Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention generally relate to an automatic self cleaning litter box. In accordance with one embodiment, an apparatus is provided that includes a litter receptacle, a drive unit moveably coupled to the litter receptacle, and a sieve coupled to the drive unit such that the sieve possesses at least two degrees of freedom of movement relative to the litter receptacle and at least one degree of freedom of movement relative to the drive unit.

Abstract: The invention herein described is a device and method for the cleanup and reuse of cat litter of the clumping kind. The device incorporates a screen atop a plastic box or bin. The used cat litter is poured onto the screen. Used litter remains on the screen, while unused litter passes through the screen and into the box. The used litter is dumped, and the unused litter is recycled for reuse as fresh cat litter. The box is easily cleaned, and is equipped with a tight fitting lid to cut down on orders.

Abstract: An aquarium for jellyfish and other plankton species is described. The aquarium has a water container formed by two vertical front facets and a side surface between the front facets, the container having a polygonal, round or other shape when viewed from the front. A sealed chamber is located adjacent the water container with a water inlet that provides water to the chamber. A diffuser block provides a water passage from the sealed chamber to the water container. The diffuser block has a plurality of parallel channels so that water entering the container from the sealed chamber forms a plurality of jet streams along the side surface. This creates a laminar flow of water inside the water container near the side surface, which helps to keep the jellyfish suspended. The water container also has a discharge port covered with a screen to prevent the jellyfish from being sucked out.

Abstract: Disclosed are apparatus and methods for containing and transporting animals in public places or during travel. In one aspect of the present invention, the animal is contained and/or transported via a wheeled apparatus having foot-actuated locking wheels. Also disclosed is a plurality of handles to aid an operator with lifting or securing the apparatus either alone or with the help of others. Such handles may be locking or freely moveable. In another aspect, access to the door is bifurcated to allow access to and for the animal while containing the animal within the apparatus. A plurality of attachment mechanisms for accessories such as feeding and watering accessories, padding and bedding accessories, and restraint accessories are also disclosed. Partitions for subdividing the space within the apparatus are also provided. Furthermore, a triangular eyelet is provided for improved directional control. Shock absorbers are also provided to increase ride comfort.

Abstract: A pet cleaning apparatus comprises a cleaning tub, a saturated solution generator and an air-bubble generating nozzle. The saturated solution generator is connected to the cleaning tub and configured to generate a saturated solution by saturating a pressurized fluid with air. The air-bubble generating nozzle is connected to the cleaning tub and the saturated solution generator and configured to generate a fine air-bubble in the saturated solution.

Abstract: An electronic animal training system including locating functionality for locating a handheld transmitter of the electronic animal training system and associated methods are provided. The system generally includes an indicator mechanism associated with the handheld unit for providing a user perceptible indicator to facilitate locating the handheld unit. The system also generally includes an activator mechanism for activating the indicator mechanism. The activator mechanism may be associated with one or more of a training unit, a dedicated locator unit and the handheld unit. The activator mechanism may activate the indicator mechanism via wireless communication or via a motion sensor, among others.

Abstract: A pet restraining device including a housing, a leash mechanism provided in the housing, ballast provided in the bottom portion of the housing such that the pet restraining device has a center of gravity that is nearer to the bottom portion of the housing than to the top portion of the housing, and filling material provided in the housing to fill the spaces and secure elements of the device together. A method of making a pet restraining device including providing a housing, providing a leash mechanism in the housing, providing ballast in the bottom portion of the housing to produce a low center of gravity of the housing, and providing filling material in the housing to fill the spaces and secure elements of the device together.

Abstract: A combined leash and umbrella has a cover that opens over shaft and handle to provide protection for a user, and a leash connected to the handle. In a preferred embodiment, the handle includes a leash-retracting mechanism and enables a one-hand operation of the umbrella and a retractable leash.

Abstract: A system for weighing a plurality of quadruped animals is for use in a pen confining the animals. The pen has at least first and second segregated spaces with a first one-way chute allowing animal passage from the second space to the first space. A weighing station is located within a passage having an entrance and an exit, and that allows animal passage from the first area to the second area. The weighing station includes a weighing platform within the passage over which an animal must pass when passing from the first to the second space. The weighing platform has inlet and exit scales that support the weighing platform adjacent to inlet and exit ends thereof, and provides inlet and exit weight signals. A controller receives the inlet and exit weight signals and uses them in an iterative process to determine the presence of a single animal on the weighing platform. Once that determination is made, the sum of the inlet and exit weight values is very likely to accurately provide the animal weight.

