Abstract: An ink-jet ink is provided which exhibits excellent ejection stability during printing and results in improved abrasion resistance of text and images formed on various recording media, as well as improved image smoothness by employing an ink-jet ink wherein in the ink jet ink incorporating at least a pigment, water, and fine polymer particles, the ink viscosity ratio ?2/?1 satisfies the conditions specified by Formula (1) below, and a recording method using the same: 0.8<?2/?1<5.0??Formula (1) wherein ?1 represents the viscosity of an ink-jet ink at 25° C. which incorporates a viscosity retarding material or incorporates at least a pigment, water, and fine polymer particles, while ?2 represents the viscosity of the above ink at 25° C. in which water equivalent to 10 percent by weight of the entire ink weight has been evaporated.

Abstract: A flowable material for pavement repair and maintenance comprises rounded sand coated with a polymer surfactant to be non absorbent of water in the presence of a polymer mix which allows time for easy placement of the mix into damaged pavement. The polymer surfactant coating creates a strong affinity between the sand and the polymer mix. The materials are chosen preferably to cause an isoviscous reaction to occur. This type of reaction is characterized by a setting phase which stabilizes the repair before a rapid change in viscosity occurs and may be further enabled by an excess of polymer to increase flowability. An excess of polymer insures that sufficient binder remains at the upper portions of the repair to provide flexible and waterproof structure while excess fluid components settle to the bottom of the repair before setting occurs to seal the surrounding pavement. The slow buildup of viscosity allows the sand to settle so that the mix becomes self-compacting.

Abstract: It is provided a raw material composition, having various uses, comprising components (1) to (3) as described below: (1) a composition comprising (a) a polymer component including a homopolymer of vinyl acetate or a partial hydrolysate thereof, or a copolymer of vinyl acetate and one or more monomers selected from a group consisting of acrylic esters, amide acrylate, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, methacrylic esters, maleic acid, maleic anhydride, and fumaric acid or a partial hydrolysate thereof; (2) a composition comprising one or more compounds selected from a group consisting of silicone compounds, polyvinyl acetate, cetyl methyl cellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, and epoxy resins; and (3) organic or inorganic powder.

Abstract: According to the present invention there is provided a composition as obtained from a melt comprising esterified starch, preferably having a degree of substitution of at least about 1.5, and preferably an amylose content of at least about 50% by weight with respect to that of the starch, and a linear polyester. The invention further provides the composition in the form of a melt or when shaped into articles.

Abstract: In accordance with the present invention, there are provided novel benzoxazine compounds and thermosetting resin compositions prepared therefrom. Invention compositions are particularly useful for increasing adhesion at interfaces within microelectronic packages. Invention benzoxazines are useful for the preparation of invention compositions with properties which are associated with increased adhesion at interfaces, such as, for example, low shrinkage on cure and low coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE). In another aspect of the invention, there are provided die-attach pastes having increased interfacial adhesion. Invention die-attach pastes include benzoxazine-containing thermosetting resin compositions. In further aspects of the invention, there are provided methods for enhancing adhesive strength of thermosetting resin compositions and methods for enhancing adhesion of a substrate bound to a metallic surface by a thermosetting resin composition.

Abstract: A flame-retardant polymeric composition comprising (i) a polymer; (ii) a triazine or a mixture of halogenated or non-halogenated triazines; (iii) a bismuth compound of formula BizAw where A is X, O, CO3, O2CO3; and (iv) a compound chosen between red phosphorus, a phosphorous compound or an organic compound capable of forming free radicals, in which the maximum content of halogen on the total of the components from (i) to (iv) in said composition is 1 wt %.

Abstract: A flexible thermoplastic composition comprises poly(arylene ether); a plasticizer having an affinity for polyolefin; a polyolefin and a hydrogenated block copolymer of an alkenyl aromatic compound and a conjugated diene, wherein the polyolefin comprises (i) an ethylene/C7-C20 alpha olefin copolymer having an alpha olefin content greater than or equal to about 10%, (ii) a thermoplastic vulcanizate (iii) a combination of linear low density polyethylene and a thermoplastic vulcanizate, (iv) a combination of an ethylene/C7-C20 alpha olefin copolymer having an alpha olefin content greater than or equal to about 10%, a linear low density polyethylene, and a thermoplastic vulcanizate, (v) a combination of an ethylene/C7-C20 alpha olefin copolymer having an alpha olefin content greater than or equal to about 10% and a thermoplastic vulcanizate or (vi) a combination of an ethylene/C7-C20 alpha olefin copolymer having an alpha olefin content greater than or equal to about 10% and linear low density polyethylene.

