Abstract: A fluid particle-separating device includes a sorting, first and second diverting channels, a detector, a microprocessor, first and second actuators, and first and second sieving valves. The sorting channel receives fluid containing first and second particles. The first and second diverting channels guide the first and second particles. The detector recognizes the sizes and numbers of the first and second particles and outputs first and second recognition signals. The microprocessor receives the first and second recognition signals and outputs first and second control signals. The first and second sieving valves respectively inside the first and second diverting channels allow the particles to pass through or not. The first actuator receives the first control signal and controls the deformation of the second sieving valve to block the first particle. The second actuator receives the second control signal and controls the deformation of the first sieving valve to block the second particle.

Abstract: A method of protecting an inert anode assembly (16) operating in an electrolysis cell (10) for producing metal when an adjacent assembly (16?) is removed exposing remaining assemblies to low ambient temperatures (40) by utilizing heat radiation shields (24) which can circumscribe every inert anode assembly (16), where the shields (24) remain intact and in place in the cell (10) while operating in molten electrolyte (15) at about 850° C.

Abstract: The invention relates to membrane-electrode assemblies for the electrolysis of water (electrolysis MEAs), which contain an ion-conducting membrane having a front and rear side; a first catalyst layer on the front side; a first gas diffusion layer on the front side; a second catalyst layer on the rear side, and a second gas diffusion layer on the rear side. The first gas diffusion layer has smaller planar dimensions than the ion-conducting membrane, whereas the second gas diffusion layer has essentially the same planar dimensions as the ion-conducting membrane (“semi-coextensive design”). The MEAs also comprise an unsupported free membrane surface that yields improved adhesion properties of the sealing material. The invention also relates to a method for producing the MEA products. Pressure-resistant, gastight and cost-effective membrane-electrode assemblies are obtained, that are used in PEM water electrolyzers, regenerative fuel cells or in other electrochemical devices.

Abstract: A magnetic arrangement for a planar magnetron, in which an initial magnetic pole encompasses a second magnetic pole. This magnetic arrangement is moved linear in longitudinal direction to a target by a specific value and then moved back in opposite direction by the same value. In one version, an additional perpendicular motion is effected. The magnet arrangement is designed so that north and south pole interlock and waviform racetracks are generated. This enables constant sputtering from the entire target surface.

Abstract: Systems and methods are disclosed for face target sputtering to fabricate semiconductors by providing one or more materials with differential coefficients of expansion in the FTS chamber; and generating a controlled pressure and size with the one or more materials during sintering.

Abstract: In recent years, copper wiring has emerged as a promising substitute for the aluminum wiring in integrated circuits, because copper offers lower electrical resistance and better reliability at smaller dimensions than aluminum. However, use of copper typically requires forming a diffusion barrier to prevent contamination of other parts of an integrated circuit and forming a seed layer to facilitate copper plating steps. Unfortunately, conventional methods of forming the diffusion barriers and seed layers require use of separate wafer-processing chambers, giving rise to transport delays and the introduction of defect-causing particles. Accordingly, the inventors devised unique wafer-processing chambers and methods of forming barrier and seed layers.

Abstract: A dissolved oxygen measurement system, and a method for calibrating a dissolved oxygen analyzer are provided. The method includes directing a pressurized cleaning fluid, having a known oxygen content, upon a sensing surface of a dissolved oxygen sensor disposed in a fluid. Then, the analyzer waits until the dissolved oxygen sensor response to the pressurized cleaning fluid is relatively stable, and stores a calibration value relative to the dissolved oxygen sensor response to the pressurized cleaning fluid. A dissolved oxygen measurement system is also provided. The system includes a dissolved oxygen sensor disposed in a fluid and a first source of a first compressed cleaning fluid that has a first dissolved oxygen content. A first valve is operably coupled to the first source and configured to selectively direct the first compressed cleaning fluid against a sensing surface of the dissolved oxygen sensor.

Abstract: A detecting element (10) of a gas sensor (1) is held with a detecting portion (11) projecting from a front-end engaging-portion (56) of a metallic shell (50) and is accommodated for protection in an inner protector (120) in a gas detection chamber (129). Exhaust gas introduced into the gas detection chamber (129) is exhausted through an exhaust hole (160). The exhaust hole is formed by cutting off a portion of a side wall (127) of a recess portion (125), which is formed by pressing inward a portion between two slits formed in a front end wall (124). A bottom wall (126) of the recess portion (125) is located frontward of the detecting element (10) with respect to the direction of an axis O, thereby preventing a water droplet which comes flying from the outside from directly contacting the detecting element (10).

