Abstract: A driving apparatus includes a driving input gear with first gear teeth, a columnar shaft, and a driven gear that engages the driving input gear. The driven gear includes a cylindrical boss portion, a cylindrical rim portion, a web, and second gear teeth. The second gear teeth are formed at an outer peripheral surface of the rim portion. The first gear teeth are first helical teeth twisted in a first direction with respect to a direction that the rotary drive shaft extends. The second gear teeth are second helical teeth twisting in a second direction that is the opposite of the first direction. The rim portion is tapered, radially decreasing toward the end to which the web is linked. The through-hole of boss portion has an inner diameter larger than an outer diameter of the shaft.

Abstract: A laser machining apparatus includes: an optical-scanning laser machining device that includes a machining head, which moves in a first direction and a second direction intersecting the first direction and emits laser light on a workpiece to machine the workpiece; a first marking device that is provided on one side of the optical-scanning laser machining device in the first direction and puts a mark on the workpiece; a second marking device that is provided on another side of the optical-scanning laser machining device in the first direction and puts a mark on the workpiece; and a pallet on which the workpiece to be machined by the optical-scanning laser machining device is loaded and which moves in the first direction between the first marking device and the second marking device.

Abstract: A laser machining apparatus includes: an optical-scanning laser machining device that includes a machining head, which moves in a first direction and a second direction intersecting the first direction and emits laser light on a workpiece to machine the workpiece; a first marking device that is provided on one side of the optical-scanning laser machining device in the first direction and puts a mark on the workpiece; a second marking device that is provided on another side of the optical-scanning laser machining device in the first direction and puts a mark on the workpiece; and a pallet on which the workpiece to be machined by the optical-scanning laser machining device is loaded and which moves in the first direction between the first marking device and the second marking device.

Abstract: A driving apparatus includes a driving input gear with first gear teeth, a columnar shaft, and a driven gear that engages the driving input gear. The driven gear includes a cylindrical boss portion, a cylindrical rim portion, a web, and second gear teeth. The second gear teeth are formed at an outer peripheral surface of the rim portion. The first gear teeth are first helical teeth twisted in a first direction with respect to a direction that the rotary drive shaft extends. The second gear teeth are second helical teeth twisting in a second direction that is the opposite of the first direction. The rim portion is tapered, radially decreasing toward the end to which the web is linked. The through-hole of boss portion has an inner diameter larger than an outer diameter of the shaft.

Abstract: A driving force transmission mechanism (40) includes: a first support portion (31) for supporting an end portion of a rotation shaft (1aa) of a photosensitive drum (1a) on a second driving force transmission gear (49) side; a second support portion (33) arranged opposite to the photosensitive drum (1a) across the first support portion (31); a shaft (51) provided so as to protrude from the second support portion (33) to the photosensitive drum (1a) side; and a multi-step gear (47) rotatably supported by the shaft (51), the multi-step gear including a driving force input gear portion (47a) and a driving force output gear portion (47b). Between the driving force input gear portion (47a) and the driving force output gear portion (47b), there is formed a peripheral surface portion (47c) rotatably supported by a bearing member (53) provided into a second through-hole (31a) of the first support portion (31).

Abstract: Clutch mechanism includes support plate, input element to which driving force is input, output element configured to rotate upon receiving driving force, first elastic member configured to bias output element toward support plate, first member including sliding arm inserted through through-hole of support plate and first slide surface, and second member configured to accommodate first member and including second slide surface. Insertion of the sliding arm into through-hole prevents rotation of first member with respect to support plate but allows first member to approach and move away from support plate. Output element moves apart from input element to cut off driving force when second member is in first rotational position. When second member rotates to second rotational position, output element outputs driving force transmitted from input element.

Abstract: A driving force transmission mechanism (40) includes: a first support portion (31) for supporting an end portion of a rotation shaft (1aa) of a photosensitive drum (1a) on a second driving force transmission gear (49) side; a second support portion (33) arranged opposite to the photosensitive drum (1a) across the first support portion (31); a shaft (51) provided so as to protrude from the second support portion (33) to the photosensitive drum (1a) side; and a multi-step gear (47) rotatably supported by the shaft (51), the multi-step gear including a driving force input gear portion (47a) and a driving force output gear portion (47b). Between the driving force input gear portion (47a) and the driving force output gear portion (47b), there is formed a peripheral surface portion (47c) rotatably supported by a bearing member (53) provided into a second through-hole (31a) of the first support portion (31).

