Abstract: Described is a method for the synthesis and/or purification of a high purity diaminophenothiazinium compound of the following formula: characterized by a purity of greater than 98% and less than 1% Azure B, 0.15% Azure A, 0.15% Azure C and 0.05% Methylene Violet Bernthsen (MVB), as impurities. Also described are related high purity compounds, compositions, and methods of using such compounds and compositions. The compounds and compositions are useful in the treatment of diseases caused by tau aggregation, such as Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, and infection.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a compound of the formula I wherein R1 to R6, A, B, n and m are as defined herein. Such novel sulfonyl amide derivatives are useful in the treatment of abnormal cell growth, such as cancer, in mammals. This invention also relates to a method of using such compounds in the treatment of abnormal cell growth in mammals, especially humans, and to pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for preparation of erlotinib of Formula I or its pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. The present invention also relates to process for the preparation of erlotinib trifluoroacetate. The present invention also relates to a nove-ICrystalline form of erlotinib trifluoroacetate designated as Form E and process for its preparation. The present invention further relates to process for the preparation of erlotinib hydrochloride from erlotinib trifluoroacetate.

Abstract: To provide a method for producing pyrimidine compound useful as an intermediate for agricultural chemicals or pharmaceuticals, which is simple in operation, presents high yield and produces only a small amount of by-products. The method comprises reacting a compound represented by the formula (I) with a compound represented by the formula (II) in the presence of a pyridine compound to produce a compound represented by the formula (III), a compound represented by the formula (IV) or their mixture.

Abstract: This invention provides a novel dicarboxylic acid salt forms of varenicline, namely varenicline fumarate, and methods for making same. Varenicline salts are useful for treating smoking addition. In one embodiment of the instant invention, the varenicline fumarate shows an XRD pattern (2?)) (±0.2° having characteristic peaks at 10.6, 11.9, 13.2, 16.2, 16.6, 18.0, 21.5, 22.6, 25.7, 28.5 and 29.1°. In another embodiment, the varenicline fumarate is prepared by (i) contacting varenicline with fumaric acid, optionally in the presence of a suitable solvent, and removing the solvent when necessary, or (ii) contacting varenicline fumarate salt with a suitable solvent, and removing the solvent.

Abstract: Electroneutral metal complexes of the formula I L Cu A??(I) wherein L stands for an, especially bidentate, neutral ligand and A stands for an, especially bidentate, monoanionic ligand binding to Cu by at least one heteroatom selected from N, P, S; or wherein the ligands L and A with the above features are interconnected by at least one chemical bond to form one common tetradentate ligand; or protonated or alkylated forms or salts thereof show good light emitting efficiency in electroluminescent applications.

Abstract: The present invention provides compounds of Formula I: (I) along with compositions comprising the same and methods of using the same, such as for photodynamic therapy in the treatment of cancer.

Abstract: Disclosed are thionated fused-ring (aromatic) imides and diimides that can exhibit desirable electronic properties and can possess processing advantages including solution-processability and/or good stability at ambient conditions.

Abstract: The present invention provides an imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-2-one compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, that inhibits both PI3K and mTOR and, therefore, is useful in the treatment of cancer.

Abstract: The compounds of formula (I), wherein ring D and ring E together form a fused ring system selected from formula (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), and the salts of these compounds are novel, effective inhibitors of histone deacetylases.

Abstract: The invention provides synthetic processes and synthetic intermediates that can be used to prepare 4-oxoquinolone compounds having useful integrase inhibiting properties.

Abstract: Heterocyclic compounds which modulate cannabinoid receptors are presented. Pharmaceutical compositions containing these compounds, methods of using these compounds as modulators of cannabinoid receptors and processes for synthesizing these compounds are also described herein.

Abstract: HPV inhibitors of formula (I) in which G1 is —NHCO(CH2)n-, where n is an integer between 1 and 4, R3 is —CW(CH2)m—NR4R5 or —CW(CH2)mCH3 or —CN, where W is O, S or NH and m is an integer between 0 and 5, or R3 is one of the following groups: and A is an optionally substituted aryl group and B is an aryl group, preferably a phenyl which is substituted.