Abstract: Siloxane-containing materials that have been prepared by a sol-gel method and polymeric binder materials from interpenetrating networks. Silicon-containing layers including such interpenetrating networks are provided. Methods for preparing interpenetrating networks and silicon-containing layers including interpenetrating networks are also provided. In addition, photoreceptors and image-forming apparatus including such silicon-containing layers are provided.

Abstract: A hydrido-silicone resin is incompletely reacted with an olefin under hydrosilylation conditions to produce a partially substituted hydrido-silicone that is further reacted under hydrosilylation conditions with a vinyl containing silicone to consume the remaining hydride species to produce a composition that is useful as an anti-mist agent in the coating of flexible supports.

Abstract: In one embodiment, the invention provides an air movement device having a matrix polymer and nanoparticles. In another embodiment, the invention provides a method of manufacturing an air movement device having dry-mixing about 30% to about 80% by weight matrix polymer and about 2% to about 15% by weight layered clay to form a dry mixture, extruding the mixture to form a polymer nanocomposite, and molding the polymer nanocomposite into an air movement device. In yet another embodiment, the invention provides an air movement device having about 30% to about 80% by weight polypropylene, about 3% to about 10% by weight layered clay, and about 1% to about 10% by weight maleic anhydride grafted polystyrene, wherein the air movement device has a UL 94 5VA flame retardant rating.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a high-quality rubber product while preventing carbon black from separating from the rubber polymer and from reaggregating, without deteriorating the work environment, and the rubber product obtained by the method. The method for manufacturing a rubber product comprising preparing a rubber composition containing carbon black mixed in rubber by a rubber kneading procedure including a mastication process and a kneading process; and vulcanizing and molding the rubber composition to manufacture a rubber product, wherein, together with the carbon black, a monofunctional acrylic monomer is mixed in the rubber in the mastication process.

Abstract: The present invention provides a poly(styrene-butadiene-styrene) polymer having a high vinyl content in the butadiene block. The polymer also has a polystyrene content from 15% to 20% by weight; a coupling efficiency from 50 to 80%; a styrene block molecular weight from 9,000 to 10,000 g/mol; a vinyl content from 20 to 45%; and a melt flow rate of equal to or greater than 10.

Abstract: A flexible bakeware compound includes an addition-cured silicone polymer with approximately 0.1 to 15 weight percent of polytetrafluoroethylene. More specifically, the compound preferably includes a methyl vinyl silicone polymer from about 40 to 70 weight percent, a filler from about 5 to 50 weight percent, chloro platanic acid from about 0.1 to 5 weight percent, and polytetrafluoroethylene in an amount of about 6 weight percent. A flexible bakeware container is also provided that includes a receiving channel in a shoulder of the baking container. A carrier is received by the receiving channel to add rigidity to the shoulder, thereby enabling a user to more easily carry the flexible baking container.

Abstract: Oligomer-modified anionically polymerized polymers, reinforced materials made with the polymers and articles made from the reinforced materials are provided. The oligomer-modified polymers are made by reacting anionically polymerized polymers with low molecular weight acrylic oligomers. The oligomer-modified polymers may be used as adhesives, compatibilizers, reinforcing agents and impact modifiers.

Abstract: Disclosed is a thermoplastic elastomer composition comprising 100 parts by weight of EPDM rubber, 5-1,000 parts by weight of styrenic thermoplastic elastomer, 50-3,000 parts by weight of paraffin oil, 10-200 parts by weight of a polyolefin resin as a curative, 1-15 parts by weight of a phenolic resin, and 0.5-5 parts by weight of a curing activator. The composition is superior in flowability, mechanical properties and oil resistance as well as being low in hardness, so that it can be applied for automobile parts.

Abstract: A curable sealant composition is provided. The composition includes a polymer including at least conjugated dime contributed monomer units in a backbone of the polymer and terminal groups including silicon. The composition also includes additional sealant ingredients selected from the group consisting of plasticizers, filler, reinforcing agents, modifiers, curing catalysts/hardeners, stabilizers, and mixtures thereof.