Abstract: A disposable pet garment used to reduce pet dander and the release of unwanted pet hair made of lightweight, resilient, breathable material containing electrostatic properties is disclosed.

Abstract: An animal or pet exercise and entertainment apparatus includes a housing, an attachment device operably connecting to the housing for connecting the apparatus to an animal, and at least one light emitting unit for projecting a light onto a nearby surface to acquire an animal's interest. The apparatus also includes a control unit which is operably connected to the light emitting unit for controlling the operation of the apparatus and the light emitting unit. The control unit also may be used for selecting various modes of operation of the light emitting unit, such as random cycle, timed cycle, repetitive cycle, and target cycle. The apparatus includes a light emitting unit operably connected to a selectable lens unit which modifies the emitted light's projected shape, color, or angular direction to optimize animal interest with the projected light.

Abstract: An animal control device. The device may include a chain having a cord or fabric woven along its length. The fabric may take the form of a rope, strip, batting, or other item softer and/or more resilient than the chain. The fabric may be made from a natural fiber, such as cotton or hemp, leather or animal hide, or a manmade material, such as polypropylene, neoprene, other rubbers or plastics. When a manmade material is used for the fabric, the material is generally at least somewhat resilient and/or flexible in order to adapt to motion of the chain. The fabric may be woven through each link in the chain, or only certain links.

Abstract: A method for operating an engine having at least a first and second cylinder, comprising of operating the first cylinder with a spark timing more retarded than a spark timing of a second cylinder; and operating one of said first cylinder and second cylinders with a first number of strokes per cycle different from other cylinders of the engine for at least one combustion cycle.

Abstract: An apparatus produces a diesel-oil/water microemulsion and injects the emulsion into a diesel engine. The apparatus has three high pressure cylinders, inlets of two of the high pressure cylinders are connected to a static raw emulsion premier. Outlets of the two high pressure cylinders are connected to a homogenizing valve. An inlet of the third high pressure cylinder is connected to the outlet of the homogenizing valve and the outlet of the third high pressure cylinder is connected to the diesel engine. The three pistons of the three high pressure cylinders are constituent parts of a pressure booster whose drive piston is guided in a drive cylinder which is connected to a hydraulic drive unit.

Abstract: The present invention provides an engine cooling method and apparatus. The engine cooling apparatus includes a cylinder block having a cylinder head mounted thereto. The cylinder block defines an inlet passage and a block jacket in fluid communication with the inlet passage. The cylinder head defines a lower cylinder head jacket in fluid communication with the block jacket, and an upper cylinder head jacket in fluid communication with the lower cylinder head jacket. The lower cylinder head jacket includes a plurality of nozzles configured to direct engine coolant and thereby provide cooling to portions of the cylinder head located near a plurality of exhaust ports, a plurality of injector ports, and a plurality of intake ports.

Abstract: In this method, during the same operating cycle of the cylinder, the following phases are carried out: an opening phase at the exhaust (OE-OF); a first opening phase at the intake (OA1-FA1); a second opening phase at the intake (OA2-FA2); a fuel injection phase (OI-FI) and a combustion phase. The exhaust closing time (FE) is between the first intake opening time (OA1) and the second intake opening time (OA2). The invention also relates to an internal-combustion engine having a cylinder which operates in accordance with such a method, and a motor vehicle provided with such an engine.

Abstract: A control apparatus for an internal combustion engine that varies the amount of lift of an intake valve is disclosed. In one embodiment, the control apparatus includes a fuel injection timing correcting device that, when lift of the intake valve is varied, corrects and varies fuel injection termination timing according to the variation of the lift of the intake valve. In another embodiment, an injection quantity correcting device is included that, when lift of the intake valve is varied, corrects and varies an injection quantity. In still another embodiment, a swirl flow generating device is included that generates a swirl flow in the cylinder. In a further embodiment, an intake valve closing timing correcting device is included that, when lift of the intake valve is varied, controls the variable valve timing mechanism so that the valve closing timing of the intake valve remains substantially constant.

