Abstract: Embodiments in accordance with the present invention relate to a number of techniques, which may be applied alone or in combination, to reduce charge damage of substrates exposed to electron beam radiation. In one embodiment, charge damage is reduced by establishing a robust electrical connection between the exposed substrate and ground. In another embodiment, charge damage is reduced by modifying the sequence of steps for activating and deactivating the electron beam source to reduce the accumulation of charge on the substrate. In still another embodiment, a plasma is struck in the chamber containing the e-beam treated substrate, thereby removing accumulated charge from the substrate. In a further embodiment of the present invention, the voltage of the anode of the e-beam source is reduced in magnitude to account for differences in electron conversion efficiency exhibited by different cathode materials.

Abstract: Systems and methods are disclosed for protecting an EUV light source plasma production chamber optical element surface from debris generated by plasma formation. In one aspect of an embodiment of the present invention, a shield is disclosed which comprises at least one hollow tube positioned between the optical element and a plasma formation site. The tube is oriented to capture debris while allowing light to pass through the tube's lumen via reflection at relatively small angles of grazing incidence. In another aspect of an embodiment of the present invention, a shield is disclosed which is heated to a temperature sufficient to remove one or more species of debris material that has deposited on the shield. In yet another aspect of an embodiment of the present invention, a system is disclosed which a shield is moved from a light source plasma chamber to a cleaning chamber where the shield is cleaned.

Abstract: An apparatus and method is disclosed which may comprise a laser produced plasma EUV system which may comprise a drive laser producing a drive laser beam; a drive laser beam first path having a first axis; a drive laser redirecting mechanism transferring the drive laser beam from the first path to a second path, the second path having a second axis; an EUV collector optical element having a centrally located aperture; and a focusing mirror in the second path and positioned within the aperture and focusing the drive laser beam onto a plasma initiation site located along the second axis. The apparatus and method may comprise the drive laser beam is produced by a drive laser having a wavelength such that focusing on an EUV target droplet of less than about 100 ?m at an effective plasma producing energy if not practical in the constraints of the geometries involved utilizing a focusing lens. The drive laser may comprise a CO2 laser. The drive laser redirecting mechanism may comprise a mirror.

Abstract: A source material dispenser for an EUV light source is disclosed that comprises a source material reservoir, e.g. tube, that has a wall and is formed with an orifice. The dispenser may comprise an electro-actuatable element, e.g. PZT material, that is spaced from the wall and operable to deform the wall and modulate a release of source material from the dispenser. A heat source heating a source material in the reservoir may be provided. Also, the dispenser may comprise an insulator reducing the flow of heat from the heat source to the electro-actuatable element. A method of dispensing a source material for an EUV light source is also described. In one method, a first signal may be provided to actuate the electro-actuatable elements to modulate a release of source material and a second signal, different from the first, may be provided to actuate the electro-actuatable elements to unclog the orifice.

Abstract: An EUV plasma formation target delivery system and method is disclosed which may comprise: a target droplet formation mechanism comprising a magneto-restrictive or electro-restrictive material, a liquid plasma source material passageway terminating in an output orifice; a charging mechanism applying charge to a droplet forming jet stream or to individual droplets exiting the passageway along a selected path; a droplet deflector intermediate the output orifice and a plasma initiation site periodically deflecting droplets from the selected path, a liquid target material delivery mechanism comprising a liquid target material delivery passage having an input opening and an output orifice; an electromotive disturbing force generating mechanism generating a disturbing force within the liquid target material, a liquid target delivery droplet formation mechanism having an output orifice; and/or a wetting barrier around the periphery of the output orifice.

Abstract: An EUV light source plasma source material handling system and method is disclosed which may comprise a droplet generator having a droplet generator plasma source material reservoir in fluid communication with a droplet formation capillary and maintained within a selected range of temperatures sufficient to keep the plasma source material in a liquid form; a plasma source material supply system having a supply reservoir in fluid communication with the droplet generator plasma source material reservoir and holding at least a replenishing amount of plasma source material in liquid form for transfer to the droplet generator plasma source material reservoir, while the droplet generator is on line; a transfer mechanism transferring liquid plasma source material from the supply reservoir to the droplet generator plasma source material reservoir, while the droplet generator is on line.