Abstract: The present invention relates a biodegradable resin composition comprising an L-lactic acid unit-containing resin (1) and a D-lactic acid unit-containing resin (2). Also disclosed is a biodegradable resin molded article obtained from the biodegradable resin composition.

Abstract: Process for polymerizing at least one olefinic monomer selected from ethylene, propylene and 1-butene in a loop reactor in the presence of a polymerization catalyst at from 20 to 150° C., but below the melting point of a polymer to be formed, and a pressure of from 43 to 80 bar, where the polymer formed is present in a suspension in a liquid or supercritical suspension medium and wherein the suspension is circulated by means of an axial pump, wherein the polymerization is carried out at an average solids concentration in the reactor of more than 53% by weight, in the case of continuous product discharge, and at an average solids concentration in the reactor of more than 45% by weight, in the case of discontinuous product discharge, and wherein the polymerization is carried out at an ethylene concentration of at least 10 mol %, based on the suspension medium.

Abstract: This invention relates to catalyst compositions, methods, and polymers encompassing at least one Group 4 metallocene compound comprising bridging ?5-cyclopentadienyl-type ligands, typically in combination with at least one cocatalyst, and at least one activator. The compositions and methods disclosed herein provide ethylene polymers with low levels of long chain branching.

Abstract: Provided is catalyst composition including a transition metal complex precatalyst represented by Formula 1; a first cocatalyst represented by Formula 2 which is an alkylaluminum compound; and a second cocatalyst represented by Formula 3 which is a salt compound comprising a Bronsted acid cation and a noncoordinating, compatible anion. Here, R1, R2, R3, R4, E, Q1, Q2 and M are defined in the specification. Al(R6)3??Formula 2 Here, R6 is defined in the specification. [L-H]+[ZA4]???Formula 3 Here, L, [L-H]+, Z and A are defined in the specification. A catalyst composition including binuclear transition metal complexes, an alkylaluminum compound, and a salt compound including a Bronsted acid cation, and a noncoordinating, compatible anion, and a method of preparing the catalyst composition are provided.

Abstract: A shrink film comprising a polyethylene film of thickness 5 to 500 ?m, wherein the polyethylene comprises an ethylene homopolymer-copolymer mixture having a molecular weight distribution in the range of 5 to 40, and a weight average molecular weight of at least 100 kD.

Abstract: A method for preparing reversibly cross-linked isotactic polypropylene having a degree of crystallinity substantially identical to a degree of crystallinity of a starting polypropylene by mixing in the presence of heat, a polymer of isotactic polypropylene homopolymer; isotactic polypropylene copolymer; mixtures of isotactic polypropylene homopolymer and copolymer with an elastomer, an organic peroxide, and an accelerator, forming macro-radicals; the simultaneously coupling the macro-radicals with a sulfur obtaining an optimum cross-linking degree and a product made by the method.

Abstract: Compositions for golf balls including oxirane functional endcapped polymers and, in particular, compositions formed from polyurethane-based or polyurea-based prepolymers that are endcapped with an oxirane functional group. The oxirane functionality is opened with a suitable curing agent to provide a composition that has flexibility via the prepolymer backbone and stiffness via the oxirane functional endcaps.

Abstract: Provided a process for producing a polycarbonate which comprises reacting an aqueous alkali solution of a dihydric phenol with phosgene in the presence of an organic solvent to produce a polycarbonate oligomer and subsequently polycondensing the oligomer, wherein an emulsion solution of a polycarbonate oligomer-containing organic solvent obtained in the polycarbonate oligomer production step is introduced into a coalescer to separate the emulsion solution into a polycarbonate oligomer-containing organic solvent phase and an aqueous phase, and the polycarbonate oligomer-containing organic solvent phase is subjected to polycondensation. Thus the emulsion solution of a polycarbonate oligomer-containing organic solvent obtained in the polycarbonate oligomer production step is efficiently separated to reduce the content of impurity-containing water in the oligomer for producing a polycarbonate having excellent quality and to a obtain wastewater having a low content of organic materials.

