Abstract: A switch includes at least one input configured to receive data and at least two outputs configured to send data to at least two further switches in a network via at least two output links. Each output link has a known hop value. The switch further includes a direction determinator that determines a routing direction for the data from information identifying a relative location of the switch in the network and information identifying a destination of said data. A distributor within the switch processes the routing direction and direction information about each output link in order to select one of said at least two outputs for outputting said data. The selection that is made prioritizes output links for selection which have relatively higher known hop values.

Abstract: A method for Associated Channel (ACH) capability negotiation includes: receiving a first label mapping message; judging whether the first label mapping message carries ACH capability information of a first node; if the first label mapping message carries the ACH capability information of the first node, generating a second label mapping message, where the second label mapping message carries the ACH capability information of the first node; and sending the second label mapping message to an upstream node. The method may be applied in a Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) network, and may be used for distribution and negotiation of ACH capabilities of a network device.

Abstract: An Ethernet outlet senses the presence of an Ethernet signal and transmits an Ethernet ID signal in response to the restoration of an Ethernet signal that was interrupted. The sensing circuit is designed to have no detrimental effect on Ethernet signals. Using this system, the locations of Ethernet outlets and network endpoint devices connected to the outlets can be determined following the interruption and reestablishment of network communications. Outlets according to the present invention can be used in copper-based networks or in networks having fiber optic components.

Abstract: A signal distribution circuit includes: first to n-th input lines on which first to n-th signals are respectively input; first to (n?1)th selectors each of which selects one of two inputs under the control of a select signal; and a first output line on which the first signal is output and second to n-th output lines on which output signals of the first to (n?1)th selectors are respectively output, wherein: the first and second inputs of the first selector are supplied with the first signal and the second signal, respectively, the first and second inputs of the i-th selector (i is an integer between 2 and (n?1)) are supplied with the output signal of the (i?1)th selector and the (i+1)th signal, respectively, and any of the selectors, when selected by the select signal, selects the second input and, when not selected by the select signal, selects the first input.

Abstract: In an embodiment, a method is provided at which it is used in a device. In this method, a logical identifier assigned to the device is identified and additionally, a mesh group identifier identifying a mesh group is identified. The logical identifier and the mesh group identifier are encoded in a routing message, which is used in an inter-domain routing protocol, and this routing message is transmitted to a reflector device in communication with the device. The reflector device is configured to transmit the routing message to a remote device included in the computer network.

Abstract: A traffic manager includes an execution unit that is responsive to instructions related to queuing of data in memory. The instructions may be provided by a network processor that is programmed to generate such instructions, depending on the data. Examples of such instructions include (1) writing of data units (of fixed size or variable size) without linking to a queue, (2) re-sequencing of the data units relative to one another without moving the data units in memory, and (3) linking the previously-written data units to a queue. The network processor and traffic manager may be implemented in a single chip.

Abstract: Embodiments are directed to promptly reestablishing communication between nodes in a dynamic computer network and dynamically maintaining an address list in an unstable network. A computer system sends a message to other message queuing nodes in a network, where each node in the message queuing network includes a corresponding persistent unique global identifier. The computer system maintains a list of unique global identifiers and the current network addresses of those network nodes from which the message queuing node has received a message or to which the message queuing node has sent a message. The computer system goes offline for a period of time and upon coming back online, sends an announcement message to each node maintained in the list indicating that the message queuing node is ready for communication in the message queuing network, where each message includes the destination node's globally unique identifier and the node's current network address.

Abstract: A queue scheduling method and apparatus is disclosed in the embodiments of the present invention, the method comprises: one or more queues are indexed by using a first circulation link list; one or more queues are accessed respectively by using the front pointer of the first circulation link list, and the value acquired from subtracting a value of a unit to be scheduled at the head of the queue from a weight middle value of each queue is treated as the residual weight middle value of the queue; when the weight middle value of one queue in the first circulation link list is less than the unit to be scheduled at the head of the queue, the queue is deleted from the first circulation link list and the weight middle value is updated with the sum of a set weight value and the residual weight middle value of the queue; the queue deleted from the first circulation link list is linked with a second circulation link list.