Abstract: A light source apparatus for irradiating a laser light onto a target, for generating plasma, and for producing light from the plasma, said light source apparatus includes a first detection part for detecting a position of the target, an adjusting part for adjusting a position of a condenser point of the laser light, and a first controller for controlling the adjusting part so that the position of the target detected by the first detection part is corresponding to the condenser point of the laser light.

Abstract: It is the object of a device and method for generating extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation to overcome the obstacles formerly posed by the use of efficient metal emitters so that the conversion efficiency can be optimized and, as a result, the radiation output can be increased without shortening the useful life of the collector optics and electrode system. An injection nozzle of an injection device is directed to a discharge area located in a discharge chamber. The injection nozzle supplies a series of individual volumes of a starting material serving to generate radiation at a repetition rate that corresponds to the frequency of the gas discharge. Further, provision is made for successively vaporizing the individual volumes in the discharge area.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for preventing contamination on the surfaces of optical elements comprising a multi-layer system, during the exposure thereof to radiation at signal wave lengths in an evacuated closed system comprising a residual gas atmosphere, whereby the photocurrent generated by means of photo emission from the radiated surface of the multi-layer system is measured. The photocurrent is used to regulate the gas composition of the residual gas. The gas composition is altered according to at least one lower and one upper threshold value of the photocurrent. The invention also relates to a device for regulating the contamination on the surface of at least one optical element during exposure and an EUV-lithographic device and a method for cleaning the surfaces of the optical elements contaminated by carbon.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a pinch valve (1) with a housing which has an inlet (2), an outlet (3) and a control opening (4) for connection to a pressure medium, inlet and outlet being connected to each other via a passage, the passage having at least two sections with a different cross-section (12), and a valve sleeve (16) which is connected to the inlet and outlet and arranged such that it forms a valve channel between inlet and outlet, the valve sleeve (16) moving, upon application of a pressure medium to the control opening (4), such that the channel cross-section between inlet and outlet is reduced or closed. In order to provide a pinch valve can be produced simply and at favourable cost and also seals reliably, it is proposed according to the invention that the housing is formed in at least two parts, one housing part forming the section with a smaller passage cross-section and the other housing part forming the section with a larger passage cross-section.

Abstract: The invention provides a choke system with hydraulic circuits which provide choke valve positioning that can be varied by the use of incremental steps. The incremental movement action in either the opening or closing direction is accomplished through the use of one of the two hydraulic slave cylinders which can either add or subtract a fixed volume of hydraulic fluid from the choke actuator. A series of check valves provides direction for flow in the hydraulic lines, locking of the choke actuator, and re-filling of the slave cylinders during operation. The system eliminates excessive lines or solenoid valves and avoids the need for mechanical locking mechanisms. Preferred embodiments include a “fast close” system which, instead of running through a series of steps to close the valve, provides valve control in a fast close line to move the choke actuator to the full closed position from anywhere in the travel over a shorter period of time than through normal stepping operation.

Abstract: The invention relates to a faucet device for dispensing of a pressurised fluid, for example water, comprising an outlet member, preferably a spout, and a shut-off mechanism, said outlet member having an initial position (A) in which the flow of fluid through the outlet member is shut off, said shut off mechanism being arranged such that said outlet member, when subjected to an external force in a certain first direction enters a self-closing open position (B) allowing flow through the same, and when said force is no longer applied said outlet member returns to its initial position by self closing means, wherein said shut-off mechanism (20; 110; 210; 310) further is arranged such that when the outlet member (10; 100; 200; 300) is subjected to a force in a second direction different from said first direction it is releasably held in a certain position (C) allowing flow through the same. The invention also relates to a method for dispensing of pressurised fluid by means of a faucet device.

Abstract: An apparatus for actuating a valve is disclosed. The apparatus includes a rotatable control shaft which has a first and a second end, the first end of the control shaft being connected to the valve such that when the shaft is rotated, the valve is moved between an open and a closed disposition thereof. A gearbox wheel has a first and a second side, the wheel being secured to the second end of the control shaft such that when the gearbox wheel rotates about a rotational axis of the control shaft, the control shaft is rotated for moving the valve between the open and the closed disposition thereof. The gearbox wheel defines a plurality of gearteeth which are disposed around a portion of a periphery of the wheel. A worm has a first and a second extremity, the worm having an axis of rotation which is disposed angularly relative to the rotational axis of the control shaft.