Abstract: A sensor element having a plate-like shape and extending in a longitudinal direction and having a chamfered portion at an edge between a main surface and a rear-end surface or between a main surface and a side surface of the sensor element. The sensor element includes a solid electrolyte layer, an insulating layer disposed on the solid electrolyte layer and constituting at least part of the main surface, and an electrode pad disposed away from the chamfered portion for connection to an outside circuit. Furthermore, the solid electrolyte layer and the insulating layer are exposed at the chamfered portion. Also disclosed are a gas sensor including the sensor element and a method of manufacturing the sensor element.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an apparatus and methods of separating particles or cells according to their sizes, wherein the size of each of the particles or cells is characterized by a corresponding diameter. In one embodiment, the method includes the steps of providing a microchannel structure having at least one channel that is defined by a first sidewall and a second, opposite sidewall and has an insulating protrusion formed on one of the first sidewall and the second, opposite sidewall, introducing a plurality of particles or cells in a liquid medium into the at least one channel, and generating a non-uniform electrical field in the at least one channel such that when the plurality of particles or cells passes by the insulating protrusion, the plurality of particles or cells each receives a dielectrophoretic force proportional to its diameters, thereby being separable according to their sizes. The method further has the step of collecting particles or cells after the separation of particles or cells.

Abstract: An electrochemical treating device having low scale potential is disclosed. The device has a variety of configurations directed to the layering of the anionic exchange and cationic exchange. The treatment device can also comprise unevenly sized ion exchange resin beads and/or have at least one compartment that provides a dominating resistance that results in a uniform current distribution throughout the apparatus.

Abstract: A process for separating a cell type from a mixture of cell types by electrophoresis comprising providing a sample containing a mixture of cell types to a sample chamber of membrane-based electrophoresis apparatus adapted to separate cells and applying an electric potential causing at least one cell type in the sample to be separated from other cells in the sample.

Abstract: Water purification systems include a concentrate filtration membrane and an electrodeionization unit. A concentrate effluent stream from the electrodeionization unit is filtered in the concentrate filtration membrane; the filtered concentrate effluent stream is provided to concentrating compartments of the electrodeionization unit.

Abstract: Electric potential, current density, agitation, and deposition rate are controlled to deposit metal alloys, such as tin based solder alloys or magnetic alloys, with minimal variations in the weight ratios of alloying metals at different locations within the deposited metal alloy feature. Alternative embodiments include processes that form metal alloy features wherein the variation in weight ratio of alloying metals within the feature is not necessarily minimized, but is controlled to provide a desired variation. In addition to metal alloys, alternative embodiments include processes for improving the deposition of single metal features.

Abstract: In a manufacturing method for an interposer, a seed layer is formed at an opening portion in a through hole on back surface side of a substrate, an electrode layer for electroplated coating is formed based on the seed layer, and an electroplated coating layer is formed to fill the through hole from the electrode layer for electroplated coating layer to a front surface side. As a result, a manufacturing method for an interposer is provided in which the manufacturing process is simple and the void is not generated inside of the through hole.

Abstract: A device and method for increasing the mass transport rate of a chemical or electrochemical process at the solid and fluid interface in a fluid cell. The device includes a membrane in close contact with surface of the work piece, to separate the process cell into two chambers, so that fluid velocity at the work piece is controlled separately from the main cell flow. Thus the diffusion boundary layer is controlled and minimized by the rate that fluid is withdrawn from the work piece chamber.

Abstract: A plastic part is provided with decorative metallized surfaces as well as overmolded thermoplasticelastomer grip portions. The plastic part is overmolded with the TPE prior to metallizing the remaining exposed surfaces of the part. A TPE compound with saturated midblocks is used which is stable in the acid environment and elevated temperatures of the plating.