Abstract: Polythiophenes of the formula wherein R is a side chain; m is the number of substituents; A is a divalent linkage; x, y and z represent, respectively, the numbers of R substituted thienylene, unsubstituted thienylene, and divalent linkages A in the monomer segment with z being either 0 or 1; and n represents the number of the repeating monomer segments in the polymer chain or the degree of polymerization.

Abstract: In the dehydration step, a mixture comprising an organic amide solvent and a sulfur source is heated, vapor volatilized is guided to a distillation column, a fraction comprising the organic amide solvent as a principal component is refluxed into a reaction vessel, a fraction comprising water and hydrogen sulfide is cooled to discharge hydrogen sulfide that is not condensed by the cooling and reflux a part of water condensed into the distillation column, the remaining water is discharged, a relational expression between the total amount of water of an amount of water refluxed and an amount of water discharged without being refluxed, and an amount of hydrogen sulfide discharged from the reaction vessel is determined in advance, and an amount of hydrogen sulfide discharged from the reaction vessel is calculated out from a measured value of the total amount of water on the basis of the relational expression to control a charged molar ratio of the sulfur source to a dihalo-aromatic compound.

Abstract: A method for transferring polymer within a polymerization system, comprising continuously withdrawing the polymer from the reactor and conveying the polymer from a reactor to a flash chamber via a pressure differential between the reactor and the flash chamber. A method for transferring polymer within a polymerization system comprising conveying the polymer from a reactor to a flash chamber via a pressure differential between the reactor and the flash chamber and purging interstitial gases from the polymer prior to conveying the polymer from the sash chamber to a purge column. A method for transferring polymer within a polymerization system comprising conveying the polymer from a flash chamber directly to a purge column via a pressure differential between the flash chamber and the purge column.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an immunostimulatory peptide derived from an Hsp70 protein and peptides comprising said immunostimulatory peptide. Furthermore the present invention pertains to polynucleotides encoding said peptide, vectors comprising said polynucleotides, fusion (poly)peptides comprising said peptide and compositions comprising said peptide. In addition the present invention relates to the use of said peptide, polynucleotide, vector or fusion (poly)peptide, for the preparation of pharmaceutical compositions for the treatment of diseases and for the stimulation of natural killer cell (NK cell) activity.

Abstract: The present invention relates to livin-derived peptides with pro-apoptotic activity. More specifically, the present invention provides peptides p30-Livin ? and p28-Livin ?, derived from Livin ? and ?, respectively, as well as compositions thereof. These herein described peptides display pro-apoptotic activity. Thus, another object of the present invention is the use of the peptides or compositions thereof for the enhancement and/or induction of apoptosis, as well as for the treatment of cancer. Finally, the invention also provides a method of enhancing the sensitivity of cells to death-inducing treatments or agents through the use of the peptides of the invention.

Abstract: A tumor antigen that comprises, as an active ingredient, a product of the Wilms' tumor suppressor gene WT1 or a peptide composed of 7-30 contiguous amino acids containing an anchor amino acid for binding to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I in said amino acid sequence, and a vaccine comprising said antigen.

Abstract: Using the protein chip technology, biological samples such as sera are subjected to proteome analysis. Thus, a protein which is a human fibrinogen ?-E chain decomposition product and has a molecular weight of 5,900, a protein which is an apolipoprotein AII decomposition product and has a molecular weight of 7,800, and a protein which is an apolipoprotein AI decomposition product and has a molecular weight of 28,000, each showing an increase or a decrease with the habit of drinking, are newly found out. By detecting or quantifying these proteins, a liver disease in a subject such as one having a problem of drinking can be diagnosed at the early stage.

Abstract: Compositions and methods for the therapy and diagnosis of cancer, such as prostate cancer, are disclosed. Compositions may comprise one or more prostate-specific proteins, immunogenic portions thereof, or polynucleotides that encode such portions. Alternatively, a therapeutic composition may comprise an antigen presenting cell that expresses a prostate-specific protein, or a T cell that is specific for cells expressing such a protein. Such compositions may be used, for example, for the prevention and treatment of diseases such as prostate cancer. Diagnostic methods based on detecting a prostate-specific protein, or mRNA encoding such a protein, in a sample are also provided.