Abstract: A network device includes a first transceiver unit, a second transceiver unit and a control unit. The first transceiver unit is utilized for processing a data corresponding to a first physical (PHY) layer via a first interface. The second transceiver unit is utilized for processing a data corresponding to a second PHY layer via a second interface. The control unit is utilized for processing a data corresponding to a media access control (MAC) layer, wherein the control unit connects with at least one of the first transceiver unit and the second transceiver unit with reference to a connection scheme.

Abstract: Provided are a method of packetizing encoded symbols and an apparatus using the same. The method includes an encoded symbol and target packet selection step of deciding a first source symbol and selecting an unpacketized first encoded symbol and a target packet into which the unpacketized first encoded symbol is inserted if there is the unpacketized first encoded symbol of at least one first encoded symbol, which is an encoded symbol of the first source symbol generated using an AND-OR tree structure, and a packetization step of generating a second source symbol based on at least one unpacketized first encoded symbol by use of the AND-OR tree structure, generating at least one second encoded symbol based on the second source symbol by use of the AND-OR tree structure, and packetizing at least one of second encoded symbols into the target packet along with the first encoded symbol.

Abstract: A communication apparatus detects the start and end of a frame of a video, and notifies information indicating that the start of the frame of the video is detected and information indicating that the end of the frame of the video is detected to a communication unit that performs communication access control and that is included in the communication apparatus. The communication unit controls an acknowledgement in a media access control level, in transfer of the video, based on the notification.

Abstract: A system for transmitting and receiving data includes a physical adaptation block configured to separate the data into a plurality of frequency bands. Each of the frequency bands has an associated symbol time, and each of the associated symbol times is a whole multiple of one half of a smallest symbol time of all of the frequency bands. An analog front end is configured to provide the data in the plurality of frequency bands to a transmission medium.

Abstract: An optical fiber includes a central core for transmitting and amplifying an optical signal, an optical cladding to confine the optical signal transmitted by the central core, and an outer cladding. The central core is formed of a core matrix and nanoparticles. The nanoparticles are formed of a nanoparticle matrix and rare earth dopants (i.e., a nanoparticle matrix surrounding the rare earth dopants). The optical cladding has a plurality of holes separated by a pitch and extending along the length of the optical fiber.

Abstract: A wavelength-multiplexed polarization entangled photon pair generator (1) includes: a pump light source (2); a polarization entangled photon pair generating body (4) on which pump light (3) outputted from the pump light source (2) falls; and a spectrometer (7) on which a wavelength-multiplexed parametric photon pair (5) outputted from the polarization entangled photon pair generating body 4 falls. The polarization entangled photon pair generating body (4) made of a nonlinear optical crystal (11) generates wavelength-multiplexed photon pairs by subjecting the pump light 3 to type II phase matching. As a nonlinear optical crystal 11, lithium tantalate of periodically poled structure (11A) can be used, and as a spectrometer (7), an arrayed-waveguide grating can be used. Wavelength-multiplexed polarization entangled photon pairs (5) can thus be generated with simple equipment.

Abstract: A semiconductor laser driving device that drives a semiconductor laser with a driving current output from a driving current output terminal is disclosed. The semiconductor laser driving device includes a driving current monitoring terminal configured to output a driving current monitoring current having a value of 1/? of the driving current; a current-voltage conversion resistor connected to the driving current monitoring terminal and configured to convert the driving current monitoring current having the value of 1/? of the driving current into a corresponding driving current monitoring voltage; and a detector configured to generate a reference voltage and detect whether the corresponding driving current monitoring voltage has reached the reference voltage.

Abstract: A disclosed multi-beam laser power control circuit includes a light receiving element receiving power output from semiconductor lasers to control output power of a semiconductor laser array having plural semiconductor lasers, automatic power control circuits (APC circuits) controlling emission power output from semiconductor lasers based on received corresponding automatic power control execution signals so as to be set to predetermined emission power based on output from the light receiving element, and APC execution signal input terminals inputting the corresponding automatic power control execution signals, wherein, when plural APC execution signals input to the corresponding APC execution signal input terminals are overlapped, the automatic power control circuits (APC circuits) to be preferentially operated is determined based on input timings of the APC execution signals and operated.

Abstract: A quantum cascade laser is configured to include a semiconductor substrate, and an active layer that is provided on the substrate and has a cascade structure formed by alternately laminating emission layers and injection layers by multistage-laminating unit laminate structures each consisting of the quantum well emission layer and the injection layer, and generates light by intersubband transition in a quantum well structure. In a laser cavity structure for light with a predetermined wavelength generated in the active layer, a front reflection film with a reflectance of not less than 40% and not more than 99% for laser oscillation light is formed on the front end face that becomes a laser beam output surface, and a back reflection film with a reflectance higher than that of the front reflection film for the laser oscillation light is formed on the back end face.

