Abstract: A resonating device is disclosed. The device can include a generally planar first portion, a second portion opposite the first portion, and a body portion. The body portion generally has a first stiffness and includes a discontinuity with a second stiffness that is less than the first stiffness. The discontinuity is positioned to allow the body portion to circumferentially vibrate relative to the discontinuity.

Abstract: Snare drum assemblies, including assemblies with flexible snare anchors, and associated methods are described. A drum assembly in accordance with one embodiment includes a set of snare strands, each having a first end and a second end, a first, flexible snare anchor connected directly to the snare strands toward the first ends, and a second, flexible snare anchor connected directly to the snare strands towards the second ends. The snare anchors can be flexible between a first shape and a second shape different than the first shape when attaching the snare anchors to a drum. The first and second snare anchors can have generally flat, uniform shapes when not under tension, and can have a relatively thin profile (e.g., thickness) to provide for contact between the snare strands and a drum head in one or more orientations. In further particular embodiments, the drum head against which the snare assembly is positioned need not include snare beds.

Abstract: A drum pedal, having a drive assembly supported by a pedestal, may include a drive shaft, a rotatably adjustable drive ring having an arm, and a rotatably adjustable beater ring. A link may connect a foot board with the arm. A beater may have a stem affixed to the beater ring. The beater may be actuated to a forward position when the foot board is depressed. The foot board may be biased toward a raised position and the beater may be biased toward a rearward position. In another aspect, a drum pedal may have a drive assembly with a cam, having a slope, mounted on a drive shaft. The cam and a spring may cooperate to bias a cam follower toward a predetermined rest position. An adjuster may be provided to easily change the tension of the spring. In still another aspect, a drum pedal may have a drumward clamp including a shaft, a rotatable arm, and a torsion spring for biasing the arm toward locking with a drum rim. The arm may be unlocked by rotating a lever connected to the shaft.

Abstract: A drum pedal, having a drive assembly supported by a pedestal, may include a drive shaft, a rotatably adjustable drive ring, and a rotatably adjustable beater ring. In another aspect, a drum pedal may have a drive assembly supported by a pedestal comprising a journaled drive shaft, a rotatable bearing mounted off center of the drive shaft, a spring, and a biasing arm pivotally mounted on the pedestal, wherein the bearing and the spring cooperate to bias the arm toward a predetermined rest position. A linkage may operatively connect a foot board and the drive ring and may have means for selectively defining a connection to the foot board from one of plurality of positions. A beater may have a stem affixed to the beater ring. The beater may be actuated to a forward position when the foot board is depressed. The foot board may be biased toward a raised position and the beater may be biased toward a rearward position.

Abstract: A resilient washer design having an annulus body and a concentric sleeve extending from the annulus with a plurality of ribs extending from the sleeve. The washer may have an opposing sleeve extending from the opposite side of the annulus with a second plurality of ribs in staggered location to the first set of ribs. This staggered position allows the annulus to flex between the ribs on opposing sides and resist compression of the washer when pressure is applied axially.

Abstract: Pedal assemblies and methods provide for signal control, such as for controlling audio and/or effects path signals used in generating audio from a musical instrument. The pedal assemblies may provide for simultaneous audio and effects control via electrical pathways dedicated to each. Rotation of the pedal about one or more axes of rotation results in modifying an electrical characteristic of devices of the pedal that control the audio and effects path signals. A particular axis of rotation that modifies the electrical characteristic of a device may be configured to produce a particular audio or effects path control based on which of the jacks are in use such that by changing the jacks that are in use, the function of a particular axis of rotation may change. Furthermore, a pedal assembly may provide for two axes of rotation where the centers of rotation of the two axes are non-coincident. The two axes of rotation may be better isolated as a result.

Abstract: First, it is central to point out that the rules of traditional Music Theory from Pythagoras' monochord to theories of harmony from Ricardo Goldman, Walter Piston, and Arnold Schoenberg have been researched and applied to the development of the Cubichord System™, and that Cubichord believes this System does not in any way contradict nor superseede those explanations of Music Theory and Harmony.30 30 Australian Michael Furstner at jazclass, on the internet, introduced me to Music in 2000. Furthermore, the principles of mathematics and logic specifically apply, especially the basic axiom that if A=B, and B=C, then A=C. That is, if an event or chord is presented in one color it logically applies for another and works the same, using the traditional major chord tones. This is true because of the perfect symmetry of the Cubichord™ system, and has thus far proved true and correct for any chord or interval applied within the system or as commonly used in music.

