Abstract: A photoelectric conversion element includes a first electrode section; a second electrode section; an electron-transporting section between the first electrode section and the second electrode section; a light-absorbing section; and a hole-transporting section. The hole-transporting section has a peak that reaches maximum at a Raman shift of 1575 cm?1±10 cm?1 and a peak that reaches maximum at a Raman shift of 1606 cm?1±10 cm?1 in a Raman spectrum obtained by emitting laser light having a wavelength of 532 nm; and has a peak intensity ratio A/B of 0.80 or more, the peak intensity ratio A/B being obtained from a maximum peak intensity A of the peak that reaches maximum at 1575 cm?1±10 cm?1 and a maximum peak intensity B of the peak that reaches maximum at 1606 cm?1±10 cm?1.

Abstract: A photoelectric conversion element including: first support; first electrode; electron-transporting layer; photoelectric conversion layer; hole-transporting layer; and second electrode, the hole-transporting layer including polymer including recurring unit of General Formula (1) below and compound of General Formula (2): where Ar1 represents aromatic hydrocarbon, which may have substituent; Ar2 and Ar3 each independently represent bivalent group of monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, non-condensed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, or condensed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, which may have substituent; Ar4 represents bivalent group of benzene, thiophene, biphenyl, anthracene, or naphthalene, which may have substituent; R1 to R4 each independently represent hydrogen, alkyl, or aryl; and n represents integer that is 2 or more and allows the polymer of General Formula (1) to have weight average molecular weight of 2,000 or more; and where R5 to R9, which may be identical or different, represent hydr

Abstract: Provided is a mass spectrometry method for a fluoroether compound, the method comprising (1) preparing a sample solution containing the fluoroether compound and a solvent, (2) ionizing the fluoroether compound in the sample solution and also removing the solvent to produce an ion, and (3) mass-separating the ion to determine the mass of the ion, wherein in the production of the ion, the sample solution is sprayed together with an atomizing gas at 330° C. or lower to produce droplets, and the produced droplets are brought into contact with a dry gas at 190° C. or lower.

Abstract: A photoelectric conversion element includes a first electrode, a photoelectric conversion layer, where the photoelectric conversion layer has a perovskite structure, a hole-transporting layer, a second electrode, and a film including a compound represented by General Formula (2) disposed between the photoelectric conversion layer and the hole-transporting layer. In General Formula (2), A is a cationic amino compound represented by General Formula (6) or General Formula (7), a cationic pyridinium compound, a cationic imidazolinium compound, or a cationic pyrrolidinium compound. In General Formula (6), R1 is —H, —F, —CF3, or —OCH3, n is 1 or 2, and X is Br or I. In General Formula (7), n is an integer of 5 or greater but 12 or less, and X is Br or I.

Abstract: Composition including (a) a fluoropolymer; and (b1) at least one of a compound represented by the formula (4) ((H—(CF2)7—COO)pM1) or the formula (4?) ((H—(CF2)8—COO)pM1) of the present disclosure, both respectively in an amount of 100 ppb or less relative to the fluoropolymer, or (b2) at least one of a compound represented by the formula (5) ((H—(CF2)13—COO)pM1) or the formula (5?) ((H—(CF2)14—COO)pM1) of the present disclose, both respectively in an amount of 100 ppb or less relative to the fluoropolymer.

Abstract: Provided are a copper-containing refrigerant pipe whose corrosion can be suppressed, a heat exchanger, and a method for producing a refrigerant pipe. A refrigerant pipe includes a pipe body including copper or copper alloy and an anticorrosive film formed on the outer surface of the pipe body. The anticorrosive film is obtained by applying a coating agent to the outer surface of the pipe body. The coating agent contains one or more anticorrosive agents selected from (A) an organic sulfonate compound, (B) a polyhydric alcohol-organic acid ester compound, and (C) an aliphatic amine compound having 8 to 24 carbon atoms. When the coating agent includes an anticorrosive agent of (C) the aliphatic amine compound having 8 to 24 carbon atoms, (C) the aliphatic amine compound having 8 to 24 carbon atoms is included in an amount of 2.0 wt % or more and 10.0 wt % or less in the coating agent.