Abstract: A novel method, which is suitable to substantially reduce the presence of oxygen micro-bubbles in an electroplating bath solution, is disclosed. The method includes the addition of aerobic bacteria to the electroplating bath solution to consume oxygen in the solution. Reduction of the oxygen content in the electroplating bath solution prevents oxygen micro-bubbles from forming in the solution and becoming trapped between the solution and the surface of a metal seed layer on a substrate to block the electroplating of a metal film onto the seed layer. Consequently, the presence of surface pits and other structural defects in the surface of the electroplated metal film is substantially reduced.

Abstract: An electrolytic liquid is used for electrolytic polishing which can provide a processed surface having high flattening characteristics with a low voltage applied while ensuring a higher processing rate for an conductive material, and can remove an unnecessary conductive material and expose a barrier film without causing dishing, erosion, or etching at the interface between the barrier film and a metal (conductive material). The electrolytic liquid for use in electrolytic polishing of a surface conductive material of a workpiece comprises an aqueous solution containing at least one organic acid or its salt, at least one strong acid having a sulfonic acid group, a corrosion inhibitor and a water-soluble polymeric compound.

Abstract: The present invention provides: a membrane-electrode assembly having a first electrode having a shape of a rod-form or a cylindrical-form, a strip-form diaphragm covering the periphery of the first electrode, and a second electrode disposed on a surface of the strip-form diaphragm; an electrolytic unit containing the membrane-electrode assembly; an electrolytic water ejecting apparatus containing the electrolytic unit; and a method of sterilization using the membrane-electrode assembly.

Abstract: A sample analysis method of the present invention is a method of analyzing a sample plural times continuously, the sample containing plural sample components, the method including: performing first analysis with the sample in a first analysis medium; collecting the sample components after the first analysis with an analysis result of the first analysis maintained; and providing the collected sample components to second analysis. A sample analysis apparatus of the present invention is an apparatus for analyzing a sample in plural times continuously, the sample containing plural sample components, the apparatus including: a first analysis section in which a first analysis medium is held; a sample collecting section for collecting sample components analyzed by the first analysis; and a second analysis section for analyzing the sample components collected by the sample collecting section. The sample analysis method apparatus of present invention make it possible to analyze sample plural times efficiently.

Abstract: A multiple frequency method for the operation of a sensor to measure a parameter of interest using calibration information including the steps of exciting the sensor at a first frequency providing a first sensor response, exciting the sensor at a second frequency providing a second sensor response, using the second sensor response at the second frequency and the calibration information to produce a calculated concentration of the interfering parameters, using the first sensor response at the first frequency, the calculated concentration of the interfering parameters, and the calibration information to measure the parameter of interest.

Abstract: A system of measuring pH of a solution having a calibration device to counteract time-drift effect. The calibration device of the system adjusts a compensation voltage to zero a measuring voltage of a first sensor and only respond to time-drift voltage of the first sensor. The calibration device has a differential operation amplifier receiving measuring voltages from the first sensor and a second sensor of the system to eliminate the time-drift voltages of the first and second sensors, thereby achieving calibration of the time-drift effects.

Abstract: A containing structure of USB plugging-and-locking head including a USB plugging-and-locking seat, at least a USB plugging-and-locking head, and a lid is disclosed. The USB plugging-and-locking seat has a containing space and a connecting portion extending out from an end of the USB plugging-and-locking seat. One end of the USB plugging-and-locking head can select either to combine with or to separate from the connecting portion, and the USB plugging-and-locking head can position in the containing space. The lid can perform a linear displacement movement or a rotational movement to close the containing space. By making use of the containing space, one can has the several USB plugging-and-locking heads contain in the USB plugging-and-locking seat for preventing the USB plugging-and-locking heads from being lost, convenient to take out for use, as well as combined with the USB plugging-and-locking seat for use.

Abstract: A cover set includes a ring mounted on a bin, a cover pivotally connected to the ring, a lifting device for lifting the cover from the ring and at least one buffer for buffering the cover near the end of the lifting so that the lifting is steady and quiet from the start to the end.

Abstract: A mixing cap and method for use thereof, wherein the mixing cap is preferably pre-loaded during time of manufacture with selected dry or liquid ingredients to facilitate subsequent consumer use. The mixing cap comprises an apertured inner tube threadably-engageable to the mouth of a bottle, and an outer housing cooperatively-engaged with the inner tube and slidably-restricted thereover via a ridge and slotted flange arrangement. Preloaded ingredients contained within the outer housing may be introduced or discharged into the bottle by simply depressing the outer housing over the inner tube when the ridge is aligned with the slot, thereby permitting the ingredients to flow through the apertures of the outer housing and inner tube and into the liquid contents of the bottle. The combined ingredients and liquid within the bottle may subsequently be shaken without fear or risk of leakage or spillage.