Abstract: A method of forming an optoelectronic device comprising growing a first multi-layer 2 representing a reflector on a first substrate and a second multilayer 4 representing an active region on a second substrate, the first and second substrates being lattice mismatched, fusing the first multi-layer 2 to a third substrate 3, wherein the material of the third substrate 3 is lattice matched with respect to the material of the second multi-layer 4, removing the first substrate to expose the first multi-layer 2, and fusing the first multi-layer to the second multi-layer 4.

Abstract: A surface emitting semiconductor laser component having a vertical emission direction includes a semiconductor body having a first resonator mirror, a second resonator mirror, and an active zone that generates radiation, wherein the first resonator mirror has alternately stacked first layers having a first composition and second layers having a second composition, the first layers have oxidized regions, at least the first layers each contain a dopant, and at least one layer of the first layers has a dopant concentration different from the dopant concentration of the other first layers.

Abstract: An electro-absorption modulator includes: a semiconductor substrate; and an n-type InP cladding layer, an AlGaInAs light absorbing layer, an InGaAsP optical waveguide layer, and a p-type InP cladding layer, which are sequentially laminated on the semiconductor substrate. The InGaAsP optical waveguide layer includes a plurality of InGaAsP layers with different constitutions. The energy barrier between valence band edges of the InGaAsP layers is smaller than the energy barrier when the InGaAsP optical waveguide layer includes only one InGaAsP layer.

Abstract: This invention concerns an electric arc furnace comprising a chamber suitable for containing molten steel; a roof suitable for covering the chamber and for containing a mass of scrap steel; electrodes suitable for melting the mass of scrap, and means of support on a base. The latter means are such as to support the chamber and permit its oscillation around a horizontal axis of rotation. The roof and the chamber are counterprofiled in correspondence to the respective interface walls to create a rotoidal type coupling with regard to the axis of rotation. The roof, during oscillation of the chamber, remains fixed with regard to the base as well as in a closed position with regard to the chamber.

Abstract: A system may include determination of a spatial power map associated with an integrated circuit based on an architecture of the circuit, generation of a spatial thermal map associated with the integrated circuit based on the spatial power map, and determination of a spatial leakage power map based on the spatial thermal map. In some aspects, a system includes determination of a temperature of an integrated circuit, comparison of the temperature with a thermal divergence temperature, determination that the temperature of the integrated circuit is primarily due to leakage power, and disabling of power to the integrated circuit.

Abstract: A laser power meter incorporating an absorber disc with a peripheral thermopile ring, either continuous or segmented, and an additional temperature detection element in the central portion, that enables measurement of beam size. This detection element can be a thermopile element, generally a ring of smaller diameter than the peripheral thermopile used, and located closer to the center of the absorber disc. With this arrangement the beam size can be measured, in addition to measurements of the power and the position of the beam. Alternatively, this centralized detection element can be a single thermocouple junction located at the center of the disc, which acts as the hot junction of a thermocouple pair. The second or cold junction is effectively located on the disc close to the peripheral thermopile. Alternatively, two temperature measuring elements can be used, one at the disc center and one at the periphery.

Abstract: A communications device with integrated case temperature measurement includes a case having at least one thermally conductive wall and a circuit board at least partially disposed within the case. At least one electronic component is mounted on the circuit board and a temperature sensor is mounted on the circuit board. At least one thermally conductive protrusion extends from the wall and is thermally coupled to the temperature sensor.

Abstract: In a prior-art nail puncture test, it has been difficult to measure the temperature at a short-circuiting portion, which is closely related to the scale of an accident which occurs. As a solution, A nail puncture test device having a temperature measurement function, a sheath thermocouple, and a fixing portion 6 of the sheath thermocouple, wherein a bottomed hole through which the sheath thermocouple is inserted is bored in the axial direction from a head portion to the vicinity of the distal end at the center part of the outer frame, and the sheath thermocouple is fixed to the outer frame by the fixing portion 6 in a state where the sheath thermocouple is inserted into the bottomed hole and the distal end thereof having a temperature measurement point is in contact with the bottom of the hole is provided.