Abstract: 1-Phenyl-2-pyridinyl alkyl alcohol compounds are effective as inhibitors of the phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) enzyme and may be used to prevent and/or treat certain diseases or conditions.

Abstract: The present invention generally relates to environment-sensitive fluorophores, including environment-sensitive fluorophores for reporting protein/protein and peptide/protein interactions. In one aspect, the present invention is directed to compounds and salts thereof, compositions and methods useful in determining biological interactions. In some cases, the compounds of the present invention are environment-sensitive fluorophores that have spectroscopic behavior that may depend on factors such as the physicochemical properties of the surrounding environment. The compounds of the present invention can be used, in certain embodiments, to monitor ions, small molecules, and biological processes such as protein folding, protein-protein interactions and phosphorylation events.

Abstract: The present invention relates to novel heterocyclic alkanol derivatives, to processes for preparing these compounds, to compositions comprising these compounds and to their use as biologically active compounds, in particular for controlling harmful microorganisms in crop protection and in the protection of materials and as plant growth regulators.

Abstract: The present invention provides 2-substituted-ethynylthiazole derivatives of formula (I): wherein R1, R2 and X are as defined herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and pharmaceutical compositions and methods of using same.

Abstract: An aryl (1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl) compound is useful for producing a 3-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)phenylsulfide compound (useful, e.g., as an insecticide). Also disclosed is a process for producing the compound. The aryl (1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl) compound is represented by the general formula (1), below, wherein R represents a C1-C6 alkyl group or a cyclic C3-C6 alkyl group; A1 represents a hydrogen atom, an amino group, a mono(C1-C6 alkyl amino group or a di (C1-C6 alkyl) amino group; A2 represents a halogen atom, a C1-C6 alkyl group or a cyclic C3-C6 alkyl group; and Z represents a hydrogen atom, a halo-sulfonyl group or a mercapto group.

Abstract: The present invention provides: dinitropyrazole derivatives of formula (I) in which: R?NO2, NH2, NF2, NHOH, OH or NHNH2 and R??H when R?NH2, NF2, NHOH, OH or NHNH2 or R??H, NH2 or a linear or branched C1-C4 alkyl group, optionally substituted by at least one hydroxy and/or one fluoro group, when R?NO2; other than 4-amino-3,5-dinitropyrazole; and also the salts of said derivatives of formula (I) in which R??H; the preparation of said derivatives and of their salts; and energetic compositions comprising at least one of said derivatives and/or at least one salt of such a derivative.

Abstract: A dye including an anchoring group in its molecular structure, said anchoring group allowing a covalent coupling of said dye to a surface, for example a surface of a nanoporous semiconductor layer, said anchoring group being represented by formula 1 wherein attachment of said anchoring group within said molecular structure of said dye is at the terminal carbon marked with an asterisk in above formula, wherein G is selected from —COOH, —SO3H, —PO3H2, —BO2H2, —SH, —OH, —NH2, preferably —COOH, wherein A is selected from the group comprising H, —CN, —NO2, —COOR, —COSR, —COR, —CSR, —NCS, —CF3, —CONR2-OCF3, C6H5-mFm, wherein m=1-5, R being H or any straight or branched alkyl chain of general formula —CnH2n+I, n=O-12, preferably 0-4, or any substituted or non-substituted phenyl or biphenyl.

Abstract: The present invention relates to novel 5-pyrrolidinylsulfonyl isatin derivatives, non-peptidyl Caspase binding Radioligands (CbRs) and CbR-transporter conjugates derived from said isatin derivatives, diagnostic compositions comprising said compounds of the invention and their use for non-invasive diagnostic imaging.

Abstract: The present invention relates to compounds of Formula (I) or salts thereof wherein R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, and other variables enumerated under one or more of same are as defined herein. Compounds of Formula I have activity as antimicrobial agents. Also disclosed are pharmaceutical compositions and methods of treating and preventing microbial infections in mammals, for example, a tuberculosis or leprosy infection, which employ compounds of Formula (I) or salts thereof.