Abstract: A method of utilizing previous event feedback information from historical derived hammer velocity data, such as associated with a MIDI record function, for providing non-real-time feedback when controlling actuators. The use of non-real-time feedback within the present invention provides a number of advantages over the use of conventional real-time feedback mechanisms. Utilization of the non-real-time (historical) key actuation information reduces the amount of circuitry necessary for correcting the operation of the actuators (i.e. solenoids) during playback on the instrument. By way of example, a programmable circuit element receives velocity information on previous key strikes for adjusting the actuator velocity output signal which will be generated for future key strikes. The accuracy of key strike normalization provided by this method approaches that which is achievable using real-time feedback, because the velocity profiles for each key remain substantially constant during playback.

Abstract: The present invention generates 3D moving images representing various aspects of a musical performance that can be synchronized, as necessary, to the changing tempo of a live or recorded performance, either automatically, or with live-controlled user input, and either with or without a score.

Abstract: A system and method use an aligning device to align clock signals of two logic devices before data transfer between them. In this example, the aligning device aligns a clock signal of a sequencer with a clock signal of a storage device before the sequencer transfers data to the storage device. The aligning device includes a phase detector that receives a first reference clock signal, which is used to control the storage device, and a delayed signal, which is used to control the sequencer, and generates a comparison clock signal. The comparison clock signal is filtered before being used to control a phase of a second reference clock signal, which is related to the first reference clock signal. The phase controlled second clock signal is an aligning clock signal that is feed back to a delay device to produce one or more subsequent delay device clock signals that are aligned to the storage device clock or first reference clock signal.

Abstract: [OBJECT] To provide a keyboard instrument that is easy for a beginner to use and less in the cost. [MEANS FOR SOLVING] A keyboard instrument 10 includes a keyboard portion 4 constituted only of keyboards 21 in which tone intervals are arranged so as to repeat an arrangement of whole step, whole step, half step, whole step, whole step, whole step and half step. That is, without disposing black keyboards that can alienate a beginner from a keyboard instrument 10, the respective keyboards 21 are arranged. Thereby, while securing the respective keyboards 21 necessary for performing a piece of music, a beginner is allowed lightheartedly addressing a keyboard instrument 10 and playing readily. Since the number of keyboards 21 preparing for manufacturing a keyboard instrument 10 can be reduced, the lower cost can be achieved.

Abstract: A singing voice synthesizing method synthesizes the singing voice by exploiting performance data, such as MIDI data. The input performance data are analyzed as the musical information including the pitch and the length of the sounds and the lyric (S2 and S3). If the musical information analyzed lacks in the lyric information, an arbitrary lyric is donated to an arbitrary string of notes (S9, S11, S12 and S15). The singing voice is generated based on the so donated lyric (S17).

Abstract: An electronic percussion instrument with a single cymbal and a displacement detection apparatus that detects the displacement of an electronic cymbal. The electronic percussion instrument is designed to allows users to simulate the performance feel of an acoustic cymbal with two cymbals. The single cymbal of the instrument moves vertically in conformance with the depression of a pedal to simulate the “open” and “closed” positions of an acoustic cymbal. The displacement detection apparatus electronically detects the vertical displacement of the cymbal in the electronic percussion instrument through measuring resistance change of the detector in conformance with the movements of the cymbal.

Abstract: An electromagnetic pickup for a stringed musical instrument incorporating a magnetic structure placed between two elongated collinear coils of opposing polarity. The magnetic structure includes a number of ferromagnetic polepieces that extend through the collinear coils and two ferromagnetic moderator bars adjacent to and on opposite sides of the polepieces (within the area between the two coils) that are charged with one polarity by high coercive rare earth high coercive permanent magnets attached to the outer surface of the moderator bars.

Abstract: The present invention broadly comprises an electric guitar including a first pickup with first and second coils, a second pickup with third and fourth coils, a first switch connected to the first pickup, and a second switch connected to the second pickup. The first and second switches are arranged to select series, coil tapping, and parallel configurations of the first and second and third and fourth coils, respectively. A selector switch is connected to respective outputs of the first and second switches and arranged to select the first switch output, the second switch output, a series connection of the first and second switch outputs, a series out-of-phase connection of the first and second switch outputs, a parallel connection of the first and second switch outputs, and a parallel out-of-phase configuration of the first and second switch outputs.

