive loop filtering) process to a first reconstructed image sample of a luma component, generates a second coefficient value by applying an ALF (adaptive loop filtering) process to a second reconstructed image sample of a chroma component, and clips the second coefficient value. The circuitry generates a third coefficient value by adding the first coefficient value to the clipped second coefficient value, and clips the third coefficient value. The circuitry encodes a third reconstructed image sample of the chroma component using the clipped third coefficient value.

Abstract: An encoder includes circuitry and memory coupled to the circuitry. The circuitry, in operation, for each coefficient of a plurality of coefficients included in a block, determines a base level relating to Context-Based Adaptive Binary Arithmetic Coding (CABAC) for the coefficient, and encodes an absolute value of the coefficient. In determining the base level, when one or more flags are used in encoding the absolute value of the coefficient, the base level is determined to be a first value, and when one or more flags are not used in the encoding, the base level is determined to be a second value that is smaller than the first value. In encoding the absolute value of the coefficient, when one or more flags are not used, a rice parameter is determined based on the base level which is equal to the second value, and the coefficient is binarized using the rice parameter.

Abstract: An encoder includes circuitry and memory. The circuitry, in operation, generates a first coefficient value by applying a CCALF (cross component adaptive loop filtering) process to a first reconstructed image sample of a luma component. The circuitry generates a second coefficient value by applying an ALF (adaptive loop filtering) process to a second reconstructed image sample of a chroma component. The circuitry generates a third coefficient value by adding the first coefficient value to the second coefficient value, and encodes a third reconstructed image sample of the chroma component using the third coefficient value. In the CCALF process, in response to a coordinate of the second reconstructed image sample being (x, y), coordinates of the first reconstructed image samples are (2x, 2y?1), (2x?1, 2y), (2x, 2y), (2x+1, 2y), (2x?1, 2y+1), (2x, 2y+1), (2x+1, 2y+1), and (2x, 2y+2).

Abstract: Provided is an encoder including: circuitry; and memory coupled to the circuitry. In operation, the circuitry: performs a mapping process of Luma Mapping with Chroma Scaling (LMCS) for transforming a first pixel value space applied to a luma display image signal into a second pixel value space applied to a luma encoding process signal, using line segments forming a transform curve, each of which corresponds to a different one of sections obtained by partitioning the first pixel value space; and encodes an image, and in the performing of the LMCS, the circuitry determines the transform curve so that among boundary values in the second pixel value space, a first value obtained by dividing a boundary value by a base width defined according to a bit depth of the image is not equal to a second value obtained by dividing another boundary value by the base width.

Abstract: An encoder includes circuitry and memory coupled to the circuitry. The circuitry, in response to a first reconstructed image sample being located outside a virtual boundary, duplicates a reconstructed sample located inside and adjacent to the virtual boundary to generate the first reconstructed image sample. The circuitry generates a first coefficient value by applying a CCALF (cross component adaptive loop filtering) process to the first reconstructed image sample of a luma component. The circuitry generates a second coefficient value by applying an ALF (adaptive loop filtering) process to a second reconstructed image sample of a chroma component. The circuitry generates a third coefficient value by adding the first coefficient value to the second coefficient value, and encodes a third reconstructed image sample of the chroma component using the third coefficient value.

Abstract: The additive composition of the present invention is one blended in a sand composition which is subjected to foaming to mold a sand mold, and includes (A) an alkylsulfonate metal salt having an alkyl group with 9 to 22 carbon atoms. The additive composition may further include at least one component selected from a group consisting of (B) an alkylsulfate metal salt, (C) a polyoxyalkylene alkyl ether sulfate metal salt, and (D) an alkylbenzene sulfonate metal salt.

Abstract: An encoder includes circuitry and memory coupled to the circuitry. The circuitry, in operation, for each coefficient of a plurality of coefficients included in a block, determines a base level relating to Context-Based Adaptive Binary Arithmetic Coding (CABAC) for the coefficient, and encodes an absolute value of the coefficient. In determining the base level, when one or more flags are used in encoding the absolute value of the coefficient, the base level is determined to be a first value, and when one or more flags are not used in the encoding, the base level is determined to be a second value that is smaller than the first value. In encoding the absolute value of the coefficient, when one or more flags are not used, a rice parameter is determined based on the base level which is equal to the second value, and the coefficient is binarized using the rice parameter.