Abstract: Present invention provides an optical encoder capable of improving the precision of an interpolation angle in a single signal track, in an encoder of sine-wave angle interpolation type. The optical encoder includes a waveform, in which a phase-modulated wave is superimposed in a predetermined period over a sine-wave of a fundamental period, as a signal track (103), and an optical detector (104) for extracting the sine signal and the cosine signal of the phase-modulated wave. An operation unit (106) operates electric angles individually from the output signals of a first optical detector pair and a second optical detector pair belonging to the optical detector, and determines the sum and difference of the electric angles, thereby acquiring the electric angle and the phase-modulated wave of the fundamental period.

Abstract: A sensor chip includes: a substrate that has a planar portion; and a diffraction grating on the planar portion and having a metal surface, the diffraction grating having a target substance thereon and including: a plurality of first protrusions periodically arranged in a period equal to or greater than 100 nm and equal to or less than 1000 nm in a first direction parallel to the planar portion, a plurality of base portions located between two adjacent first protrusions and configures a base of the substrate, a plurality of second protrusions formed on upper faces of the plurality of first protrusions, and a plurality of third protrusions formed on the plurality of base portions.

Abstract: A cold-atom system has multiple vacuum chambers. One vacuum chamber includes an atom source. A fluidic connection is provided between that vacuum chamber and another vacuum chamber. The fluidic connection includes a microchannel formed as a groove in a substantially flat surface and covered by a layer of material.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for investigating a sample using scanning probe photon microscopy or optical force microscopy, and to an apparatus which is designed accordingly. The method or the apparatus provides for two optical traps which can be moved in a local region of the sample, wherein in at least one of the two traps a probe is held. The sample is scanned using the two traps and the measured data from the two traps are captured separately and evaluated by correlation. In particular interference signals resulting from an interaction between sample and light trap can be eliminated by the method.

Abstract: An ion mobility spectrometer has two drift chambers and a common, doped reaction region. Each drift chamber includes an ion modifier, such as one that fragments the doped ions by a high electrical field. One of the drift chambers is doped and the other is undoped. In this way, the dopant adducts are removed by the modification process but then recombine with dopant only in the doped chamber so that different outputs are produced by the two drift chambers.

Abstract: Provided is a method that achieves both of soft ionization and high ionization efficiency of a substance to be analyzed at each measurement site without impairing a two-dimensional distribution state of the substance to be analyzed in desorption ionization mass spectrometry of a substance to be measured. By applying, to a substance to be analyzed, an ionization assisting reagent including an organic acid including a functional group represented by —(CF2)COOH and having a boiling point of 150° C. or more, and a polyhydric alcohol having a melting point of 20° C. or less and a boiling point of 150° C. or more at normal pressure, the organic acid, which is a component of the ionization assisting reagent, effectively donates a proton to the substance to be analyzed, thereby improving ionization efficiency, and the polyhydric alcohol, which is a component of the ionization assisting reagent, inhibits fragmentation.

Abstract: Methods are provided for detecting the amount of one or more CAH panel analytes (i.e., pregnenolone, 17-OH pregnenolone, progesterone, 17-OH progesterone, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), androstenedione, testosterone, deoxycorticosterone, 11-deoxycortisol, and cortisol) in a sample by mass spectrometry. The methods generally involve ionizing one or more CAH panel analytes in a sample and quantifying the generated ions to determine the amount of one or more CAH panel analytes in the sample. In methods where amounts of multiple CAH panel analytes are detected, the amounts of multiple analytes are detected in the same sample injection.

Abstract: A two-dimensional radial-ejection ion trap is constructed from four apertured electrodes having inwardly facing hyperbolic surfaces, with each electrode being spaced from the centerline by a distance r that is greater than the hyperbolic radius r0 defined by the hyperbolic surfaces. This geometry produces a balanced symmetrical trapping field that has a negligible octopole field component and a relatively large dodecapole or icosapolar field component. In one specific implementation, the ion trap is selectably operable as a quadrupole mass filter by applying a filtering DC voltage to the electrodes.

Abstract: An ion mobility spectrometer is disclosed wherein the potential difference between the exit region of an ion trap arranged upstream of the ion mobility spectrometer and the entrance region to the ion mobility spectrometer is varied temporally with time in order to optimise the transmission of ions from the ion trap into the ion mobility spectrometer so as to avoid fragmentation of the ions.