Abstract: A soundhole accessible musical instrument control platform mounted inside the body of a musical instrument requires no physical alterations to the instrument, allowing the user convenient and ergonomic access to the control platform through the soundhole while using the musical instrument. The control platform includes a circuit platform, mounted inside the instrument with adhesives, separably attached to a mounting bracket. Control detents and markings are easy to feel and to read and thus provide feedback for control position and the relative degree of effect. The controls are surrounded by a cosmetic bezel that hides the actual mounting mechanism and circuitry. Any combination of controls, circuitry, and sensors may be used. Power is either provided onboard or offboard. An output connector may be integrated into the circuit platform or via an endpin jack.

Abstract: The invention concerns a hydraulic control (1) with a supply connection arrangement (7) having a high-pressure connection (P) and a low-pressure connection (T), a working connection arrangement having two working connections (A, B) connectable with a consumer, a control valve (8) with a valve element (9) between the supply connection arrangement and the working connection arrangement and a compensation valve (11), which is located between the high-pressure connection (P) and the control valve (8) and is acted upon in the closing direction by a pressure between the compensation valve (11) and the control valve (8). It is endeavoured to ensure the most favourable energy consumption possible. For this purpose, in the opening direction the compensation valve (11) is acted upon by a pressure of a selection device (29, 30, 30?, 38), which optionally supplies the compensation valve (11) with a pressure control pressure or a flow control pressure.

Abstract: A hydraulic system having at least one hydraulic valve for controlling a transmission, in particular a continuously variable transmission. The hydraulic valve is controlled by a pilot circuit including at least one actuator having a variable flow resistance and one actuator having a constant flow resistance. The actuator having a variable flow resistance is connected upstream of the actuator having a constant flow resistance.

Abstract: Electronic control for a hydraulic system driving an auxiliary power source is provided, with specific application as a system for controlling the operation of a hydraulically driven AC generator. The system may includes a hydraulic pump, a hydraulic motor drivably connected to the generator, a fluid circuit for circulating fluid from the pump to the motor and back. The fluid circuit may contain a bypass conduit to bypass the motor. The system also includes a proportional servo control valve assembly for controlling the fluid circuits and a control circuit for controlling the proportional control valve assembly. The control system can be capable of controlling the flow of hydraulic fluid to the motor powering the electrical or mechanical system. Sensors for measuring the operating parameters of the system and an operator interface module can influence the operation of the system.

Abstract: A cast iron cylinder liner of the present invention includes a plurality of grooves formed on an outer surface of the cylinder liner. Each of the grooves extends in a circumferential direction of the cylinder liner in a ring or spiral shape, and the grooves divide the outer surface of the cylinder liner into a plurality of ring or spiral sections. The outer surfaces of the ring sections have a uniform distance from the central axis of the cylinder liner over the entire area of the outer surfaces, and the grooves being arranged symmetrically with respect to the center of the cylinder liner in an axial direction thereof. Each of the grooves has a J-shaped longitudinal cross-section including a first inclination part and a groove bottom part. The first inclination part extends from the outer surface of one of the ring sections or of one turn of the spiral sections toward the center of the cylinder liner in an axial direction thereof.

Abstract: A piston and scraper assembly (26) for a high-pressure liquid chromatography column (1) is provided with a snap lock between the piston (5) and the scraper (25). The snap lock comprises a groove (23) in the piston wall (17), a complementary groove (39) in the inner face of the scraper (25) and a locking, sealing and biasing means such as a resilient O-ring (43) which fits into said grooves.

Abstract: According to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, a method of detecting matter within a filtering device includes measuring a metric indicative of a first quantity of matter within the filtering device and removing a portion of the matter from the filtering device. The method also includes measuring a metric indicative of a second quantity of matter remaining within the filtering device.