Abstract: A fluid injection valve has a valve body, a fixed core, a moving core, a coil and a valve element. The valve element slides together with the moving core to open and close a valve seat. The valve element has an annular connection portion at an axial end portion thereof to be connected and fitted to an inner circumferential face of the moving core. The valve element forms an inner space therein to open to the moving core. A side wall of the valve element has a notch thereon at a downstream side of the annular connection portion to form a communication passage between the inner space and an outer space outside of the valve element.

Abstract: A valved fluid connector reversibly attachable to a standard female connector and providing a flow channel between them comprising a tubular member, an elastic member surrounding at least a portion of the proximal end of the tubular member, the elastic member reversibly sealing the tubular member. When the valved fluid connector is engaged with a standard female connector device, the female connector urges the elastic member of the valved male connector into a stretched position to open the valve and permit fluid communication between the devices.

Abstract: A connector assembly and a fluid system or device comprises a connector assembly which includes first and second fittings, each fitting having an aperture, a first cap, and a stem disposed in the aperture of the first fitting. In various embodiments of the invention, the connector assembly further comprises a socket cooperatively arranged with one of the first and second fittings and at least one resilient sealing member. A method for making a connection includes removing a cap, mating first and second fittings, removing a stripout layer, and establishing a fluid flowpath through the first and second fittings.

Abstract: An upper valve part having a head piece through which a spindle passes in the center, by way of which spindle a valve can be activated. The valve comes to rest against the valve seat of a housing. The head piece has a connection thread for the housing and a sealing surface on a side facing away from the housing and adjacent the connection thread. The surface forms a part of an O-ring installation space when a cap is screwed onto the head piece.

Abstract: A butterfly valve having a pair of disk tails provided at the back of a valve body in the rotation direction in an opening operation, a water flow hole formed in each disk tails, and a steady region found in relationship between loss factor and opening degree of the valve body where the loss factor becomes substantially constant with a change in opening degree of the valve body when water is filled from the water flow hole. Water filling velocity in an upstream pipe of the butterfly valve from the water flow hole, and pressure head upstream of the butterfly valve are set. Optimal value of the loss factor is determined based on the set water filling velocity and pressure head, and a total opening area of the water flow holes is set so that the loss factor equals the optimal value in the steady region.

Abstract: The present invention describes a ball valve that opens when suction is applied at the top of the ball and closes once the suction is removed. The activation force is created by suction and the deactivation force is gravity. Advantageously, the ball slides on a guide post that ensures that the ball falls into the proper orientation in the valve seat. The top of the guide post has a limit stopper that prevents the ball from opening too far.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a pressure balanced fluid control device. In one illustrative embodiment, the device comprises a body, a bonnet coupled to the body, a valve stem operatively coupled to a gate positioned in the body, a valve stem seal positioned between the valve stem and the bonnet, wherein a sealed cavity exists above the valve stem seal, and an opening through the bonnet that is adapted to allow a pressure of a working fluid flowing through the valve to be exerted in the sealed cavity above the valve stem seal. In another illustrative embodiment, the device comprises a body, a bonnet coupled to the body, a valve stem operatively coupled to a gate positioned in the body, a valve stem seal positioned between the valve stem and the bonnet, wherein a sealed cavity exists above the valve stem seal, and an opening through the bonnet, the opening being in fluid communication with the sealed cavity and an interior region of the body.

Abstract: Valve assemblies are disclosed including a housing having a flow channel and an annular surface surrounding the flow channel, a slide plate movable to a closed position, and a seal ring positioned between the annular surface and the slide plate. The seal ring can include first and second sides, a first surface extending between the sides and facing towards the annular surface of the housing, and a second surface axially spaced from the first surface and extending between the first and the second sides and facing towards the slide plate. The second surface can include a continuous annular sealing portion for contacting the slide plate when the seal ring is biased against the slide plate so that a fluid-tight seal can be formed between the continuous annular sealing portion and the slide plate, and at least one passageway positioned between the annular sealing portion and the second side.

Abstract: A plurality of vertically standing plates are assembled in a lattice form to a divided member 101 as a floating type wave-suppressing members. The divided member 101 is allowed to float in an interface 24 between working fluid and refrigeration oil of an oil reservoir 21. The interface 24 is prevented from rippling by turning flow, oil drops torn from the interface 24 by the turning flow is reduced, and oil drops of the refrigeration oil are prevented from being supplied from the interface 24 to the working fluid.