Abstract: The present invention relates generally to mass spectrometry. The present invention relates more particularly to methods and systems for use in mass spectrometric identification of a variety of analytes, including high molecular weight species such as proteins. One embodiment of the invention is a method for analyzing an analyte. The method includes nebulizing a suspension of the analyte in a solvent with a surface acoustic wave transducer; and performing mass spectrometry on the nebulized suspension. The surface acoustic wave transducer can be used, for example, to transfer non-volatile peptides and proteins (as well as other analyztes, such as oligonucleotides and polymers) to the gas phase at atmospheric pressure. Nebulization using surface acoustic waves can be conducted in a discontinuous or pulsed mode, similar to that used in MALDI, or in a continuous mode, as in ESI.

Abstract: Systems and methods for determining doping type and level in semiconducting nanostructures include generating light from a laser source, directing the light on the device via an extended microscope, collecting electrons emitted from the device in an electron analyzer and calculating the doping type and level of the device.

Abstract: A method for line width measurement, comprising: providing a substrate, wherein a raised line pattern is formed on a surface of the substrate, and the line pattern has a width; forming a first measurement structure and a second measurement structure on opposite sidewalls of the line pattern in the width direction of the line pattern; removing the line pattern; and measuring the spacing between the first measurement structure and the second measurement structure, and obtaining the width of the line pattern by subtracting a predetermined offset from the spacing. The present invention facilitates to reduce the uncertainty associated with the measuring process and to improve the measurement precision.

Abstract: An infrared imaging element according to an embodiment includes: a semiconductor substrate including a stacked structure of a silicon first substrate, and a first insulation film, first cavities being provided on a surface of the first substrate; an infrared detection unit provided in the semiconductor substrate and including, detection cells provided respectively over the first cavities, each of the detection cells having diodes and a second insulation film, the first insulation film converting incident infrared rays to heat, the diodes converting the heat obtained by the first insulation film to an electric signal, a third insulation film having a top face located at a greater distance from the semiconductor substrate as compared with a top face of the second insulation film; and a second substrate provided over the third insulation film. A second cavity is formed between the second substrate and the infrared detection unit.

Abstract: According to certain embodiments, an apparatus comprises a first readout integrated circuit (ROIC), a second ROIC, and a dual band detector array. The first ROIC comprises first unit cells. The second ROIC is disposed outwardly from the first ROIC and comprises a second unit cells. Electrically conductive vias are disposed through the second ROIC and at least into the first ROIC. The detector array is disposed outwardly from the second ROIC. The detector array is configured to detect high dynamic range infrared light and comprises detector pixels. Each detector pixel is configured to generate a current in response to detecting light and send the current to a via. A via is configured to send the signal to a second unit cell and a first unit cell.

Abstract: A method and system for detection and identification of concealed materials, is provided, wherein a dark image and two or more NIR sample images are taken at two or more key wavelengths or bands of wavelengths corresponding to peaks and/or valleys in the NIR spectra of known materials, and differential wavelength imaging processes are used to produce a differential wavelength image based on therein. The differential wavelength image is then analyzed/processed so as to detect any materials concealed on the target of interest, such as a human or piece of baggage, by calculation of pixel intensity values in the image and identification of distinctive pixel values. Then, via various methods, the distinctive pixel values of the detected materials are compared to a data set of known wavelengths related to known materials, such as explosives and other contraband. Correspondence thereof results in an accurate identification of the concealed material(s).

Abstract: A total reflection terahertz wave measuring apparatus 1 includes a light source 11, a branching part 12, a chopper 13, an optical path length difference adjusting part 14, a polarizer 15, a beam splitter 17, a terahertz wave generating element 20, a filter 25, an internal total reflection prism 31, a terahertz wave detecting element 40, a ¼ wavelength plate 51, a polarization split element 52, a photodetector 53a, a photodetector 53b, a differential amplifier 54, and a lock-in amplifier 55. The internal total reflection prism 31 is a so-called aplanatic prism, and has an entrance surface 31a, an exit surface 31b, and a reflection surface 31c. The terahertz wave generating element 20 and the filter 25 are provided to be integrated with the entrance surface 31a of the internal total reflection prism 31, and the terahertz wave detecting element 40 is provided to be integrated with the exit surface 31b of the internal total reflection prism 31.