Abstract: Membranes are used to separate fluids for the production of oxygen-enriched air, nitrogen-enriched-air, for the separation of carbon dioxide from hydrocarbons, and the separation of hydrogen from various petrochemical and oil refining streams. Membranes are discussed that provide a resistance to interaction with process components or contaminants, which can lead to plasticizing of the membrane, while providing the mechanical strength required to withstand high membrane differential pressures and high process temperatures. Membranes of blended polymers are used to improve the mechanical strength of the polymers used to make separation membranes. Specifically, polyimide polymers are combined with a blend polymer that is a polyamide and/or a polyamide-imde polymer. The resulting polymer mix is used to produce various forms of high strength, chemically resistant membranes, including hollow-fiber membranes that are suitable for high pressure, high temperature applications.

Abstract: A feedstock hydrogen-enriched gas (3) is supplied to a PSA purification unit (1) which delivers pure hydrogen at a production output (4) and a hydrogen-deficient gas at a residual output. Said hydrogen-deficient gas is compressed (9) and injected into a line (10) wherein a gaseous combustible mixture circulates whose part (12) is extracted upstream of the PSA unit (1), compressed (13) and reinjected into said feedstock of the PSA unit (1). Said invention is used, in particular for petrochemical sites.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for treating a gas by adsorption. A gas is compressed and then treated by being circulated in an adsorber. A regenerating fluid is indirectly heated by the gas coming from the compressor.

Abstract: A process for deacidifying a fluid stream containing acid gases as impurities, which comprises, in at least one absorption step at a pressure of from 0.5 to 20 bar, bringing the fluid stream into intimate contact with an absorbent with the proviso that the absorption step, and in the case of a plurality of absorption steps at least one of the absorption steps, is carried out in an inert scrubbing column, the internal surface of which essentially consists of plastic or rubber.

Abstract: A method for achieving bubble stability within a cavitation chamber is provided. At least one impeller is located within the cavitation chamber. By rotating the impeller, bubbles within the cavitation chamber are stabilized at a location near, or along, the impeller's axis of rotation. Preferably the axis of rotation is positioned in a substantially horizontal plane, thus allowing the rotating impeller to counteract the tendency of the bubbles to drift upward and to accumulate on the upper, inner surfaces of the cavitation chamber. The impeller can be rotated continuously throughout the cavitation process or stopped prior to cavitating the bubbles within the cavitation chamber. In the latter scenario, the impeller can be stopped, and if desired locked, at a specific rotational position, thus minimizing possible interference between the impeller and the source of the cavitation energy.

Abstract: A combination includes (1) a host device having a high voltage generator, where the host device is configured to perform a function other than dust collection or electrostatic precipitation; and (2) an electrostatic precipitator configured to share the output of the high voltage generator of the host device. A method of providing an electrostatic precipitator includes integrating an electrostatic precipitator into a host device that includes a high voltage generator, where said host device is configured to perform a function other than electrostatic precipitation; and sharing an output of the high voltage generator between the electrostatic precipitator and the host device. In some examples, the host device is a television set.

Abstract: A method of containing and reducing unwanted odors and fumes and removing those fumes from the immediate surroundings of the apparatus.

Abstract: A filter apparatus for improving gas temperature stability while maintaining a high impurity removal capacity. The filter apparatus includes a filter for removing impurities from a gas and a temperature adjuster for adjusting the temperature of the gas to a predetermined temperature. The filter apparatus further includes a humidity detector, arranged at the upstream side of the filter, for adjusting the humidity of the gas before the gas passes through the filter.

Abstract: This invention provides for a coffee brewing apparatus and its control method, which comprises a control circuit and a water loop comprising a water reservoir, a pump, a control valve, a boiler, a brewing assembly, a three-way connector and a connecting hose. When coffee is to be brewed, hot water flows top-down through the brewing chamber cover, the upper filter, the coffee grounds, the lower filter, the brewing chamber, the first port of the three-way connector, the second port of the three-way connector and the connecting hose; the brewed coffee finally flows out from said connecting hose. This coffee brewing apparatus has additional functions of automatic residue discharge, automatic water discharge and automatic cleaning.