Abstract: A lock mechanism for a phaser of a variable cam timing system is actuated by an electromagnetic force. Since the lock mechanism is not dependent upon engine oil pressure, it is actuatable at any time from engine startup to engine shutdown. A lock solenoid is preferably used to actuate a lock pin, which is otherwise urged toward a lock hole and a locked position by a spring force, to an unlocked position. The lock solenoid preferably acts on a pin lock plate that is coupled to the lock pin. A preferred startup method and a preferred shutdown method are also described.

Abstract: A vane-type camshaft phaser having a rotational authority between 40 crank degrees before TDC and 30 crank degrees after TDC. The phaser includes a stator seat formed at a rotation position intermediate between full advance and full retard. A locking pin in a vane of the rotor engages the seat, locking the rotor at the intermediate position. The pin is disengaged by pressurized engine oil independent of oil flows for advance and retard of the rotor. The oil is controlled by a dedicated valve. Preferably, the seat and the ends of the locking pin are vented by passages in the rotor and stator which are aligned when the rotor is at the selected locking angle to remove oil resistance to entry of the pin into the seat. To position the locking pin over the seat, phasing rate is reduced to allow time for the locking pin to engage the seat.

Abstract: The invention relates to a control valve for influencing the action of a pressure medium on a camshaft adjuster of an internal combustion engine. A control valve of said type comprises a valve housing (72), in which a displaceable control piston (71) is arranged in a blind bore. According to the invention, the valve housing (72) is produced with a through bore (73) instead of a blind bore, into which through bore (73) a housing insert (79) is clipped into a groove (80). The housing insert can serve to support a pressure spring (76), and can also additionally have recesses, in the region of which the housing insert (79) serves to form a port, for example to a tank T.

Abstract: In an adjusting mechanism which is connected to first and second camshafts of a camshaft drive arrangement including a control device for adjusting the phase position of at least one of the camshafts relative to a crankshaft of an internal combustion engine, and having a drive device for driving the camshaft arrangement, a first partial mechanism for driving the first camshaft and a second partial mechanism for driving the second camshaft are provided so as to be driven in parallel by means of a common drive device for adjusting the angular position of the first and second camshafts relative to the crankshaft of the engine.

Abstract: In an adjusting mechanism having an adjusting device for adjusting a phase position of a camshaft in relation to a crankshaft of an internal combustion engine, and a drive gear driven by the crankshaft, for driving the camshaft, a four-shaft transmission configured as an epicyclic summing gear train for the adjustment of the phase position of the camshaft is provided in a housing from which four shafts extend and two of them are concentric for connection to corresponding shafts of a control motor capable of applying different braking torques to the two concentric shafts.

Abstract: A drive plate assembly includes a plate member adapted for mounting to an engine block. The plate member has first and second gears mounted thereto such that they intermesh. The backlash of the gears is predetermined by mounting to the plate member and unaffected by mounting the plate member to the engine block. A method of assembling a powertrain is also provided.

Abstract: An engine assembly is provided including an engine crankshaft and a balance shaft connected with the crankshaft and rotatably driven thereby. A vehicle component such as a hydraulic pump or an overhead camshaft is operatively connected with the balance shaft such that it is rotatably driven by the crankshaft through the balance shaft. A camshaft drive system includes the engine crankshaft, the balance shaft and the overhead camshaft.

Abstract: A method and device for operation of glow plugs of a Diesel engine in which the type of glow plugs used is determined, by a parameter typical of the glow plugs, for example, the electrical glow plug resistance, being detected and evaluated. The detected values of the parameter typical of the glow plugs are compared with corresponding data for various types of glow plugs stored in the glow controller to determine the type(s) of glow plug(s) in the engine. After identification of the type(s) of glow plug(s), stored sets of parameters, which correspond to the type(s) of glow plug(s) determined, are likewise called upon to control the glow plugs.

Abstract: A method for improving engine starting for an engine having a variable event valvetrain is described. According to one aspect of the description, valve timing during a start can be set so that combustion stability and emissions may be improved.

Abstract: In order to improve a pull-rope type starting device (100) for an one internal combustion engine, having at least one rope drum (4) which is rotatably held in a housing (1), wherein said starting device, for generating the drive torque for the motor shaft by means of a starter handle, is rotatable by way of a starter rope or pull-rope, and by way of an elastic coupling element (6) connected to a ratchet-type engaging element, by means of which the drive torque can be transmitted to the motor shaft, such that the elastic coupling element (6) or a part thereof can simply, effectively and reliably be prevented from entering a design-related gap between the rope drum (4) and the engaging element (5), it is proposed that a bushing or sleeve (8) be provided in this gap.