Abstract: An NDIR gas sensor is housed within a mechanical housing made up of a header housing, a can mounted to the header housing, and a sample chamber mounted above the can. The can has a top surface with a pair of windows formed in it to allow radiation to enter and return from the sample chamber. An electronics module is mounted on a printed circuit board hermetically sealed within the can. A signal channel path length detected by the signal detector is greater than a reference channel path length detected by the reference detector and an absorption bias between the signal and reference outputs can be used to determine a gas concentration in the sample chamber. Both the signal detector and the reference detector have an identical narrow band pass filter with the same Center Wavelength (“CWL”), Full Width Half Maximum (FWHM) and transmittance efficiency at the CWL.

Abstract: Fluorescence detection device employed in a flow site meter emits laser light intensity-modulated by a modulation signal and acquires the fluorescence signal of fluorescence emitted from a measurement object passing through a measurement point of the laser light. The device generates the reference signal, separately from the modulation signal, the reference signal having a frequency different from the frequency of the modulation signal and having a phase synchronized with a phase of the modulation. The device determines fluorescence relaxation time of the measurement object from the fluorescence signal using the reference signal.

Abstract: A flat panel X-ray detector that comprises an X-ray panel and a scintillator layer disposed on a first surface of the X-ray panel, is disclosed herein. The flat panel X-ray detector further comprises a hermetic cover that covers the scintillator layer. The hermetic cover comprises a top surface and at least one sidewall extending away from the top surface. The flat panel X-ray detector further comprises a solder seal disposed between the hermetic cover and the X-ray panel. A rim of the sidewall is substantially embedded within the solder seal such that the rim does not directly contact the X-ray panel. A method for fabricating a flat panel X-ray detector is also disclosed.

Abstract: A radiation-sensitive detector includes a photosensor layer with one or more photosensor dixels and a composite scintillator layer with one or more scintillator dixels optically coupled to the photosensor layer. The composite scintillator layer is formed from a mixture including a scintillator material having a first refractive index corresponding to a first wavelength and a photo-resist used in micro-electromechanical systems production, having a second refractive index corresponding to the first wavelength. The first and second refractive indices are substantially matched, and the composite scintillator layer produces light having the first wavelength and that is indicative of x-radiation detected thereby.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods for determining a boundary of an object for positron emission tomography (PET) scatter correction are provided. One method includes obtaining positron emission tomography (PET) data and computed tomography (CT) data for an object. The PET data and CT data is acquired from an imaging system. The method further includes determining a PET data boundary of the object based on the PET data and determining a CT data boundary of the object based on the CT data. The method further includes determining a combined boundary for PET scatter correction. The combined boundary encompasses the PET data boundary and the CT data boundary.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a TOF-PET apparatus includes a plurality of detector rings arranged along a central axis thereof. Each of the detector rings comprises a plurality of scintillators and a plurality of photomultipliers. The scintillators are arranged on a substantial circumference around the central axis and generate scintillation in response to pair annihilation gamma-rays from a subject. The photomultipliers generate an electric signal in accordance with the generated scintillation. A length of each of the scintillators along a radial direction of the substantial circumference is set to a range in which a value of a total number of counts/time resolution of coincidence events of pair annihilation gamma-rays is more improved than when a reference scintillator whose probability of interaction with pair annihilation gamma-rays is adjusted to 80% is used under conditions of a constant total volume of the scintillators.

Abstract: Methods and systems for calibrating a nuclear medicine imaging system are provided. One method includes acquiring spatially determined non-uniform radiation flux information from a calibration scan of a calibration source using a gamma camera having an attached non-parallel-hole collimator. The method further includes determining a measured non-uniform count density profile from the acquired non-uniform radiation flux information. The method also includes creating a gamma camera uniformity correction map derived from (i) the measured non-uniform count density profile and (ii) a modeled or calculated non-uniform count density profile for calibrating the NM imaging system.