Abstract: A wine punch down unit and method for processing fermenting wine by punching down a cap formed from buoyant skins, seeds, pulp, and stems within a batch of fermenting wine, and mixing the cap material with the fermenting wine to improve contact between the wine and the cap in order to extract a requisite amount of color and flavor. The wine punch down unit has a platform for placement under a vessel of fermenting wine, a vertical shaft mounted to the platform supporting a positionable arm that holds a vertically extendible agitator accessory. The agitator accessory is operational in an upward and downward and side-to-side manner for punching down the cap and mixing the cap material with the fermenting wine. This invention further relates to a vertical shaft adaptor as used by a wine maker for adapting a pallet jack or similar lift platform to securely hold a vertical shaft for supporting a device such as a wine punch down unit.

Abstract: A fixing mechanism includes a chassis (10) and a bracket (30) detachably attached in the chassis. The chassis includes a top wall (13), a bottom wall (11) and a sidewall (14) connecting the top wall and the bottom wall, and an aperture (131) is defined in the top wall. The bracket includes a first plate (31) for retaining a storage device (50) and a second plate (33) arranged to the first plate. An elastic tab (331) is integrally extended from an end of the second plate, and a protrusion (3311) is formed on the tab engaging in the aperture of the top wall.

Abstract: A breading machine, and improvements thereto, for use in high volume food production is disclosed. In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, an improved breading machine includes a side-mounted feed hopper, a low pressure auger assembly including an auger transfer box with an input port for accepting a cross-feed screw and paddle, and an output port for transferring coating material to a vertical screw. The improved breading machine also includes a substantially cylindrical, rod-based spreader assembly and a transport conveyor belt for feeding the spreader assembly within a top hopper of the breading machine. The improved breading machine further includes a vibrating filter assembly to filter out clumps of coating material while allowing un-clumped material to be re-used within the breading machine.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for cracking open an egg using a device for cracking open and separating an egg, comprising, (a) placing an egg into a predetermined position in said device; (b) gripping said egg (by said device); (c) penetrating the shell of said egg in a predetermined manner; (d) opening the shell of said egg so as to release the contents therein. The invention also discloses a device for cracking open an egg.

Abstract: In a press comprising a frame structure, a plunger movably supported by the frame structure, at least one servomotor for driving the plunger and an elbow lever drive connected to the servomotor and the plunger for actuating the plunger, at least one auxiliary drive is connected to the plunger for operating the plunger in stroke ranges where the elbow lever drive is ineffective for controllably moving the plunger.

Abstract: A rotary printing press that is selectively usable for different printing technologies. The rotary printing press contains a printing platform that can receive a printing head for a standard flexographic printing process or a printing head for a silk-screen printing process. Therefore, different printing technologies can be realized with the same platform.

Abstract: A printing blanket includes a carrier sleeve layer having at least one axially convex surface and a print layer disposed over the carrier sleeve layer. A blanket cylinder with a convex outer surface and a convex shim is also provided. An offset printing press is also provided.

Abstract: A composite pad is made of two layers joined together at their interface. The top layer of the composite pad, which has a smooth surface has a dense and firm fine denier fibrous structure. The bottom layer of the composite pad has a lighter and softer coarser denier fibrous structure in order to be able to have a large fluid holding capacity. A method of manufacturing the composite stamp pad is described.

Abstract: The invention relates to a device comprising a rotationally mounted drum, which is flown through by a fluid from the exterior to the interior. The stable casing of the drum is provided over the periphery thereof with a sieve-shaped hole structure. The inventive device also comprises permeable outer bellows, which radially cover the casing on the exterior. One more support such as wire gauze is optionally placed between said outer bellows and the sieve drum casing in order to increase the distance between the sieve drum casing and the outer bellows. According to the invention, a tensioning element, which extends in an axial direction and which is enlarged at least once in a radially direction over the working width of the sieve drum, is mounted in a manner that enables it to be axially displaced in order to tension, in any case, the outer bellows with the sieve drum lateral surface between the outer surface of the sieve drum casing and the inner surface of the outer bellows.

Abstract: A cleaning device (1, 1?) for printing cylinders of rotary presses is provided. The cleaning device includes a guide rail (2), mounted generally parallel to the printing cylinder, and a washing device (4) is guided on the rail o as to be longitudinally displaceable. The washing device (4) has at least one rotationally driven cleaning brush (8) with at least one axis of rotation arranged approximately parallel to that of the printing cylinder. The washing device (4) is held on a longitudinal side of the guide rail (2) facing the printing cylinder so that the washing device can move, and the axis of rotation of the at least one cleaning brush (3) is arranged between planes formed by a top side and a bottom side of the guide rail (2). The cleaning device (1) has a space-saving and compact design anc can be mounted in a rotary press even where there is little space, for example in the vicinity of adjacent printing cylinders.