Abstract: A method for removing a fluorine-containing compound from discharge water, which includes bringing discharge water containing two or more fluorine-containing compounds represented by the following general formula (1) or (2) into contact with an adsorbent so as to adsorb the two or more fluorine-containing compounds: (H—(CF2)m—COO)pM1??General Formula (1): wherein m is 3 to 19, M1 is H, a metal atom, NRb4, where Rb is the same or different and is H or an organic group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, imidazolium optionally having a substituent, pyridinium optionally having a substituent, or phosphonium optionally having a substituent; and p is 1 or 2; (H—(CF2)n—SO3)qM2??General Formula (2): wherein n is 4 to 20; M2 is H, a metal atom, NRb4, where Rb is the same as above, imidazolium optionally having a substituent, pyridinium optionally having a substituent, or phosphonium optionally having a substituent; and q is 1 or 2.

Abstract: A photoelectric conversion element including: a first substrate; a first electrode; a photoelectric conversion layer; a second electrode; and a second substrate, wherein the photoelectric conversion element includes a sealing part sealing at least the photoelectric conversion layer, the sealing part is disposed so as to surround periphery of the photoelectric conversion layer, and a width of the sealing part disposed at each side has a minimum width A and a maximum width B in a width direction, and a ratio (B/A) of the maximum width B to the minimum width A is 1.02 or more but 5.0 or less.

Abstract: A copper-containing refrigerant pipe having an anticorrosive film, a heat exchanger, and a method for producing the refrigerant pipe are disclosed. The refrigerant pipe includes a pipe body including copper or a copper alloy and an anticorrosive film formed on the outer surface of the pipe body. The anticorrosive film is obtained by applying a coating agent to the outer surface of the pipe body. The coating agent contains one or more anticorrosive agents selected from the group consisting of (A) an organic sulfonate compound, (B) a polyhydric alcohol-organic acid ester compound, and (C) an aliphatic amine compound having 8 to 24 carbon atoms. When the coating agent includes an anticorrosive agent of (C) the aliphatic amine compound having 8 to 24 carbon atoms, (C) the aliphatic amine compound having 8 to 24 carbon atoms is included in an amount of 2.0 wt % or more and 10.0 wt % or less in the coating agent.

Abstract: A method for removing a fluorine-containing compound from discharge water, which includes bringing discharge water containing two or more fluorine-containing compounds represented by the following general formula (1) or (2) into contact with an adsorbent so as to adsorb the two or more fluorine-containing compounds: (H—(CF2)m—COO)pM1??General Formula (1): wherein m is 3 to 19, M1 is H, a metal atom, NRb4, where Rb is the same or different and is H or an organic group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, imidazolium optionally having a substituent, pyridinium optionally having a substituent, or phosphonium optionally having a substituent; and p is 1 or 2; (H—(CF2)n—SO3)qM2??General Formula (2): wherein n is 4 to 20; M2 is H, a metal atom, NRb4, where Rb is the same as above, imidazolium optionally having a substituent, pyridinium optionally having a substituent, or phosphonium optionally having a substituent; and q is 1 or 2.

Abstract: A solar cell module includes a first substrate and a plurality of photoelectric conversion elements disposed on the first substrate. Each of the plurality of photoelectric conversion elements includes a first electrode, an electron transport layer, a perovskite layer, a hole transport layer, and a second electrode. In at least two of the photoelectric conversion elements adjacent to each other, the hole transport layers are extended continuous layers; and the first electrodes, the electron transport layers, and the perovskite layers in the at least two of the photoelectric conversion elements adjacent to each other are separated by the hole transport layer. The hole transport layer includes, as hole transport material, a polymer having a weight average molecular weight of 2,000 or more or a compound having a molecular weight of 2,000 or more.

Abstract: A composition including a fluoropolymer and substantially free from a compound represented by the following formula (3): (H—(CF2)8—SO3)qM2, wherein M2 is H, a metal atom, NR54, imidazolium optionally containing a substituent, pyridinium optionally containing a substituent, or phosphonium optionally containing a substituent; R5s are each H or an organic group and are the same as or different from each other; and q is 1 or 2.

Abstract: Powder including low molecular weight polytetrafluoroethylene having a melt viscosity of 1×102 to 7×105 Pa·s at 380° C., having a melt viscosity of 1×102 to 7×105 Pa·s at 380° C., having an average particle size of 1.0 to 50 ?m, and containing 30 or more carboxyl groups at ends of the molecule chain per 106 carbon atoms in the main chain, wherein the powder is substantially free from C8-C14 perfluorocarboxylic acids and salts thereof.