Abstract: A wireless switch or sensor is provided that includes a radio frequency (RF) transponder including a narrowband receiver operable to generate power from a received narrowband RF signal and an ultra wideband (UWB) transmitter operable to transmit UWB pulses using the generated power.

Abstract: A narrow-channel transmitter in a dual-radio communication device reduces its bandwidth for the benefit of a wide-channel receiver in the dual-radio communication device. Narrow channels are marked as unavailable based on actual off-line adjacent channel rejection ‘ACR’ information that characterizes tolerance of the wide-channel receiver to adjacent channel interference ‘ACI’ caused by transmissions from the narrow-channel transmitter.

Abstract: This disclosure relates to method, device and system for selecting a device for communication in a communication system. A node receives a spread signal from a first transmitter and a second transmitter. The node despreads the spread signal with a first spreading code into a first frame and determines a first receive signal strength indicator (RSSI) from the first frame. The node despreads the spread signal with a second spreading code into a second frame and determines a second RSSI from the second frame. The node selects an access point based in part on the first RSSI and the second RSSI. The node transmits an uplink signal to the access point based on a slot start time and a random timing offset. The node transmits while a portion of a second signal is transmitted from a second node such that both the uplink signal and the second signal are received.

Abstract: A cross correlation determination method includes: executing a first decoding of decoding a navigation message included in a received satellite signal using a first replica code and a second decoding of decoding the navigation message using a second replica code; and determining the occurrence of a cross correlation using the result of the first decoding and the result of the second decoding.

Abstract: One exemplary embodiment can describe a method for communicating. The method for communicating can include a step for identifying characteristics of a communications channel, a step for identifying a set of nonlinear functions used to generate waveforms, a step for assigning a unique numeric code to each waveform, a step for transmitting a numeric sequence as a series of waveforms, a step for receiving the series of waveforms, and a step for decoding the series of waveforms.

Abstract: Examples disclosed herein provide for a method for transmitting a signal. The method includes generating a Manchester encoded data stream and combining the Manchester encoded data stream with an amplified clock signal to produce an amplitude modulated signal having a zero crossing at each edge of the amplified clock signal. The amplitude modulated signal can then be sent over a communication medium.

Abstract: Systems and methods for implementing power line communications (PLC) across different voltage domains using multiple frequency subbands are described. From an end node's perspective (e.g., a PLC device), a method may include scanning a plurality of downlink subbands usable by a base node (e.g., a PLC router, etc.) to communicate with one or more PLC devices (e.g., other end nodes) from a medium voltage (MV) to a low voltage (LV) power line, and transmitting association request(s) to the base node that select and/or allow the base node to select one or more downlink subbands for use in subsequent communications. From the base node's perspective, the method may include selecting one or more of a plurality of uplink subbands for use in subsequent communications based on the received association request(s). In various implementations, the selection of downlink and/or uplink subbands may be based on signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) values and/or congestion indicators.

Abstract: An alternative approach to coping with the ever increasing demand for faster communications hardware is to design modems that are capable of operating its speeds at a higher data rate than a speed required for a single port of the standard communication rate for that modem. Basically, by utilizing a resource manager, that directs the data in and out of the various portions of the modem in an orderly manner, keeping track of which of the ports is being operated at any given point in time, a standard single port modem can be reconfigured, for example, at an over clocked rate, to manipulate the data input and output of a modem.

Abstract: A Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) Management Center (DMC) coupled to a DSL network includes a data collection module that receives information regarding the DSL network from a plurality of sources. An analysis module is coupled to the data collection module to analyze the received information and issue a command for one or more of a plurality of DSL performance enhancement devices to optimize their operation. A command signal generation module is coupled to the analysis module to receive the issued command from the analysis module and generate a corresponding command signal for transmission to one or more of the DSL performance enhancement devices.

Abstract: According to various embodiments, a method is disclosed that includes a method is disclosed that includes determining, by a receiver, a frequency offset in a signal comprising a set of orthogonal frequency division multiplexed (OFDM) symbols by determining a first difference in phase angles between a nth OFDM symbol and a nth+1 OFDM symbol on a common OFDM carrier and a first difference in phase angles between the nth+1 OFDM symbol and a nth+2 OFDM symbol on the common OFDM carrier and determining a second difference in phase angles between the first difference in phase angles between the nth OFDM symbol and the nth+1 OFDM system and the first difference in phase angles between the nth+1 OFDM symbol and the nth+2 OFDM symbol to identify the frequency offset, wherein n?{1, . . . , N}; and correcting, by the receiver, the signal using the determined frequency offset.