Abstract: Heat transfer fluids comprising a polytrimethylene ether glycol or random polytrimethylene ether ester glycol, or mixtures thereof, and processes of using them in order to transfer heat.

Abstract: A process for transferring heat from a heat generating source to a heat transfer fluid, comprising contacting the heat generating source with a heat transfer fluid for a time sufficient to effect heat transfer between the source and the fluid, wherein the heat transfer fluid comprises polytrimethylene homo- or copolyether glycol where at least about 50 mole percent of the repeating units are trimethylene ether units. In preferred embodiments the polytrimethylene homo- or copolyether glycol is selected from the group consisting of (i) polytrimethylene ether glycol, (ii) poly(trimethylene-ethylene ether)glycol, and (iii) random polytrimethylene ether ester.

Abstract: An antifreeze concentrate for cooling systems in fuel-cell drives which gives ready-to-use aqueous coolant compositions having a conductivity of at most 50 ?S/cm, based on alkylene glycols or derivatives thereof and containing one or more five-membered heterocyclic compounds (azole derivatives) having 2 or 3 hetero atoms from the group consisting of nitrogen and sulfur, which contain no or at most one sulfur atom and which may carry a fused aromatic or saturated six-membered ring.

Abstract: A low viscosity water insoluble extraction reagent composition according to the invention is comprised of: (a) an extractant selected from the group consisting of an aldoxime, a ketoxime, or a combination thereof; (b) an equilibrium modifier having a Brookfield viscosity of equal to or less than about 5 centapoise at 25° C. and a flash point equal to or greater than about 141° F. wherein the molar ratio of modifier to extractant is from about 0.05 to about 2.0 so as to provide a net copper transfer greater than that achieved in the absence of modifier. Such low viscosity extractants afford higher recoveries of copper, permit reduced equipment size such as smaller mixers and settlers and the use of reduced amounts of less overall organic inventory.

Abstract: An efficient oxygen scavenging composition for use in film forming polymers is disclosed wherein the oxygen scavenging composition comprises an oxidizable metal particle, such as elemental iron; a water hydrolysable Lewis acid, such as aluminum chloride; and an acidifying electrolyte such as sodium or potassium bisulfate.

Abstract: An essentially thickness independent luminescent photoelastic coating is a single layer having a photoelastic material, a polarizing preserving luminescent dye, and an excitation absorption dye therein. The absorption dye limits a penetration depth of excitation radiation incident on the layer. The thickness of the layer is greater than a penetration depth of the excitation radiation. A strain measurement system and associated method of determining strain utilize the single layer coating.

Abstract: A phosphor which is excited by a blue light and emits a yellow light has been conventionally known as a SiAlON phosphor wherein a rare earth element such as Eu ion is activated. The present invention provides an oxynitride phosphor having emission characteristics of more various wavelengths and a light-emitting device using such an oxynitride phosphor. The oxynitride phosphor mainly contains a crystalline phase of the general formula: La3Si8N11O4 or a crystalline phase of the general formula: La3Si8?xAlxN11?xO4+x (0<x?4), and an optically active element (M) composed of one or more elements selected from Mn, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb and Lu is added thereto as a luminescent center component.

Abstract: A stabilizer system for stabilizing halogen-containing polymers comprising a perchlorate salt and at least one indole compound, a composition comprising such a stabilizer system, process for stabilizing a chlorine-containing polymer using such a stabilizer system, and an article manufacture comprising PVC stabilized by such a stabilizer system.

Abstract: It is the object of the present invention to provide a binder resin for coating paste, comprising a polyvinyl acetal type resin, having an excellent dispersibility of inorganic powder such as conductive powder, ceramic powder and glass powder and being capable of exerting an extremely excellent coating property, particularly a printing property, when dispersing the inorganic powder to form paste, conductive paste, ceramic paste and glass paste. The present invention is a binder resin for coating paste for forming a film or a film pattern comprising inorganic powder by coating, which comprises a modified polyvinyl acetal resin comprising structural units represented by the following general formulas (1), (2), (3) and (4): [Chem.