Abstract: An internal combustion engine includes a crankcase and an upper oil pan. The crankcase includes a plurality of main bearing caps extending between a pair of side walls, with openings in the main bearing caps and in the side walls. The upper oil pan is configured to sealingly engage the crankcase, and includes openings therethrough, which align with the openings in the main bearing caps and the side walls when the upper oil pan engages the crankcase. Fasteners structurally tie the upper oil pan to both the crankcase side walls and the main bearing caps. The engine may further include a lower oil pan defining a sump and attached to the upper oil pan. The upper oil pan preferably includes an oil filter manifold, an oil scraper, and a plurality of oil passages, while also providing a windage tray.

Abstract: An oil level sensor for detecting an oil level is arranged in an engine oil pan. The oil level sensor includes a mounting section and a sensing section. An air hole is formed at an upper end of a cover member of the sensing section. The air hole is surrounded by a tubular portion of a shield member attached to a baffle plate of the oil pan. Therefore, any splashed engine oil in the oil pan is restricted from entering the cover member of the sensing section through the air hole. Also, a clearance (?) for venting air is formed between the tubular portion and the baffle plate.

Abstract: A primary housing for a motorcycle engine includes an inner housing that defines internal coupling apertures, transmission coupling apertures, and external coupling apertures. Internal fasteners extend through the internal coupling apertures and the transmission coupling apertures to couple the inner housing to the crankcase and the transmission. An outer housing defines coupling apertures that align with the external coupling apertures and fasteners extend through the coupling apertures, through the external coupling apertures, and into the engine crankcase to couple the inner and outer housings to the crankcase. A resonant damping device is rigidly or moveably coupled to an anti-node region of the outer housing to reduce noise emissions from the outer housing during engine operation.

Abstract: To provide a transmission shaft support mechanism, which includes a power unit case that contains a lubricating oil supply mechanism, and a gear shaft that supports a group of gears for power transmission. An intermediate shaft holder is contained in the power unit case for supporting an intermediate shaft having an idle gear so as to be attached to an intermediate shaft holder attachment surface formed on an inner wall of the power unit case such that the lubricating performance for the intermediate shaft is improved and the lubricating mechanism is simplified. Bolt holes are formed in the intermediate shaft holder and the intermediate shaft holder attachment surface. The oil supply passage for lubricating the intermediate shaft is formed along the bolt holes.

Abstract: Disclosed are crankshaft, single-plate cam and beam mechanisms that provide significant improvements in performance for 2 & 4-stroke engines, compressors and pumps. These cost effective mechanisms include linkages with the new and improved use of pivoting arms that operate with a variety of cylinder arrangements. One embodiment of the crankshaft mechanism has its crankpin roller positioned within a novel yoke-arm. The cam mechanism uses a pair of centrally positioned parallel links that are connected to roller cam followers and single or diametrically-opposed pistons. A pair of laterally extending follower arms connects to the ends of the links to provide support and alignment for the piston rods. Between the reciprocating links, cam followers and follower arms is a rotating odd-lobe plate cam. A beam mechanism uses opposite-direction extending balancing beams that are connected to links, cam followers and piston rods.

Abstract: In a method for operating a spark-ignition internal combustion engine with direct fuel injection in the post-start phase at low temperatures, fuel is supplied to the combustion air in a pilot injection (MH) of a first fuel quantity during an intake stroke of the internal combustion engine such that the pilot injection (MH) forms a homogeneous, lean air/fuel mixture (?>1) in substantially the entire combustion chamber, and a main injection (MS) of a second fuel quantity is subsequently injected into the combustion chamber during a compression stroke directly before the ignition time (ZT), said main injection (MS) forming in the region of the spark plug a stratified, rich air/fuel mixture (?<1), which is then ignited by the spark plug.

Abstract: A method of reducing nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matter (PM) in compression ignition engine emissions. The method includes monitoring at least one engine sensor that generates a signal in response to at least one engine operating condition, and adjusting at least one engine control parameter in response to the signal such that in-cylinder spacial distribution of equivalence ratio and temperature is substantially maintained to an operating region. The operating region corresponds to a set of equivalence ratio with respect to temperature values that are substantially outside regions supportive of NOx and PM formation. The temperature values are greater than 1650 K, and the equivalence ratio values are greater than 0.5.