Abstract: Crest factor reduction algorithms described herein may be used to improve power amplifier efficiency during low signal power conditions compared to traditional static threshold techniques. Techniques described herein insure that the signal power level at the output of the crest fact reduction block is held constant relative to the input power level under all signal power level conditions. Two different solutions may be implemented together or separately to achieve the desired conditions. The first technique provides constant ratio between input power and output power. Constant ratio of peak and average output levels keeps the amount of crest factor reduction applied to the signal constant, irrespective of the signal power level. A second technique is to hold signal power level constant in respect to the amount of crest factor reduction applied.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for testing a multi-in multi-out (MIMO) wireless terminal are provided. In the apparatus, a MIMO transmission mode selecting unit includes: a mode selecting module, which is configured to select a MIMO downlink transmission mode currently requiring testing and trigger a corresponding MIMO downlink transmission module during the real-world over-the-air (OTA) test for the MIMO wireless terminal; and the downlink transmission module, which is configured to output downlink test signals which conform to the feature of the selected MIMO downlink transmission mode according to the triggering of the mode selecting module. The method includes: during the OTA test for the MEMO wireless terminal, selecting a MIMO downlink transmission mode currently requiring testing from multiple configured MIMO downlink transmission modes, and outputting downlink test signals that conform to the feature of the selected MIMO downlink transmission mode.

Abstract: A system for calibrating a closed power control loop includes an adder configured to inject a test signal into an adjustable element, a first peak detector configured to determine an amplitude of the injected test signal, a second peak detector configured to determine an amplitude of a return test signal, a comparator configured to determine the difference between the injected test signal and the return test signal, and a calibration engine configured to adjust the adjustable element so that the return test signal is offset from the injected test signal by a predetermined amount.

Abstract: A system provides closed-loop gain control in a WCDMA mode and open loop control in an EDGE/GSM mode. Gain control is distributed across analog devices and a digital scaler in a wireless receiver. In the WCDMA mode, a loop filter generates an error signal that is forwarded to analog and digital control paths. The analog control path includes a first adder, a programmable hysteresis element, and a lookup table. The analog control signal is responsive to thresholds, which when used in conjunction with a previous gain value determine a new gain value. The digital control path includes a second adder, a programmable delay element, and a converter. A control word is responsive to a difference of the error signal, a calibration value, and the analog control signal. Blocker detection is provided in the WCDMA mode of operation. A controller sets system parameters using a state machine.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are embodiments of an improved built-in self-test (BIST) circuit and an associated method for measuring phase and/or cycle-to-cycle jitter of a clock signal. The embodiments of the BIST circuit implement a Variable Vernier Digital Delay Locked Line method. Specifically, the embodiments of the BIST circuit incorporate both a digital delay locked loop and a Vernier delay line, for respectively coarse tuning and fine tuning portions of the circuit. Additionally, the BIST circuit is variable, as the resolution of the circuit changes from chip to chip, and digital, as it is implemented with standard digital logic elements.

Abstract: A communication system and method is disclosed that performs symbol boundary synchronization by generating a symbol alignment estimate from a partial signal correlation; and then refining the symbol alignment estimate via a carrier phase calculation. To generate the symbol alignment estimate, two methods are disclosed. After an estimate is determined, an embodiment provides for refining the symbol alignment estimate via a carrier phase calculation by determining a carrier phase of two adjacent carriers, determining a phase error as directly proportional to an offset from the start of a symbol, determining a phase difference contribution due to a communication channel and device hardware, and counter-rotating the determined carrier phase by an angle of a constellation point at a transmitter.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for mitigation of receive power imbalance including estimating input power levels on two diversity receive branches in a receiver; computing a power imbalance between the two diversity receive branches and determining a weaker receive branch; setting a weakRX parameter based on the weaker receive branch; computing an intercept parameter c0 for a switching curve based on the weakRX parameter; computing a threshold T based on the intercept parameter; and determining a switching decision for the receiver based on the threshold T.