Abstract: A dye sensitized solar cell, comprising a heteroleptic polypyridil complex of Ru, Os or Fe. The donating ligand has an extended conjugated ?-system increasing the light absorbance and keeing the LUMO energy level higher than that of the anchoring ligand. A compacting compound whose molecular structure comprises a terminal group, a hydrophobic part and an anchoring group may be co-adsorbed together with the dye on the semi-conductive metal oxide layer of the photoanode, forming a dense mixed self-assembled monolayer.

Abstract: A high-yielding enantioselective synthesis of the bioactive (S)—N-(5-chlorothiophene-2-sulfonyl)-?,?-diethylalaniol (7.b.2), a Notch-1-sparing ?-secretase inhibitor metabolite (with EC50=28 nM) effective in reduction of A? production in vivo, has been realized starting from readily available 3-pentanone. The key steps of the synthesis are proline-catalyzed ?-aminooxylation and ?-amination of aldehyde; the latter contributing an overall yield of 50-75% and 90-99% enantiomeric excess.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for converting a polysaccharide-containing biomass material to platform chemicals. The process comprises dissolving the polysaccharides in an inorganic molten salt hydrate, converting the polysaccharides to monosaccharides, and converting the monosaccharides to derivatized (di)anhydro sugars that are easily separable from the inorganic molten salt hydrate. The derivatized (di)anhydro sugars are useful as fuel additives and fuel substitutes.

Abstract: The invention is a process for epoxidizing an olefin with hydrogen and oxygen in a solvent comprising acetonitrile in the presence of an quinone-acid salt and a catalyst comprising a titanium zeolite and a noble metal. The process results in higher productivity and improved selectivity to propylene oxide from hydrogen and oxygen, as compared to processes that use only a quinone.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method of converting free fatty acid (FFA) from oil to methyl ester, the method includes the steps (a) esterifying the FFA using an acidic catalyst dissolved in an alcohol, (b) separating excess alcohol, solid acid catalyst, water, glycerol, soap and other non-lipid soluble impurities from oil obtained from step (a), (c) neutralizing the oil from step (b), (d) drying the oil from step (c) and (e) transesterifying the oil from step (d) using an alkaline catalyst and an alcohol.

Abstract: Disclosed is an organosiloxane composition which can be produced at low cost and is usable for bonding of glasses, metals and resins. The organosiloxane composition can provide a cured product exhibiting excellent heat resistance and cold resistance, while having high strength and high transparency. Specifically disclosed is a polyorganosiloxane composition containing (A) a polyorganosiloxane wherein at least one end of each molecule is modified with a silanol group, and (B) 0.5-4.0 moles of a metal alkoxide per 1 mole of the polyorganosiloxane, wherein the mean molecular weight (Mw) of the polyorganosiloxane according to the mass fraction is not more than 1,000. Also specifically disclosed are a cured product of the composition and a method for producing the composition.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to the use of a nitroaniline derivative of Formula (I) for the production of nitric oxide and for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of a disease wherein the administration of nitric oxide is beneficial. The present disclosure furthermore relates to a method for the production of NO irradiating a nitroaniline derivative of Formula (I), a kit comprising a nitroaniline derivative of Formula (I) and a carrier and to a system comprising a source of radiations and a container associated to a nitroaniline derivative of Formula (I). In Formula (I), R and RI are each independently hydrogen or a C1-C3 alkyl group; RII is hydrogen or an alkyl group.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are the compounds shown below. Each R is an organic group, Cb is a carborane group, and —C6H4— is phenylene. The value of each m is a nonnegative integer, q is 0 or 1, with the proviso that if q is 0 then m is 0 or 1, p is a positive integer, r is a positive integer, and n is an integer greater than or equal to 10. Also disclosed are methods of making and crosslinking the compounds.