Abstract: An improved pasteurization protocol for pasteurizing microbial cells is disclosed. The protocol has three stages, a first heating stage, a second plateau stage at which the cells are held at a (maximum and) constant temperature, and a third cooling stage. Both the heating and the cooling stages are rapid, with the temperature of the cells passing through 40 to 80° C. in no more than 30 minutes in the heating stage. The heating rate is at least 0.5° C./minute and during cooling is at least ?0.5° C./minute. The plateau maximum temperature is from 70 to 85° C. By plotting the pasteurization protocol on a time (t, minutes) versus temperature (T, ° C.) graph, one obtains a trapezium having an area less than 13,000° C. minute. Not only does this result in a smaller energy input (and so a reduction in costs), but a better quality (and less oxidized) oil results having a peroxide value (POV) of less than 1.5 and an anisidine value (AnV) of less than 1.0.

Abstract: The invention concerns a cell support comprising an RGD-enriched gelatine that has a more even distribution of RGD sequences than occurring in a natural gelatine and with a minimum level of RGD sequences. More precise the percentage of RGD sequences related to the total number of amino acids is at least 0.4 and if the RGD-enriched gelatine comprises 350 amino acids or more, each stretch of 350 amino acids contains at least one RGD motif. Preferably the RGD-enriched gelatines are prepared by recombinant technology, and have a sequence that is derived from a human gelatine or collagen amino acid sequence. The invention also relates to RGD-enriched gelatines that are used for attachment to integrins. In particular The RGD-enriched gelatines of the invention are suitable for coating a cell culture support for growing anchor dependant cell types.

Abstract: A polypeptide, designated as “Streptococcus uberis Adhesion Molecule” (SUAM), and fragments of SUAM, prevent internalization and adherence of Streptococcus uberis and other streptococcal pathogens to cells. The SUAM polypeptide and fragments may be used diagnostically and therapeutically. Nucleic acid sequences encoding the SUAM polypeptide and fragments are included in the invention.

Abstract: The subject invention relates to novel Xenorhabdus toxin complex (TC) proteins and genes that encode these proteins. More specifically, the subject invention relates to TC genes and proteins obtainable from Xenorhabdus strain Xwi. The subject invention also provides an exochitinase obtainable from the Xwi strain. This exochitinase can be used to control insects using methods known in the art.

Abstract: The present invention describes a newly discovered full-length polynucleotide encoding an SH2/SH3 domain-containing adapter protein, called hSLAP-2, cloned, isolated and identified. Also described are the hSLAP-2 polypeptide sequence, expression vectors, host cells, agonists, antagonists, anti-sense molecules, and antibodies related to the polynucleotide and/or polypeptide of the present invention. Methods for screening for modulators, particularly inhibitors, of the hSLAP-2 protein and use of the hSLAP-2 polynucleotide and polypeptide for therapeutics and diagnostics are described.

Abstract: Cytokines and their receptors have proven usefulness in both basic research and as therapeutics. The present invention provides a new human cytokine receptor designated as “Zcytor14.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the identification of a PEST motif in Suppressor of Cytokine Signalling (SOCS) proteins, the deletion/inactivation of which has been found to increase the stability of the protein whilst maintaining at least one biological activity of the protein. Such SOCS proteins with deleted/inactivated PEST motifs can be used in gene and protein therapy procedures to provide a more stable SOCS protein when compared to the native protein. The present invention also relates to the characterization of the structure of SOCS proteins, and methods of using this structural information to identify compounds which modulate the activity of SOCS.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are nucleic acid and polypeptide sequences of a novel rat voltage-gated potassium channel, KCNQ5. Also disclosed herein are methods related to the use of the aforementioned potassium channel.

Abstract: Homogeneous preparations of IL-28A, IL-28B, and IL-29 have been produced by mutating one or more of the cysteine residues in the polynucleotide sequences encoding the mature proteins. The cysteine mutant proteins can be shown to either bind to their cognate receptor or exhibit biological activity. One type of biological activity that is shown is an antiviral activity.

Abstract: The present invention provides the TWEAK receptor and methods for identifying and using agonists and antagonists of the TWEAK receptor. In particular, the invention provides methods of screening for agonists and antagonists and for treating diseases or conditions mediated by angiogenesis, such as solid tumors and vascular deficiencies of cardiac or peripheral tissue.