Abstract: This invention relates to a kit and methods adapted for use in a vehicle glove compartment box, which provides assistance in various vehicular scenarios related to traffic tickets, DWIs, car wrecks, avoiding repossessions, and using lemon laws. The kit includes a container, camera, and booklet and is small enough to fit conveniently inside a vehicle glove box. The booklet contains sequential step-by-step instructions to assist the user with the vehicular scenarios and is written in a simple and easy-to-read format that does not require a legal dictionary to decipher. In simpler terms, the present invention provides common sense tips to help protect one's legal rights.

Abstract: The present invention generally relates to an aesthetically pleasing display device equipped with a rotating support for a prized item, and more specifically, to a display device with a transparent or semitransparent dome, where the prized item is placed on slowly moving protective cushioning material for displaying successively all views of the prized item and any autograph(s) or marking(s) placed thereupon such as sports memorabilia, an autographed baseball, a helmet, jewelry, or any other prized personal item.

Abstract: A small item dispenser configured to be mounted on another object, such as a cigarette pack, is disclosed. One embodiment of the small item dispenser includes a dispenser length that is substantially similar or smaller in dimension to the length of the cigarette pack and a dispenser width that is substantially similar or smaller in dimension to the width of the cigarette pack. The small item dispenser includes an attachment structure that can be used to attach the dispenser to a pivotally openable cover of the cigarette pack.

Abstract: A holder of electronic devices is provided, including a main body having a large area, a first covering part, and a second covering part on two opposite side of the main body, and at least a connecting element for connecting at least two of the main body, the first covering part and the second covering part to form a space with the main body, the first covering part, and the second covering part. The lower part of the main body includes at least a protruding stop part so that the electronic device can be held inside the space.

Abstract: A nail magazine includes an elongated magazine unit which defines two elongated parallel channels, a first transverse channel intercommunicating the parallel channels so as to cooperatively form a U-shaped nail loading slot, and a second transverse channel extending from one of the parallel channels so as to cooperatively form an L-shaped nail loading slot therewith. A guide member is disposed on a front discharging end of the magazine unit, and cooperates with the front discharging end to define a stroke path of a driving member of a nail-driving tool. The guide member defines a guiding slot to guide a U-shaped nail to move along the stroke path. A guide bar is mounted in the guiding slot, and has a guiding portion configured to be raised to guide movement of an L-shaped nail, and can be depressed by the driving member to retreat into a retreat bore.

Abstract: An assembled device for stationery tools comprises a cover and a receiving mount that can be reciprocally secured to each other wherein the cover has a guiding ringed edge defined by an appropriate-size littering port in the center to correspond to a guide rod protruding in the center of the receiving mount thereon. Besides, the cover also includes an elongated slot, a retaining hole, and elongated and flat insert holes appropriately arranged to surround the outer periphery of the top surface thereon wherein the elongated slot can be applied to snap off an endmost edge blade of a utility knife, while the retaining hole and the insert holes thereof can respectively serve to hold in place various types of stationery tools so that the stationery tools can be neatly stored and positioned in specific locations for further use, achieving the best state of application thereby.

Abstract: A toolbox with a processor; the toolbox having a processor and a box body; the processor having a connecting end which is exposed at an outer side of a box body; the connecting end serving for connecting at least one external device; wherein these devices can be controlled and integrated through the processors. The box body has at least one slot; and the connecting end exposes in the slot. The connecting end is connected to at least one of an illumination device, a personal stereo, a microphone and a trumpet. The box body is installed with a display panel and an operating panel. The box body is connected to a personal stereo and a trumpet so that the sound from the personal stereo is played from the trumpet.

Abstract: A medical waste disposal system comprising an outer enclosure defining an interior and an opening providing access into the interior of the outer enclosure. A disposable container is positioned and substantially enclosed within the interior of the outer enclosure. A hood assembly is positioned and supported at least partially within the outer enclosure above the open end of the disposable container so as to at least partially define a passage extending between the opening defined in the outer enclosure and an open end of the container. A lid is configured to be positioned over and substantially close the open end of the container while the container is enclosed within the interior of the enclosure.