Abstract: The method and the device are used to monitor the intensity of an electron beam. In order to detect changes in intensity of the electron beam, electromagnetic radiation directly or indirectly emitted by the electron beam is detected and evaluated. This particularly refers to the evaluation of ultraviolet radiation and/or radiation in the range of visible light.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for detecting radiation are provided. The apparatus includes an upper electrode layer transmitting radiation; a first photoconductive layer becoming photoconductive upon exposure to the radiation and thus generating charges therein; a charge trapping layer trapping therein the charges generated in the first photoconductive layer; a second photoconductive layer becoming photoconductive upon exposure to rear light for reading out a radiation image; a lower transparent electrode layer charged with the charges trapped in the charge trapping layer; a micro lens layer disposed between the lower transparent electrode layer and a rear light emission unit and including a plurality of micro lenses respectively corresponding to a plurality of pixels; and the rear light emission unit applying the rear light to the second photoconductive layer via the micro lens layer and the lower transparent electrode layer in units of the pixels.

Abstract: A particle-counting apparatus is described, which reduces a resulting width of pulses when a charge pulse is received from a particle detector, thereby reducing pile-up problems with pulses. Pulse shortening is obtained by resetting the pulse shortly after it exceeds its peak level at the apparatus output. The apparatus includes a charge-sensitive amplifier and a shaper which generates an output for subsequent discrimination circuits. A reset generator monitors the shaper output and generates a reset signal to the shaper when a peak has been detected.

Abstract: Disclosed is a two-dimensional X-ray detector array inspection method capable of recognizing two-dimensional X-ray detector arrays unsuitable for X-ray imaging by means of identifying quickly growing defective pixels. The two-dimensional X-ray detector array inspection method involves a bias voltage step for repeated supply and stopping of a bias voltage from a common electrode; a dark current value measurement step for measuring the pixel values of pixels in a non-X-ray-irradiating state; a defective pixel identification step for identifying defective pixels on the basis of the pixel values of the pixels measured in the dark current value measurement step; and a determination step for determining whether or not the two-dimensional X-ray array detector is suitable on the basis of the size of the missing pixel chunks or the total number of defective pixels identified in defective pixel identification step.

Abstract: The present invention relates to quaternary compound scintillators and related devices and methods. The scintillators may include, for example, a mixed halide scintillator composition including at least two different CsLiLa halide compounds and a dopant. Related detection devices and methods are further included.

Abstract: A method for measuring high-energy radiation flux, comprising applying a low voltage to electrodes in an ion chamber filled with a fluid capable of forming ions through the interaction of the fluid with high energy radiation; measuring an ion current signal related to an ion current induced by the low voltage; determining a leakage current; determining a gain; determining a magnitude of the high-energy radiation flux based on the ion current signal, gain, and leakage current; and outputting the result of the magnitude of the high-energy radiation flux.

Abstract: A quantum efficiency measurement method includes the steps of: disposing a sample at a predetermined position in an integrator having an integrating space; applying excitation light to the sample and measuring a spectrum in the integrating space as a first spectrum through a second window; configuring an excitation light incident portion so that excitation light after having passed through the sample is not reflected in the integrating space; applying the excitation light to the sample and measuring a spectrum in the integrating space as a second spectrum through the second window; and calculating a quantum efficiency of the sample based on a component constituting a part of the first spectrum and corresponding to a wavelength range of the excitation light, and a component constituting a part of the second spectrum and corresponding to a wavelength range of light generated by the sample from the received excitation light.

Abstract: In a general aspect, a system includes a plurality of diamond nanowires disposed on the surface of a diamond substrate, at least some of the nanowires including a color center. The system also includes a light source configured to illuminate at least one of the plurality of nanowires with excitation light at a wavelength corresponding to an excitation wavelength of the color center included in the illuminated nanowire; and an optical receiver configured to receive a fluorescence emitted from the color center included in the illuminated nanowire in response to the excitation light.

