Abstract: In a continuous casting apparatus 100 for casting a stainless steel billet 3c, a long nozzle 2 extending into a tundish 101 is provided at a ladle 1 for pouring a molten stainless steel 3 in the ladle 1 into the tundish 101. Further, a nitrogen gas 4 is supplied as a seal gas around the molten stainless steel 3 in the tundish 101, and continuous casting of the stainless steel billet 3c is performed, in which, while immersing the spout 2a of the long nozzle 2 into the molten stainless steel 3 in the tundish 101, the molten stainless steel 3 is poured through the long nozzle 2 into the tundish 101 and the molten stainless steel 3 in the tundish 101 is poured into a casting mold 105.

Abstract: In a continuous casting method for casting aluminum-deoxidized molten stainless steel 1 by using a continuous casting apparatus 100 in which a long nozzle 3 extending into a tundish 101 is provided at a ladle 2, the molten stainless steel 1 is poured into the tundish 101 through the long nozzle 3, while the spout 3a of the long nozzle 3 is being immersed in the molten stainless steel 1 that has been poured, and the molten stainless steel 1 in the tundish 101 is poured into a casting mold 105. A TD powder 5 is sprayed so that the powder covers the surface of the molten stainless steel 1 in the tundish 101, and nitrogen gas is supplied around the molten stainless steel 1. A calcium-containing material is added to the molten stainless steel 1 in a state other than a state of retention in the tundish 101.

Abstract: In a continuous casting method for casting an aluminum-deoxidized molten stainless steel 1 by using a continuous casting apparatus 100 in which a long nozzle 3 extending into a tundish 101 is provided at a ladle 2, the molten stainless steel 1 is poured through the long nozzle 3 into the tundish 101, while immersing a spout 3a into the poured molten stainless steel 1, and the molten stainless steel 1 in the tundish 101 is poured into a casting mold 105. A TD powder 5 is sprayed so that the powder covers the surface of the molten stainless steel 1 in the tundish 101, a nitrogen gas is supplied around the molten stainless steel 1, and a calcium-containing material is added to the molten stainless steel 1 in the tundish 101. The surface of the molten stainless steel 1 after casting is ground.

Abstract: In a continuous casting device 100 for casting a stainless steel billet 3c, a long nozzle 2 extending into a tundish 101 is provided at a ladle 1. A molten stainless steel 3 is poured through the long nozzle 2 into the tundish 101, and a spout 2a of the long nozzle 2 is immersed into the poured molten stainless steel 3. During pouring, an argon gas 4a is supplied around the molten stainless steel 3 in the tundish 101. Further, continuous casting is performed, in which, while immersing the spout 2a of the long nozzle 2 into the molten stainless steel 3 in the tundish 101, the molten stainless steel 3 is poured from the ladle 1 into the tundish 101 and poured from the tundish 101 into a casting mold 105. During casting, a nitrogen gas 4b is supplied instead of the argon gas 4a around the molten stainless steel 3 inside the tundish 101.

Abstract: In a continuous casting method for casting aluminum-deoxidized molten stainless steel 1 by using a continuous casting apparatus 100 in which a long nozzle 3 extending into a tundish 101 is provided at a ladle 2, the molten stainless steel 1 is poured into the tundish 101 through the long nozzle 3, while the spout 3a of the long nozzle 3 is being immersed in the molten stainless steel 1 that has been poured, and the molten stainless steel 1 in the tundish 101 is poured into a casting mold 105. A TD powder 5 is sprayed so that the powder covers the surface of the molten stainless steel 1 in the tundish 101, and nitrogen gas is supplied around the molten stainless steel 1. A calcium-containing material is added to the molten stainless steel 1 in a state other than a state of retention in the tundish 101.

Abstract: In a continuous casting method for casting an aluminum-deoxidized molten stainless steel 1 by using a continuous casting apparatus 100 in which a long nozzle 3 extending into a tundish 101 is provided at a ladle 2, the molten stainless steel 1 is poured through the long nozzle 3 into the tundish 101, while immersing a spout 3a into the poured molten stainless steel 1, and the molten stainless steel 1 in the tundish 101 is poured into a casting mold 105. A TD powder 5 is sprayed so that the powder covers the surface of the molten stainless steel 1 in the tundish 101, a nitrogen gas is supplied around the molten stainless steel 1, and a calcium-containing material is added to the molten stainless steel 1 in the tundish 101. The surface of the molten stainless steel 1 after casting is ground.

Abstract: In a continuous casting apparatus 100 for casting a stainless steel billet 3c, a long nozzle 2 extending into a tundish 101 is provided at a ladle 1 for pouring a molten stainless steel 3 in the ladle 1 into the tundish 101. Further, a nitrogen gas 4 is supplied as a seal gas around the molten stainless steel 3 in the tundish 101, and continuous casting of the stainless steel billet 3c is performed, in which, while immersing the spout 2a of the long nozzle 2 into the molten stainless steel 3 in the tundish 101, the molten stainless steel 3 is poured through the long nozzle 2 into the tundish 101 and the molten stainless steel 3 in the tundish 101 is poured into a casting mold 105.

Abstract: In a continuous casting device 100 for casting a stainless steel billet 3c, a long nozzle 2 extending into a tundish 101 is provided at a ladle 1. A molten stainless steel 3 is poured through the long nozzle 2 into the tundish 101, and a spout 2a of the long nozzle 2 is immersed into the poured molten stainless steel 3. During pouring, an argon gas 4a is supplied around the molten stainless steel 3 in the tundish 101. Further, continuous casting is performed, in which, while immersing the spout 2a of the long nozzle 2 into the molten stainless steel 3 in the tundish 101, the molten stainless steel 3 is poured from the ladle 1 into the tundish 101 and poured from the tundish 101 into a casting mold 105. During casting, a nitrogen gas 4b is supplied instead of the argon gas 4a around the molten stainless steel 3 inside the tundish 101.

Abstract: The invention is concerning the writing controlling apparatus that includes an acquiring unit configured to acquire a plurality of light amounts of a light source driven while changing an input current in non-effective scanning periods during which an image carrier is not irradiated with light from the light source, as a plurality of output results; a detecting unit configured to detect characteristics of the light source using the output results thus acquired; and a correcting unit configured to correct a current to be applied to the light source based on the characteristics thus detected.

Abstract: The invention is concerning the writing controlling apparatus that includes an acquiring unit configured to acquire a plurality of light amounts of a light source driven while changing an input current in non-effective scanning periods during which an image carrier is not irradiated with light from the light source, as a plurality of output results; a detecting unit configured to detect characteristics of the light source using the output results thus acquired; and a correcting unit configured to correct a current to be applied to the light source based on the characteristics thus detected.

Abstract: An acid dianhydride, together with a diamine, is heated in an organic polar solvent in the presence of &ggr;-caprolactone or &bgr;-butyrolactone as an acid catalyst to prepare a polyimide having an average molecular weight of 10,000 to 300,000. This production process can realize the production of a polyimide which is soluble in a solvent and has high processability and stability.

Abstract: An acid dianhydride, together with a diamine, is heated in an organic polar solvent in the presence of &ggr;-caprolactone or &bgr;-butyrolactone as an acid catalyst to prepare a polyimide having an average molecular weight of 10,000 to 300,000. This production process can realize the production of a polyimide which is soluble in a solvent and has high processability and stability.