Abstract: The present invention relates to ligands which bind to human tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF) in a manner such that upon binding of these ligands to TNF the biological activity of TNF is modified. In preferred forms the ligand binds to TNF in a manner such that the induction of endothelial procoagulant activity of the TNF is inhibited; the binding of TNF to receptors on endothelial cells is inhibited; the induction of fibrin deposition in the tumor and tumor regression activities of the TNF are enhanced; and the cytotoxicity and receptor binding activities of the TNF are unaffected or enhanced on tumor cells. The ligand is preferably an antibody, F(ab) fragment, single domain antibody (dABs), single chain antibody or a serum binding protein. It is preferred, however, that the ligand is a monoclonal antibody or F(ab) fragment thereof.

Abstract: This invention relates to monovalent and multivalent, monospecific binding proteins and to multivalent, multispecific binding proteins. One embodiment of these binding proteins has one or more binding sites where each binding site binds with a target antigen or an epitope on a target antigen. Another embodiment of these binding proteins has two or more binding sites where each binding site has affinity towards different epitopes on a target antigen or has affinity towards either a target antigen or a hapten. The present invention further relates to recombinant vectors useful for the expression of these functional binding proteins in a host. More specifically, the present invention relates to the tumor-associated antigen binding protein designated RS7, and other EGP-1 binding-proteins. The invention further relates to humanized, human and chimeric RS7 antigen binding proteins, and the use of such binding proteins in diagnosis and therapy.

Abstract: The present invention provides anti-aPC antibodies that suppress the inactivation of activated protein C (aPC), and uses thereof. The present inventors screened anti-aPC antibodies, and succeeded in isolating anti-aPC antibodies comprising the activity of suppressing aPC inactivation in blood. The antibodies of the present invention can be used to maintain aPC activity by suppressing aPC inactivation, and can thus be used to sustain aPC bioactivities, such as the activity of suppressing activation of the blood coagulation system, and anti-inflammatory activity. In addition, the present invention provides uses of the antibodies of the present invention in aPC therapy for diseases such as thrombosis and sepsis. The therapeutic effect of aPC can be prolonged in treatment that uses aPC administration by allowing an antibody of the present invention to bind with aPC. The antibodies of the present invention can be used in the treatment and prevention of diseases such as thrombosis and sepsis.

Abstract: The invention relates to a novel compound termed NKp30 that is selectively expressed by all mature NK cells and that is involved in human natural cytoxicity as an activatory receptor, to new antibodies that bind to the NKp30 structure, and to the pharmaceutical and medicinal uses thereof.

Abstract: The present invention relates to monoclonal antibody 1A7. This is an anti-idiotype produced by immunizing with an antibody specific for ganglioside GD2, and identifying a hybridoma secreting antibody with immunogenic potential in a multi-step screening process. Also disclosed are polynucleotide and polypeptide derivatives based on 1A7, including single chain variable region molecules and fusion proteins, and various pharmaceutical compositions. When administered to an individual, the 1A7 antibody overcomes immune tolerance and induces an immune response against GD2, which comprises a combination of anti-GD2 antibody and GD2-specific T cells. The invention further provides methods for treating a disease associated with altered GD2 expression, particularly melanoma, neuroblastoma, glioma, soft tissue sarcoma, and small cell carcinoma. Patients who are in remission as a result of traditional modes of cancer therapy may be treat with a composition of this invention in hopes of reducing the risk of recurrence.

Abstract: A method for purifying a membrane protein is disclosed which includes providing a test sample potentially including a target membrane protein; adding incremental amounts of a precipitating agent to the test sample to form one or more mixtures; and treating the one or more mixtures under conditions effective to obtain precipitated, purified target membrane protein if present in the test sample.

Abstract: A process for isolating nucleic acid from a nucleic acid-containing sample, which comprises: (a) providing a chaotrope; (b) providing a nucleic acid binding solid phase capable of binding nucleic acid in the presence of the chaotrope; (c) providing a source of NH4+ or NH3; (d) contacting the sample with the nucleic acid binding solid phase in the presence of a liquid phase comprising the chaotrope and the NH4+ or NH3; and (e) optionally separating the solid phase with the nucleic acid bound thereto from the liquid phase.

Abstract: Methods for expressing active enzymes are described that involve co-expressing a first enzyme with a second enzyme that has an enzymatic activity that reverses a modification on the first enzyme and/or for identification of soluble and/or active catalytic domains by systematic variation of fragment lengths around catalytic domain boundaries.