Abstract: In a fluorescence observation device, a light source device generates illumination light and excitation light to be radiated onto an examination subject; a white-light image data acquisition unit generates a white-light image by capturing reflected light coming from the examination subject; a fluorescence image data acquisition unit generates a fluorescence image by capturing fluorescence generated at the examination subject; a quantification computation unit computes normalized fluorescence intensities, which are brightness values of individual pixels in the fluorescence image normalized by brightness values of corresponding pixels in the white-light image; a standard-data memory stores standard data indicating a typical correspondence relationship between the normalized fluorescence intensities and states of the examination subject; and an image-correction computation unit judges the states of the examination subject that correspond to the individual normalized fluorescence intensities on the basis of a min

Abstract: A multilayer structure for sustained conversion of a primary electromagnetic radiation into another electromagnetic radiation characterized by a spectrum of a higher average wavelength is disclosed. Also disclosed are methods of creating and using the inventive multilayer structure.

Abstract: The invention comprises a charged particle beam acceleration and/or extraction method and apparatus used in conjunction with charged particle beam radiation therapy of cancerous tumors. Novel design features of a synchrotron are described. Particularly, turning magnets, edge focusing magnets, and extraction elements are described that minimize the overall size of the synchrotron, provide a tightly controlled proton beam, directly reduce the size of required magnetic fields, directly reduces required operating power, and allow continual acceleration of protons in a synchrotron even during a process of extracting protons from the synchrotron.

Abstract: A processing system includes a piping which extends annularly, such as in the form of a circular annular shape, around a beam path between a focusing lens and an interaction region. The piping includes, on a side which faces the interaction region, a plurality of exit openings for the gas towards the interaction region. The piping also includes a holder configured to pivot the piping about a pivot axis. The holder is parallel to the tilt axis of the object holder.

Abstract: It is aimed to prevent electrical charging inside a resin material as well as a surface of a resin vessel at a time of sterilizing the resin vessel by being irradiated with electron beam. A bottle support unit is mounted to a lower end portion of a cylindrical rotating shaft rotatably supported by a rotating wheel. The bottle support unit includes a pair of griper members by which a mouth portion of a bottle is gripped. The bottle rotated and conveyed in a state supported by the bottle support unit is irradiated with the electron beam from an electron beam irradiator to thereby sterilize the bottle. A ground electrode is disposed to be capable of being inserted into the interior of the resin vessel through a mouth portion thereof, and the interior of the resin vessel is irradiated with the electron beam in a state of the ground electrode being inserted into the resin vessel.

Abstract: A proton beam guidance apparatus and a method of providing proton beams having sub-micron beam width and MeV energies. The apparatus is a structure having an enclosed channel that can reflect or guide protons by grazing incidence interactions. The enclosed channel is in some embodiments an annular channel. The enclosed channel is shaped to provide a helical path for each proton in the beam. Protons are provided to an input port of the channel, and after multiple grazing incidence interactions with the walls of the channel, are provided as an output beam having dimensions comparable to the cross sectional dimensions of the channel. The channels can have cross sectional dimensions of tens of nanometers or less. No externally applied electromagnetic fields are needed to guide the proton beam. Contemplated applications include use of the exit proton beams to provide medical treatment to patients.

Abstract: The invention relates to a radiation device that includes a housing, a light-emitting unit and a light-absorbing unit which is provided with an inlet opening and a reflector element. The reflector element extends across the entire distance between the light-emitting unit and the inlet opening of the light-absorbing unit.

Abstract: A non-contact, opto-electronic method to determine glass surface shape involves pattern projection in reflection from a screen. The pattern is formed of black and white or coloured squares with a central reference pattern taken as origin of the x-y axes in the subsequent quantitative analysis of the optical distortion in formed glass sheets or panels.

Abstract: A radiation imaging apparatus comprises a housing having an upper panel on the incident side of radiation, a bottom panel opposite to the upper panel, a side panel connecting the upper panel with the bottom panel. The housing accommodates a radiation detection panel, a light source and a chassis providing rigidity to the housing. The chassis has a transmissible part which transmit the calibration light from the light source, the radiation detection panel is fixed on the side of the upper panel, and the light source is fixed on the side of the bottom part of the chassis. Further, a detachable lid is formed in at least a part of the bottom panel, and the opening portion is formed so as to expose the light source.