Abstract: In a communication system, a timing-dependence cancelling module is included for cancelling timing-dependence of a transmission signal, so as to render a timing-dependent signal be capable of being utilized on communication systems. Besides, updating an echo cancelling parameter by applying an error difference variable and a data difference variable, or by directly decreasing a step-size coefficient, may also fulfill the purpose of reducing or eliminating timing dependence in a transmission signal of a communication system.

Abstract: Methods, apparatuses, and systems are presented for performing adaptive equalization involving receiving a signal originating from a channel associated with inter-symbol interference, filtering the signal using a filter having a plurality of adjustable tap weights to produce a filtered signal, and adaptively updating each of the plurality of adjustable tap weights to a new value to reduce effects of inter-symbol interference, wherein each of the plurality of adjustable tap weights is adaptively updated to take into account a constraint relating to a measure of error in the filtered signal and a constraint relating to group delay associated with the filter. Each of the plurality of adjustable tap weights may be adaptively updated to drive group delay associated with the filter toward a target group delay.

Abstract: A coding method comprises: transforming an input signal; scanning and quantizing coefficient values composing the transformed output signal; and entropy coding the quantized coefficients, wherein the transforming includes: generating a first transformed output signal by performing a first transform on the input signal using a first transform coefficient; and generating a second transformed output signal by performing, using a second transform coefficient, a second transform on a first partial signal which is a part of the first transformed output signal, and outputting the transformed output signal including the generated second transformed output signal and a second partial signal that is the remaining part of the first transformed output signal other than the first partial signal, and a signal corresponding to the second transformed output signal and a signal corresponding to the second partial signal are processed differently in at least one of the scanning, the quantizing, and the entropy coding.

Abstract: Certain embodiments teach a variety of experience or “sentio” codecs, and methods and systems for enabling an experience platform, as well as a Quality of Experience (QoS) engine which allows the sentio codec to select a suitable encoding engine or device. The sentio codec is capable of encoding and transmitting data streams that correspond to participant experiences with a variety of different dimensions and features. As will be appreciated, the following description provides one paradigm for understanding the multi-dimensional experience available to the participants, and as implemented utilizing a sentio codec. There are many suitable ways of describing, characterizing and implementing the sentio codec and experience platform contemplated herein.

Abstract: An image transmission apparatus may include a transmission unit that transmits a moving image compressed by lossy compression as first image data to an external apparatus through wireless communication, the transmission unit transmitting image data corresponding to one image in the moving image as second image data, the second image data being image data compressed at a lower compression rate than the lossy compression or not compressed, an instructing unit that outputs a disconnection signal to disconnect the wireless communication in response to an external manipulation, and a control unit that receives the disconnection signal from the instructing unit, the control unit controlling to disconnect the wireless communication in the transmission unit after the transmission of the second image data in the transmission unit has been completed.

Abstract: In a data updating apparatus for updating first data having plural bits according to a predetermined data format, a detector detects a domain point at which the first data are different from second data including plural bits decoded by Slepian-Wolf decoding according to the predetermined data format. The first data is used for decoding encoded data on a non-key frame separated from a stream of frames by Slepian-Wolf decoding and transformed from a predictive frame associated with the non-key frame and generated from information on a key frame. A data updater updates a less significant bit in the first data than the domain point supplied from the detector according to a predetermined updating scheme.

Abstract: A coding method according to the present invention comprises: transforming an input signal to generate a transformed output signal; quantizing the transformed output signal to generate quantized coefficients; and entropy coding the quantized coefficients to generate a coded signal, wherein the transforming includes: generating a first transformed output signal by performing a first transform on the input signal using a first transform coefficient; and generating a second transformed output signal by performing, using a second transform coefficient, a second transform on a first partial signal which is a part of the first transformed output signal, and outputting the transformed output signal including (i) the generated second transformed output signal and (ii) a second partial signal which is the remaining part of the first transformed output signal other than the first partial signal.

Abstract: A system and method of removing noise in a bitstream is disclosed. Based on segment classifications of a bitstream, each segment or portion is encoded with a different encoder associated with the portion model and chosen from a plurality of encoders. The coded bitstream for each segment includes information regarding which encoder was used to encode that segment. A circuit for removing noise in video content includes a first filter connected to a first input switch and a first output switch, the first filter being in parallel with a first pass-through line, a second filter connected to a second input switch and a second output switch, the second filter connected in parallel with a second pass-through line, and a third filter connected to a third input switch in a third output switch.