Abstract: Fuel injection technology of an internal combustion engine is configured in such a manner that in a case where in inlet pipe interior of the engine is partitioned by a rectifying plate into upper and lower flow paths, a flow velocity at a center of the flow path on an upper side, and at a center of the flow path on a lower side is increased. Consequently, a flow velocity distribution of air in a cylinder diametrical direction of a valve head of an inlet valve becomes a peak value on both sides of the valve head center. Therefore, by impinging most of the injected fuel spray upon both sides of the center of the valve head, vaporization of the fuel spray can be performed with good efficiency.

Abstract: This invention relates to a combustion chamber structure for a spark-ignition engine, which comprises a combustion chamber defined between a bottom surface of a cylinder head and a top surface of a piston in such a manner that the bottom surface of the cylinder head serves as a ceiling wall thereof, and a spark plug having a sparking end protruding from the ceiling wall into the combustion chamber. In this combustion chamber structure, when the piston is at a top dead center, a principal space of the combustion chamber is comprised of a first combustion space around the sparking end of the spark plug and a second combustion space around a circumference of a cylinder bore. Further, the first combustion space and the second combustion space are communicated with each other through a small interspace zone where an interspace between the ceiling wall and the top surface of the piston is narrowed. The combustion chamber structure makes it possible to increase compression ratio in a practically effective manner.

Abstract: From execution of fuel cut until restoration therefrom in response to a F/C flag being set, an ECU senses an intake air amount Q and engine speed NE, calculates the charging efficiency based on Q and NE, and calculates a basic injection amount TAU_B based on the charging efficiency. When the F/C flag is reset, the ECU calculates asynchronous injection requested amount TAU_REQ based on emission request, calculates upper guard injection amount ASY_MAX based on TAU_B, inserts ASY_MAX into asynchronous injection amount TAU_ASY when TAU_REQ is larger than ASY_MAX and inserts TAU_REQ into asynchronous injection amount TAU_ASY when TAU_REQ is equal to or below ASY_MAX.

Abstract: To make a throttle valve control device compact, by reducing a longitudinal directional length H and a side directional length L of a gear part comprising a motor gear, an intermediate gear and a drive gear, so as to improve mountability on a two-wheeled vehicle, a drive gear Ka is provided at a throttle valve shaft 3, a motor gear Ma is provided at a motor M, the motor gear Ma is geared with a large diameter gear Nb of an intermediate gear Na, the drive gear Ka is geared with a small diameter gear Nc of the intermediate gear Na, the large diameter gear Nb of the intermediate gear Na is formed as an internal gear Nf, and the motor gear Ma is geared with the internal gear Nf which is the large diameter gear Nb.

Abstract: To enhance assembling property of a throttle valve control device comprising a mechanical drive means and an electric drive means, and to enhance maintenance property at the time of checking and exchange operations of an accelerator wire, the electric drive means and the mechanical drive means are provided at an one side wall 1a of a throttle body 1 toward the one side wall 1a side from the one side direction A, the electric drive means comprises throttle valve lever 5 including a throttle valve lever open spring 8, a motor gear 9, and a drive gear 6 including an intermediate gear 10, and the mechanical drive means comprises a limb opening control lever 15, and an accelerator drum 14 including a drum close spring 16.

Abstract: A method for improving engine intake manifold pressure control of an internal combustion engine is described. According to one aspect of the description, the manifold pressure may be controlled to reduce fuel consumption and engine emissions during at least some operating conditions.

Abstract: In a method for the pressure regulation in a common rail fuel injection system of an internal combustion engine wherein pressurized fuel is supplied to the various combustion chambers of the engine via injectors under the control of an electronic control unit, a first actual control pressure is determined from a measured rail pressure and compared with a desired rail pressure in order to form a first control deviation, whereupon a volume flow depending on the first control deviation is determined and, from the measured rail pressure, a second actual rail pressure is determined using overridingly the second actual rail pressure for the calculation of the controller parts of the high pressure controller.