Abstract: A medical waste disposal system comprising a disposable receptacle defining an opening and a hood assembly defining a passage therethrough and configured to be removably connected to the disposable receptacle such that the hood assembly passage aligns with the opening of the disposable receptacle and defines a disposal path into the disposable receptacle. A lid is coupled to the disposable receptacle and movable between an open position to permit passage of medical waste through the opening of the disposable receptacle and a closed position to substantially close the opening of the disposable receptacle and thereby substantially close the opening.

Abstract: A medical waste disposal system comprising a hood assembly defining a passage therethrough and a disposable container configured to be positioned below the hood assembly and defining an open end sized to receive medical waste. A deck component is configured to be mounted adjacent the open end of the disposable container and defines an opening for the passage of medical waste into the disposable container. The deck component comprises a first connector configured to removably receive the hood assembly and a second connector configured to receive a lid. The lid is configured to substantially close the deck component opening when the lid is positioned on the deck component, thereby blocking the disposal path.

Abstract: A tool case including modular storage compartments. In one aspect, the tool case includes a translucent cover and the modular storage compartments can be removed from the tool case and displayed or mounted to a surface. In another aspect, the case may be configured such that the gravitational load of the contents of the case does not flow through the cover when the case is lifted by a handle, thus facilitating the cover to be made from lightweight translucent material. This configuration is achieved by connecting the handle to the floor of the base of the case, allowing the handle to protrude through an opening in the cover, the cover being separately removable.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a packing structure for a panel display device comprising a box having a base portion space that is created in a lower cushioning member on a side of a back of a main body and receives the base portion of a stand with a long side of the base portion oriented horizontally; a stand disposed in the base portion space with a shaft portion extended along a back of the main body; and the box accommodating the lower cushioning member, the main body, an upper cushioning member, and the stand.

Abstract: A nestable display crate for bottle carriers having a floor and a wall structure with that is designed to reveal the labels on the bottle carriers. The wall structure is of double thickness and comprises a lower wall portion adjacent the floor and a plurality of integrally formed contoured upper wall portions extending upward from the lower wall portion. The wall structure is hollow throughout allowing the contoured upper wall portions to be received within the lower wall portion of a crate nested thereabove. The contoured upper wall portions are tapered to be smaller in cross section at the top and larger near the lower wall portion to enable easy nesting and to avoid nested crates from becoming wedged together due to interference. The upper wall portions are in the shape of gear teeth that are spaced along the opposing sidewalls and endwalls of the crate.

Abstract: A reusable, conformable, waterproof wrap protects stacks of boxes or other items from damage by ground level liquids. The wrap can be made of one or more sheets of one or more materials that together provide durability, abrasion resistance and waterproofing for the bottom portion of the item, extending up the sides a desired distance from the ground. Items are placed on the wrap, and a margin of unused material around the periphery can be folded up and securely wrapped around the item. Heavy weight Velcro® can allow folds of extra material at the corners to be secured flat along the vertical sides of item. Velcro® or other straps can be provided for extra reinforcement, tautness, and security. Riser strips and/or riser points on the bottom of the wrap can help reduce friction when the wrap is secured on the bottom of a stack of boxes being pushed or dragged, such as along a warehouse floor.

Abstract: An improved child-resistant blister package is provided in which the lidding component includes a tear-resistant nonwoven layer with a thermally resistant layer adhered thereto and a barrier layer.

Abstract: A method of medical waste disposal comprising (a) positioning an open end of a container relative to a hood assembly such that the hood assembly substantially covers the open end of the container; (b) depositing medical waste in the container through a passage defined by the hood assembly until the container is at least partially full; (c) placing a lid over the open end of the container such that the open end is substantially closed; (d) disposing of the container; (e) sterilizing the hood assembly; and (f) repeating step (a).

Abstract: The present invention provides a storage case for cards and the like, which is capable of storing cards and card packs in association with the cards and the card packs. Frame members 13, 15 are provided on base plates 5, 7. The frame members 13, 15 respectively include a card storage portion 19 which stores at least one card used for a game and the like, and a card pack storage portion 21 which stores a card pack with or without cards enclosed therein. The card storage portion 19 and the card pack storage portion 21 are arranged adjacent to each other. Cover members 31, 33 which are transparent and are made of an integrally-molded component are fitted with the frame members 13, 15.