Abstract: A composition containing polytetrafluoroethylene and substantially free from a compound represented by Formula (3): (H—(CF2)8—SO3)qM2 wherein M2 is H, a metal atom, NR54 (where R5s may be the same as or different from each other and are each H or an organic group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms), an imidazolium optionally having a substituent, a pyridinium optionally having a substituent, or a phosphonium optionally having a substituent, and q is 1 or 2. Also disclosed is a molded boy including the composition.

Abstract: A method for producing an aqueous dispersion of purified polytetrafluoroethylene, the method including: removing or reducing a compound represented by Formula (1) or (2) below from an aqueous dispersion of polytetrafluoroethylene obtained using a hydrocarbon surfactant: (H—(CF2)m—COO)pM1; or??Formula (1): (H—(CF2)n—SO3)qM2.??Formula (2): Also disclosed is a composition containing polytetrafluoroethylene substantially free from a compound represented by Formula (3) below and a molded body including the composition: (H—(CF2)8—SO3)qM2.

Abstract: Powder including low molecular weight polytetrafluoroethylene having a melt viscosity of 1×102 to 7×105 Pa·s at 380° C., having a melt viscosity of 1×102 to 7×105 Pa·s at 380° C., having an average particle size of 1.0 to 50 ?m, and containing 30 or more carboxyl groups at ends of the molecule chain per 106 carbon atoms in the main chain, wherein the powder is substantially free from C8-C14 perfluorocarboxylic acids and salts thereof.

Abstract: A photoelectric conversion element including: first support; first electrode; electron-transporting layer; photoelectric conversion layer; hole-transporting layer; and second electrode, the hole-transporting layer including polymer including recurring unit of General Formula (1) below and compound of General Formula (2): where Ar1 represents aromatic hydrocarbon, which may have substituent; Ar2 and Ar3 each independently represent bivalent group of monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, non-condensed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, or condensed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, which may have substituent; Ar4 represents bivalent group of benzene, thiophene, biphenyl, anthracene, or naphthalene, which may have substituent; R1 to R4 each independently represent hydrogen, alkyl, or aryl; and n represents integer that is 2 or more and allows the polymer of General Formula (1) to have weight average molecular weight of 2,000 or more; and where R5 to R9, which may be identical or different, represent hydrogen, ha

Abstract: A photoelectric conversion element may include a first substrate, a first transparent electrode disposed on the first substrate, a hole-blocking layer disposed on the first transparent electrode, an electron-transporting layer that is disposed on the hole-blocking layer and includes an electron-transporting semiconductor on a surface of which a photosensitizing compound is adsorbed, a hole-transporting layer that is connected to the electron-transporting layer and includes a hole-transporting material, and a second electrode disposed on the hole-transporting layer, wherein the photoelectric conversion element includes an output extraction terminal part configured to extract electricity out from the photoelectric conversion element, and the output extraction terminal part is formed with a plurality of micropores piercing through the hole-blocking layer.

Abstract: A method for producing a composition containing low molecular weight polytetrafluoroethylene, the method including: (I) irradiating a composition containing high molecular weight polytetrafluoroethylene with ionizing radiation to obtain a composition containing low molecular weight polytetrafluoroethylene having a melt viscosity at 380° C. in the range of 1.0×102 to 7.0×105 Pa·s; and (II) carrying out fluorination treatment on the composition containing low molecular weight polytetrafluoroethylene obtained above.

Abstract: Photoelectric conversion element including: substrate; first electrode; hole-blocking layer; photoelectric conversion layer; and second electrode, the photoelectric conversion layer including electron-transporting layer and hole-transporting layer, wherein in photoelectric conversion element edge part in direction orthogonal to stacking direction of the substrate, first electrode, hole-blocking layer, photoelectric conversion layer, and second electrode, electron-transporting layer outermost end is positioned inside than first electrode outermost end, hole-transporting layer outermost end is positioned outside than second electrode outermost end, and the second electrode outermost end is positioned inside than the electron-transporting layer outermost end, and height of edge part including the first electrode outermost end in the stacking direction is smaller than total of average thicknesses of first electrode, hole-blocking layer, and electron-transporting layer, where the height is distance between substra