Abstract: The invention concerns a ferromagnetic alloy whereof the chemical composition comprises, in wt. %: 32.5% ?Ni ?72.5%; 5% ?Cr?18%; 0.01% ?Mn?4%, C?1%; optionally one or more elements selected among Mo, V, Co, Cu, Si, W, Nb and Al, the total contents of said elements being not more than 10%, the remainder being iron and impurities resulting from preparation, the chemical composition further satisfying the following relationships: Cr?1.1Ni+23.25?0%; 45Cr+11Ni?1360 ;Ni+3Cr?60% if Ni?37.5; Cr?7.5 if Ni?37.5. The invention also concerns the use of said alloy for making heating elements for induction heated cooking appliances.

Abstract: Metallic particles for electrokinetic or electrostatic deposition, and a method for making such particles, comprising metallic particle bodies, an organic acid film on the particle bodies, and a charge director adhered to the organic acid film.

Abstract: A metal ink for ink-jet printing conductive lines, a method of preparing the metal ink, a substrate for a display having a plurality of ink-jet printed conductive lines, and a method of manufacturing the substrate are provided. The metal ink includes dispersed metal nano powders and a solvent, wherein the metal ink includes antiabrasion-promoting nano particles and/or a flexibility-promoting polymer. The dispersed metal nano powders include at least one of silver, gold, platinum, palladium nickel, and/or copper. The metal ink for ink-jet printing conductive lines improves the adhesion, abrasive resistance and flexibility of ink-jet printed conductive lines, such as, ink-jet printed address and bus electrodes, to a ground substrate.

Abstract: The present invention relates generally to a static dissipative textile having an electrically conductive surface achieved by coating the textile with an electrically conductive coating in a variety of patterns. The electrically conductive coating is comprised of a conducting agent and a binding agent, and optionally a dispersing agent and/or a thickening agent. The static dissipative textile generally comprises a fabric which may be screen printed or otherwise coated with a conductive coating on the backside of the fabric so that the conductive coating does not interfere with the appearance of the face of the fabric. The economically produced fabric exhibits relatively permanent static dissipation properties and conducts electric charge at virtually any humidity, while the conductive coating does not detrimentally affect the overall appearance or tactile properties of the fabric.

Abstract: Electrical apparatuses and a method for their production, the apparatuses containing electrical insulation fluids comprising polytrimethylene homo- or copolyether glycol having a dielectric breakdown voltage greater than about 30 kV, wherein from about 50 to 100 mole percent of the repeating units of the polytrimethylene homo- or copolyether glycol are trimethylene ether units. An electrical insulation fluid comprising (a) polytrimethylene homo- or copolyether glycol having trimethylene ether units at about 50 to 100 mole percent of the repeating units and (b) a blending component selected from the group consisting of vegetable oils, mineral oil, poly alpha olefins, synthetic esters, and silicone fluids, and mixtures thereof, wherein the electrical insulation fluid has a dielectric breakdown voltage of greater than about 30 kV.

Abstract: A flame retardant additive comprises (A) a gassing agent which is a compound containing both phosphorus and nitrogen, typically ammonium polyphosphate, which is surface coated with (B) a silicone-base water repellent treating agent comprising a co-hydrolytic condensate obtained through co-hydrolytic condensation of (i) an organosilicon compound and (ii) an amino group-containing alkoxysilane or a partial hydrolyzate thereof in the presence of an organic or inorganic acid. The additive is improved in moisture absorption resistance and dispersion and suited for use in resins or elastomers.

Abstract: The invention relates to a device for opening, by means of force, an operating sash (100) which has a length (L) and which comprises an opening part (102) and a fixed frame (104), such as a door or window, comprising at least one frame (2) whose length can be extended and which is formed by one or several sliding parts (10,20) which can be adapted to the length (L) of the operating sash; a corner (12,22) which can be depressed and which is arranged in between the frame (104) and the opening part (102), a spreader ram (50) enabling the penetration of said corner (12,22) between the frame (104) and the opening part (102) in order to open the operating sash (100) by means of force; and a push ram (30) placed in a substantially perpendicular position with respect to the frame (2). The rams (30;50) can be maneuvered at a distance with the aid of a remote control (80). The invention is characterized in that the push ram (30) is a continually thrusting percussion ram acting in a repetitive reciprocating manner.