Abstract: Clutch mechanism includes support plate, input element to which driving force is input, output element configured to rotate upon receiving driving force, first elastic member configured to bias output element toward support plate, first member including sliding arm inserted through through-hole of support plate and first slide surface, and second member configured to accommodate first member and including second slide surface. Insertion of the sliding arm into through-hole prevents rotation of first member with respect to support plate but allows first member to approach and move away from support plate. Output element moves apart from input element to cut off driving force when second member is in first rotational position. When second member rotates to second rotational position, output element outputs driving force transmitted from input element.

Abstract: A light emitting apparatus that is capable of emitting light with uniform intensity and high luminance are provided. The first optical guide comprises a first principal surface that has an effective light emitting region of substantially rectangular shape surrounded by first through fourth sides and a second principal surface that opposes the first principal surface, wherein the circumferential side face of the optical guide includes first through fourth side faces disposed along the first through fourth sides, respectively, and a light introducing section, disposed at the corner interposed between the first and second side faces, with an angle of inclination from the first side face that is determined so that center axis of light distribution intersects one of the first through fourth sides and divides the area of the effective light emitting region into two equal parts.

Abstract: An optical waveguide plate for a surface light emitting apparatus and a surface light emitting apparatus using the optical waveguide plate that provides excellent uniformity in surface emission is disclosed. The optical waveguide plate comprises an end face introducing light emitted from a light source, and a light emitting surface outputting light introduced from the end face. The end face has a light introducing portion comprising a plurality of notched prisms which disperse incident light. The intervals between two adjacent prisms are set to become greater in proportion to the distance from the center of the light introducing portion. The angles of the prisms are also adjusted to provide uniform surface emission.

Abstract: An optical waveguide plate for a surface light emitting apparatus and a surface light emitting apparatus using the optical waveguide plate that provides excellent uniformity in surface emission is disclosed. The optical waveguide plate comprises an end face introducing light emitted from a light source, and a light emitting surface outputting light introduced from the end face. The end face has a light introducing portion comprising a plurality of notched prisms which disperse incident light. The intervals between two adjacent prisms are set to become greater in proportion to the distance from the center of the light introducing portion. The angles of the prisms are also adjusted to provide uniform surface emission.

Abstract: An optical waveguide plate for a surface light emitting apparatus and a surface light emitting apparatus using the optical waveguide plate that provides excellent uniformity in surface emission is disclosed. The optical waveguide plate comprises an end face introducing light emitted from a light source, and a light emitting surface outputting light introduced from the end face. The end face has a light introducing portion comprising a plurality of notched prisms which disperse incident light. The intervals between two adjacent prisms are set to become greater in proportion to the distance from the center of the light introducing portion. The angles of the prisms are also adjusted to provide uniform surface emission.

Abstract: A light emitting apparatus that is capable of emitting light with uniform intensity and high luminance are provided. The first optical guide comprises a first principal surface that has an effective light emitting region of substantially rectangular shape surrounded by first through fourth sides and a second principal surface that opposes the first principal surface, wherein the circumferential side face of the optical guide includes first through fourth side faces disposed along the first through fourth sides, respectively, and a light introducing section, disposed at the corner interposed between the first and second side faces, with an angle of inclination from the first side face that is determined so that center axis of light distribution intersects one of the first through fourth sides and divides the area of the effective light emitting region into two equal parts.

Abstract: An optical waveguide for emitting light of uniform intensity distributed over the light emitting surface so as to suppress the occurrences of bright lines includes an optical waveguide and surface light emitting apparatus that has a light emitting plane and a reflecting plane that oppose each other. The reflecting surface has a plurality of dots formed thereon so that light entering from the light source, provided on one end face or two opposing end faces, is output through the light emitting surface with uniform intensity, wherein the dots are arranged so as to form band regions each being defined as a region that has a constant density of distribution. A plurality of vertical lines of the dots are formed at substantially equal intervals in each of the band regions in the direction toward adjacent bands, and the interval between the vertical lines of dots is made different in different bands.