Abstract: A merchandiser (10) is disclosed having a main body (20), top shelf (110) and bottom shelf (31). A slidable graphics panel (90) with a bumper (100) formed in the back thereof is positioned such that the interlocking channels (60,61) permit the graphics panel (90) to move between upper and lower positions relative to the main body (20). When the graphics panel (90) is in the upper position, the wares (200) on the bottom shelf (31) are viewable to potential purchasers and when the graphics panel (90) is in the lower position, the wares (200) on the upper shelf are viewable to potential purchasers. A sample opening (80) is also constructed in the body (20) wherein a product sample (200) may be conveniently removed, tested or demonstrated and returned to the merchandiser (10).

Abstract: A suspension packaging system can include a foldable member configured to form a cavity as well as a suspension device for suspending an article to be packaged within the cavity. The suspension portion can include foldable portions configured to cooperate with a retention member having pockets. The foldable portions can fit into the pockets and then be folded so as to generate tension in the retention member. The entire device, with the exception of the retention member, can be made from a single piece of material, such as corrugated cardboard, which thus reduces waste and simplifies bulk distribution of such a suspension packaging system.

Abstract: A surgical tray corner protector includes a support base, a side wall extending along an edge of the support base, and a plurality of apertures extending through the support base to form a tray support surface, providing improved drainage and air flow.

Abstract: A packaging case (C;C?) erected by folding from a one-piece vacuum-formed moulded sheet, has rectangular walls (1-4;71-74) that fold, and are clipped closed, about an article (A;S) to be protected from shock. The ends of the case are almost- completely closed by conformal edge-to-edge abutment of end-flanges (8-11;78-81) of serpentine profile that are upstanding from the walls (1-4;71-74). The flange-edges are each moulded with ridges (13,15) and grooves (14,16) that nest ridge-within- groove with those of the abutting edges, for absorbing shock. The walls (1-4;71-74) are hinged together edge-to-edge, and at their edges rise in steps (23,24,33.34,43,44) to a central plinth (22,32,42). The steps (23,24,33,34,43,44) of adjacent walls abut one another within the erected case for shock absorption, and each wall (1-4;71-74) is strengthened by circular recesses (25-28,35-38,45-49) of reducing diameter with depth, let into its plinth (22,32.42).

Abstract: A packing member includes two pairs of boxes arranged at the two opposite sides of a product respectively. Each pair of boxes cooperatively sandwiches the product therebetween at a corresponding side of the product. Each of the boxes includes a first sidewall, at least a middle sidewall, and a last sidewall being sequentially connected together. The first sidewall connects with the last sidewall to thereby form a through hole enclosed by said sidewalls except two ends of the box. A receiving hole is defined in said sidewalls and communicates with the through hole. The receiving holes of each pair of boxes face toward each other and hold opposite ends of the corresponding side of the product therein.

Abstract: A container configured to hold a plurality of substrates lined up vertically with space therebetween, which includes a container main unit formed in a tube shape having a quadrangular cross section as a whole that includes a first opening provided on one end side and a second opening provided on the other end side of the container spaced apart in the horizontal direction from the first opening, the first opening serving as an entrance for loading and unloading the substrates, a fan filter unit that is provided in an area of the second opening and that causes movement of air from the second opening toward the first opening, and a lid configured to be attached in an area of the entrance of the container main unit, the lid having an open state and a closed state, and forming a ventilation opening that allows air to pass in the closed state.

Abstract: Methods are provided for increasing the temperature of a section of conduit used for the production or transmission of hydrocarbon. According to one aspect, a method is provided for increasing the temperature of a section of conduit used for the production or transmission of hydrocarbon, the method comprising the steps of: forming a treatment fluid comprising: (i) a carrier fluid; (ii) a first reactant and a second reactant, wherein the first reactant and second reactant are selected for being capable of reacting together in an exothermic chemical reaction; the first and second reactant are in at least sufficient concentrations in the carrier fluid to generate a theoretical heat of reaction of at least 1,000 kJ/liter of the treatment fluid; and (iii) a catalyst for the reaction between the first reactant and the second reactant, wherein at least some of the catalyst is suspended in the carrier fluid in a solid form that is adapted to help control the release of the catalyst into the carrier fluid.