Abstract: An electronic winch monitoring system for a winch having a fixed-ratio gearbox with input and output shafts, a winch drum connected to the output shaft, and an auxiliary brake connected to the output shaft activated by reducing the pressure in a brake release hydraulic circuit. The system comprises an input shaft speed sensor, an output shaft speed sensor, and an electronic control unit having a monitoring section and a brake control section. The monitoring section receives the speed signals, processes them to produce a calculated ratio of actual input to output shaft speeds, and produces a fault indication signal when the value of the difference between the calculated speed ratio and the fixed ratio exceeds a predetermined value. The brake control section, upon receiving the fault signal, reduces the hydraulic pressure in the brake circuit using a nonlinear pressure-time profile to engage the auxiliary brake and stop the winch drum.

Abstract: The fence, which can easily be set up, in general, comprises of a fence module (1), the slots/recesses (2), through which the connecting element (3) passes and that provides the connection and the fixing nut (4); and in the end all these are being combined together to form the fence.

Abstract: A new fencing system is provided in the present disclosure that is constructed from durable polymer components that are sufficiently rigid and durable while providing an integrated modular assembly that is easy to assembly and well suited to a do-it-yourself marketplace. In particular, the present invention provides an integrated system of interfitting vinyl components and a unique polycarbonate or ABS clip for interconnection thereof. The fence includes vertical posts with horizontal members extending therebetween. The horizontal members include grooves therein to support fence panels in the form of web panels. The horizontal members are connected to the vertical members utilizing a novel and uniquely configured connector element.

Abstract: A fencing system includes a vertically elongated post mount mountable on a foundation and one or more post inserts mounted on the post mount to provide a stable structure for fastening thereto rail mounting brackets and associated rails. Each post insert extends outwardly from the post mount and typically abuts an inner surface of a hollow post. Fasteners extend from the rail mounting bracket through the post and into the post insert to provide a strong connection for the mounting of the rail mounting bracket and rail. The post inserts may be mounted on the post mount without tools. One of the post inserts serves as a spacer for setting the height of associated rail mounting brackets and rails. The spacer may include two members which are removably connected to one another via a friction fit to provide various benefits.

Abstract: A no-weld fencing post junction system which allows for the construction of variable fencing configurations without the use of additional equipment and personnel such as would be necessary with welded fencing post junctions.

Abstract: A PRAM and a fabricating method thereof are provided. The PRAM includes a transistor and a data storage capability. The data storage capability is connected to the transistor. The data storage includes a top electrode, a bottom electrode, and a porous PCM layer. The porous PCM layer is interposed between the top electrode and the bottom electrode.

Abstract: Electronic device contact structures are disclosed.

Abstract: A nitride semiconductor light emitting device is provided. The nitride semiconductor light emitting device includes: an n-type nitride semiconductor layer; an Incontaining super lattice structure layer formed above the n-type nitride semiconductor layer; a first electrode contact layer formed above the super lattice structure layer; a first cluster layer formed above the first electrode contact layer; a first In-containing nitride gallium layer formed above the first cluster layer; a second cluster layer formed above the first In-containing nitride gallium layer; an active layer formed above the second cluster layer, for emitting light; a p-type nitride semiconductor layer formed above the active layer; and a second electrode contact layer formed above the p-type nitride semiconductor layer.

Abstract: The present invention comprises a tunneling device in which the collector electrode is modified so that tunneling of higher energy electrons from the emitter electrode to the collector electrode is enhanced. In one embodiment, the collector electrode is contacted with an insulator layer, preferably aluminum or silicon nitride, disposed between the collector and emitter electrodes. The present invention additionally comprises a method for enhancing tunneling of higher energy electrons from an emitter electrode to a collector electrode, the method comprising the step of contacting the collector electrode with an insulator, preferably aluminum or silicon nitride, and placing the insulator between the collector electrode and the emitter electrode.

Abstract: An organic thin film transistor utilizing an organic semiconductor film is composed of a first substrate, a gate electrode, a gate insulation film, an organic semiconductor film, a source electrode, a drain electrode, a protective film and a second substrate, and produced by forming a gate electrode, a gate insulation film, an organic semiconductor film, a source electrode, and a drain electrode on a first substrate, forming a protective film on a second substrate, and superposing a surface, bearing the organic semiconductor film, of the first substrate upon a surface, bearing the protective film, of the second substrate.

Abstract: The invention provides novel pentaphenylene copolymers which are useful in electronic devices.

Abstract: An electronic device including a dielectric layer including a cellulose derivative is disclosed.