Abstract: Lithographic printing plates are imaged using an inkjet printer to imagewise apply a chemical or masking agent onto the plate surface. In some embodiments, the chemical causes an affinity change, thereby facilitating lithographic printing.

Abstract: A laminate film for protecting a printed image formed on a recording medium by an ink-jet recording system, comprising a surface layer, an intermediate layer and a penetrative layer formed on a heat-resistant substrate in that order. The surface layer and the intermediate layer have a thermally softening property, the intermediate layer has a glass transition temperature lower than that of the surface layer, and the penetrative layer has a thermally melting property.

Abstract: In a planographic printing method, an as-per-image distribution of hydrophilic are as and hydrophobic areas is formed by heating the surface of an original plate to a temperature ranging from 40 through 200° C. and irradiation of activation light after uniformly making the layer of a hydrophobic substance on an original printing plate having photo catalyst power. The hydrophobic areas receive ink whereby printing is carried out. An original printing plate having photo catalyst thin film therefor and a printing press therefor are also provided.

Abstract: In a method or system for monitoring of printed data in a printing system, a monitoring code for a respective page to be printed of a recording medium is generated. The monitoring code is printed on the respective page. The printed monitoring code is automatically read and evaluated such that monitoring numbers that are not contained in numerical succession in a monitoring list are used as the monitoring codes.

Abstract: A paintball grenade having an outer bladder and an inner bladder. The outer bladder has a first open end, an opposite second open end, and a cavity therethrough. The inner bladder has a closed end and an open end. The inner bladder is capable of being inserted into the outer bladder whereby the open end is adjacent the first open end of the outer bladder, and the closed end is adjacent the second open end of the outer bladder, the inner bladder being filled with a colored liquid. A securing element is used to secure the first open end of the outer bladder and the open end of the inner bladder.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a rail and trolley apparatus having a trolley movable along a horizontally supported rail assembly for use as a fall protection or other load supporting system. The trolley is provided with pairs of wheels arranged to engage opposing bearing surfaces in each of two channels provided in the rail assembly. Each bearing surface has a central portion and two side portions shaped to fit flush against a curved edge surface of each wheel. This allows the wheels to bear against the surfaces in multiple directions, thereby allowing rolling motion of the trolley along the rail assembly as well as loading of the trolley in any direction not parallel to said motion. As a result, the apparatus can be oriented at any angle about a longitudinal axis thereof during installation, adding to the versatility and adaptability of the apparatus.

Abstract: A transport system is provided, which has the capability of increasing a gripping force (contact pressure) of a drive wheel on a rail at a slop region of the rail to safely and efficiently transport an object. This transport system has a main rail, a vehicle carrying the drive wheel rotatable on the main rail and a drive unit for the drive wheel, a coupling unit connected at its one end to the vehicle and at the other end to the object, an auxiliary rail formed under the main rail at the slope region of the main rail, an auxiliary wheel held by the coupling unit to be rotatable on the auxiliary rail without contacting the main rail, and an elastic-force loading unit configured to apply an elastic force in a direction of pressing the auxiliary wheel against the auxiliary rail.

Abstract: An industrial truck has a steering axle with two axle tree bolster systems located at a lateral distance from each other. Each system has an axle body with an axle shaft (1) and an axle tree bolster (2) located on the lower end of the axle shaft (1). The axle tree bolster (2) and the axle shaft (1) are individual components that are connected with each other. The axle tree bolster (2) is preferably detachably fastened to the axle shaft (1). The rotational position of the axle tree bolster (2) relative to the axle shaft (1) can be adjustable. Means can also be provided for the positive and/or non-positive transmission of a torque from the axle shaft (1) to the axle tree bolsters (2).

Abstract: A closure mechanism for a hopper bottom trailer is provided which utilizes a telescoping gate with a minor door and a main door. A method of using a hopper closure assembly which involves the steps moving the gate from a closed position to a partially open position by sliding a first section minor door over a second section major door and then moving the gate to an open position by moving the minor and major doors across the discharge opening. The method also includes the steps moving the gate from the open position to a partially closed position and then to a closed position.