Abstract: A fuel control system for an internal combustion engine includes a first module that determines a corrected injected fuel mass based on an engine temperature and a measured burned fuel mass and a second module that determines a raw injected fuel mass based on the corrected injected fuel mass and the engine temperature. A third module regulates fueling to a cylinder of the engine based on the raw injected fuel mass.

Abstract: A method for controlling an injection system of an internal combustion engine having at least one injector, the fuel metering being divided into a first partial injection and at least one second partial injection, and a control signal which determines the fuel quantity to be injected with the aid of the at least one injector being corrected as a function of a pressure wave influencing the at least two partial injections, the pressure wave correction being performed on the basis of a periodic model which models the quantity wave as a sum of periodic functions.

Abstract: A method is provided to manufacture a fuel injection control system controlling fuel injection in an internal combustion engine with a fuel injection valve. A fuel injection valve is trial-manufactured. Using this valve, correcting amounts for an injection period are calculated at plural adjustment points defined by fuel pressures and injection periods. The adjustment points are divided into actual-measuring points and predicting points, and the correcting amounts at the actual-measuring points are used to calculate predicting expressions to predict correcting amounts at the predicting points and relational expressions to define a relationship among the correcting amounts at the actual-measuring points. When the valve is mass-manufactured, for each mass-manufactured valve, the correcting amounts at the actual-measuring points and the predicting expressions are used to predict correcting amounts at the predicting points, providing the correcting amounts at the actual-measuring and correcting points.

Abstract: A control apparatus for an internal combustion engine includes a controller. The controller determines whether a misfire occurs in any of the plurality of cylinders. If it is determined that a misfire occurs, the controller determines whether an intake valve is unable to open due to the malfunction of a valve lift mechanism. If it is determined that the intake valve is unable to open, the controller stops operation of the fuel injection valve corresponding to a cylinder of the plurality of cylinders, in which the misfire occurs, to stop a fuel supply to the cylinder from a next intake stroke until the malfunction of the valve lift mechanism is corrected, regardless of whether the internal combustion engine stops.

Abstract: In a fuel injection control method of an engine, an electronic control unit calculates a pressure integrated value for one combustion cycle by detecting a combustion cycle and continuously detecting a suction air pipe pressure and determines that the engine is under an accelerated state such that a pressure difference determined by comparing the pressure integrated value with the pressure integrated value at the preceding combustion cycle becomes equal to or more than a predetermined acceleration determining reference value, thereby increasing a fuel amount. The electronic control unit determines that the engine is under the accelerated state at a particular time when the difference between the pressure integrated value and the atmospheric pressure becomes equal to or less than a reference value and a pressure difference integrated value obtained by integrating each of the pressure differences within an integrating period becomes equal to or more than another reference value.

Abstract: A modular fuel delivery assembly for a fuel tank of a vehicle includes a mounting flange, a common support member adjustably engaged with the mounting flange, and a plurality of accessories attached to the common support member.

Abstract: A system and method for controlling the introduction of purge fuel vapor into a multi-cylinder internal combustion engine is provided. According to one aspect of the disclosure, a schedule for opening and closing an on-off, pulse-width-modulated, purge control valve is predetermined, and the purge control valve is opened and closed according to the predetermined schedule. According to one aspect of the disclosure, a predetermined schedule can include a repeating sequence of on-pulse frequencies.

Abstract: A heated fuel delivery system for vegetable oil or other fuels of temperature dependent viscosity, which may be used as fuel for a diesel engine. The system includes one or more heated fuel lines and/or a heated fuel tank to heat the fuel and reduce its viscosity for more efficient use. Recovered engine heat from the engine coolant system is transferred to heat the fuel.

Abstract: A fuel injector for vaporizing a liquid fuel for use in an internal combustion engine. The fuel injector includes a plurality of capillary flow passages, each of the plurality of capillary flow passages having an inlet end and an outlet end; a heat source arranged along each of the plurality of capillary flow passages, the heat source operable to heat the liquid fuel in each of the plurality of capillary flow passages to a level sufficient to change at least a portion thereof from the liquid state to a vapor state and deliver a stream of substantially vaporized fuel from each outlet end of the plurality of capillary flow passages; and a valve for metering substantially vaporized fuel to the internal combustion engine, the valve located proximate to each outlet end of the plurality of capillary flow passages. The fuel injector is effective in reducing cold-start and warm-up emissions of an internal combustion engine.