Abstract: An optical waveguide plate for a surface light emitting apparatus and a surface light emitting apparatus using the optical waveguide plate that provides excellent uniformity in surface emission is disclosed. The optical waveguide plate comprises an end face introducing light emitted from a light source, and a light emitting surface outputting light introduced from the end face. The end face has a light introducing portion comprising a plurality of notched prisms which disperse incident light. The intervals between two adjacent prisms are set to become greater in proportion to the distance from the center of the light introducing portion. The angles of the prisms are also adjusted to provide uniform surface emission.

Abstract: To provide an optical waveguide that can emit light of which intensity is uniformly distributed over the light emitting surface and can suppress the occurrence of the bright line, the optical waveguide of surface light emitting apparatus has a light emitting plane and a reflecting plane that oppose each other, the reflecting surface having a plurality of dots formed thereon so that light entering from a light source that is provided on one end face or two opposing end faces is output through the light emitting surface with uniform intensity, wherein the dots are arranged so as to form band regions each being defined as a region that has a constant density of distribution, a plurality of vertical lines of the dots are formed at substantially equal intervals in each of the band regions in the direction toward adjacent bands, and the interval between the vertical lines of dots is made different in different bands.

Abstract: A semiconductor substrate for GaP type light emitting devices which includes an n-type single crystal substrate, an n-type GaP layer, and a p-type GaP layer formed on the n-type GaP single crystal substrate. The carbon concentration in the n-type GaP single crystal substrate is more than 1.0.times.10.sup.16 atoms/cc but less than 1.0.times.10.sup.17 atoms/cc. The n-type GaP single crystal substrate is obtained from an n-type GaP single crystal grown by the Liquid Encapsulation Czochralski method wherein B.sub.2 O.sub.3 containing water corresponding to 200 ppm or more is used as an encapsulation liquid.

Abstract: A GaP light emitting element substrate comprising an n-type GaP layer, a nitrogen-doped n-type GaP layer and a p-type GaP layer layered one after another on a multi-layer GaP substrate built by forming an n-type GaP buffer layer(s) on an n-type GaP single crystal substrate, wherein the sulfur (S) concentration in said n-type GaP buffer layer is made to be 5.times.10.sup.16 [atoms/cc] or less. The method of manufacturing it is as follows: an n-type GaP buffer layer(s) is formed on an n-type GaP single crystal substrate to prepare a multi-layer GaP substrate, then an n-type GaP layer, a nitrogen doped n-type GaP layer and a p-type GaP layer are layered on said multi-layer GaP substrate by means of the melt-back method to obtain a GaP light emitting element substrate, wherein the sulfur (S) concentration in said n-type GaP buffer layer is made to be 5.times.10.sup.16 [atoms/cc] or less when the multi-layer GaP substrate is prepared.

Abstract: This disclosure herein pertains to a method for producing a GaP epitaxial wafer used for fabrication of light emitting diodes having higher brightness than light emitting diodes fabricated from a GaP epitaxial wafer produced by a conventional method have. The method comprises the steps of: preparing a GaP layered substrate 15 with one or more GaP layers on a GaP single crystal substrate 10 in the first series of liquid phase epitaxial growth; obtaining a layered GaP substrate 15a by eliminating surface irregularities of said GaP layered substrate 15 by mechano-chemical polishing to make the surface to be planar; and then forming a GaP light emitting layer composite 19 on said layered GaP substrate 15a in the second series of liquid phase epitaxial growth.

Abstract: To provide a GaP red light emitting element substrate which a large amount of oxygen is doped in the p-type GaP layer, and which very few Ga.sub.2 O.sub.3 precipitates develop on and/or in p-type GaP layer, and methods of manufacturing said substrate. After the n-type GaP layer 2 is grown on the n-type GaP single crystal substrate 1, when forming the p-type GaP layer 3 doped with Zn and O, on said n-type GaP layer 2 by means of the liquid phase epitaxial growth method, the p-type GaP layer 3 is grown by using a Ga solution with a high concentration of oxygen, and said Ga solution is removed from the substrate 1 to complete the growth when the temperature is lowered to a prescribed temperature of 980.degree. C. or higher. When the temperature has reached the prescribed temperature of 980.degree. C.