Abstract: A resistive random access memory cell is formed on a semiconductor substrate. First and second diffused regions are disposed in the semiconductor substrate. A polysilicon gate is disposed above the first and second diffused regions. A first contact connects the first diffused region with a region of a first metal layer. A first interlayer dielectric layer is formed over the first metal layer and includes first and second vias, each including conductive plugs connected to the region of the first metal layer. First and second resistive random access memory devices formed over the first interlayer dielectric layer have first and second terminals, and include a dielectric layer and an ion source layer. The first terminals of the first and second resistive random access memory devices are coupled to the first metal layer by the first and second conductive plugs.

Abstract: Memory devices and methods for manufacturing are described herein. A memory device as described herein includes a memory element and a first electrode having an inner surface surrounding the memory element to contact the memory element at a first contact surface. The device includes a second electrode spaced away from the first electrode, the second electrode having an inner surface surrounding the memory element to contact the memory element at a second contact surface.

Abstract: A memristor with a switching layer that includes a composite of multiple phases is disclosed. The memristor comprises: a first electrode; a second electrode spaced from the first electrode; and a switching layer positioned between the first electrode and the second electrode, the switching layer comprising the multi-phase composite system that comprises a first majority phase comprising a relatively insulating matrix of a switching material and a second minority phase comprising a relatively conducting material for forming at least one conducting channel in the switching layer during a fabrication process of the memristor. A method of making the memristor and a crossbar employing the memristor are also disclosed.

Abstract: A method of fabricating a phase change memory element within a semiconductor structure includes etching an opening to an upper surface of a bottom electrode, the opening being formed of a height equal to a height of a metal region at a same layer within the semiconductor structure, depositing phase change material within the opening, recessing the phase change material within the opening, and forming a top electrode on the recessed phase change material.

Abstract: A low resistance light emitting device with an ultraviolet light-emitting structure having a first layer with a first conductivity, a second layer with a second conductivity; and a light emitting quantum well region between the first layer and second layer. A first electrical contact is in electrical connection with the first layer and a second electrical contact is in electrical connection with the second layer. A template serves as a platform for the light-emitting structure. The ultraviolet light-emitting structure has a first layer having a first portion and a second portion of AlXInYGa(1-X-Y)N with an amount of elemental indium, the first portion surface being treated with silicon and indium containing precursor sources, and a second layer. When an electrical potential is applied to the first layer and the second layer the device emits ultraviolet light.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a semiconductor light-emitting device which includes: a light-emitting layer composed of an active layer and of barrier layers formed as superlattice layers and disposed on and under the active layer to relieve stresses applied to the active layer and reduce the sum of electric fields generated in the active layer by the spontaneous polarization and the piezoelectric effect; an N-type contact layer injecting electrons into the light-emitting layer; and a P-type contact layer disposed opposite to the N-type contact layer with respect to the light-emitting layer and injecting holes into the light-emitting layer, wherein the active layer contains InGaN, and the barrier layers are formed by alternately stacking of an AlGaN thin film and an InGaN thin film.

Abstract: A device includes a semiconductor structure comprising a light emitting layer disposed between an n-type region and a p-type region. A bottom contact disposed on a bottom surface of the semiconductor structure is electrically connected to one of the n-type region and the p-type region. A top contact disposed on a top surface of the semiconductor structure is electrically connected to the other of the n-type region and the p-type region. A mirror is aligned with the top contact. The mirror includes a trench formed in the semiconductor structure and a reflective material disposed in the trench, wherein the trench extends through the light emitting layer.

Abstract: This disclosure provides a method of fabricating a semiconductor stack and associated device, such as a capacitor and DRAM cell. In particular, a bottom electrode has a material selected for lattice matching characteristics. This material may be created from a relatively inexpensive metal oxide which is processed to adopt a conductive, but difficult-to-produce oxide state, with specific crystalline form; to provide one example, specific materials are disclosed that are compatible with the growth of rutile phase titanium dioxide (TiO2) for use as a dielectric, thereby leading to predictable and reproducible higher dielectric constant and lower effective oxide thickness and, thus, greater part density at lower cost.

Abstract: An organic electroluminescence device includes a first electrode, an organic layer formed on the first electrode and including a light-emitting layer, an intermediate layer formed on the organic layer; and a second electrode formed on the intermediate layer and having a thickness of 6 nm or less.

Abstract: An organic light emitting diode (OLED) display device and a method of fabricating the same.