Abstract: Novel spatially-defined macrocyclic compounds containing specific conformational control elements are disclosed. Libraries of these macrocycles are then used to select one or more macrocycle species that exhibit a specific interaction with a particular biological target. In particular, compounds according to the invention are disclosed as agonists or antagonists of a mammalian motilin receptor and a mammalian ghrelin receptor.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for preparing tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA) by hydrogenation of diethylenetriaminediacetonitrile (DETDN) over a catalyst. If appropriate, DETDN can also be present as a constituent of an amino nitrile mixture which additionally comprises diethylenetriaminemonoacetonitrile (DETMN).

Abstract: An ester compound represented by formula (1): wherein R2 represents hydrogen, fluorine, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkoxy, C1-C4 alkoxymethyl, or C1-C4 alkylthiomethyl; and R2 represents C1-C4 alkyl, has an excellent pest control effect and is therefore useful as an active ingredient of a pest control agent.

Abstract: This invention provides, but is not limited to, novel oleanolic acid derivatives having the formula: wherein the variables are defined herein. Also provided are pharmaceutical compositions, kits and articles of manufacture comprising such compounds, methods and intermediates useful for making the compounds, and methods of using the compounds and compositions.

Abstract: An integrated process for the production of acetic acid, ethylene and vinyl acetate monomer comprising the steps of: (a) evaporating at least part of an ethanol feed stock (b) producing in a first reaction zone a first product stream comprising acetic acid by oxidative or partly oxidative dehydrogenation of ethanol feed stock; (c) producing in a second reaction zone a second product stream comprising ethylene from an ethanol feed stock; (d) reacting in a third reaction zone an acetic acid reaction stream containing at least a portion of the acetic acid from the first reaction zone with an ethylene reaction stream containing at least a portion of the ethylene product from the second reaction zone and with oxygen to a third product stream comprising vinyl acetate monomer; (e) passing at least a portion of the third product stream to a distillation section and isolating at least a portion of the vinyl acetate monomer; (f) supplying at least part of reaction heat from the third reaction zone to provide heat for

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for working up residues from production of isocyanates. This process involves hydrolyzing residues from production of at least one isocyanate with water to form a hydrolysis product, and processing the hydrolysis product within an extruder or a kneader having a heat transfer surface, to form a mixed product containing at least one amine and water. The amine and the water are separated from the mixed product to form an amine/water mixture, which is then separated to obtain the water and the amine. The process may also involve separating all or part of the water from the hydrolysis, or separating part of the amine from the hydrolysis, prior to the processing of the hydrolysis product.

Abstract: Sulfonate- or sulfate-capped, alkoxylated anti-misting agents having the structures: R((AO)nX)m((AO)nH)p and R3C(O)NH(CH2)zN+(CH3)2CH2CHR4CH2SO3?, and to methods of suppressing mist from electrolyte solutions by adding a mist-suppressing amount of one or more of said compounds to electrolyte solutions.

Abstract: A method for preparing saturated partially fluorinated alkoxy carboxylic acids or salts thereof by treating a compound: (II), where Rf represents a fluorinated, linear or branched alkyl residue interruptible by one or more oxygen atoms, n is 0 or 1, with a Z-anion in a reaction medium comprising water and an organic solvent, where the Z-anion is selected from CN—, SCN— and OCN— or combinations thereof. A method of making partially fluorinated ethers of the general formula (I) wherein Rf is defined as above, n is 0 or 1, and Z is nitrile (—CN), azide (—N3), thiocyanate (—SCN) or cyanate (—OCN) group, said method comprising treating a fluorinated olefin of the general formula (II) wherein the Z-anion is CN—, OCN—, SCN— or N3?. A compound of the general formula (I) as previously described where Z is selected from SCN, OCN and N3.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for producing bioresourced propionic acid from glycerol. The invention also relates to a composition comprising more than 85 mass % of bioresourced propionic acid, and to the use of the propionic acid obtained from the method as a solvent, as a food preservative, for producing herbicide or for preparing vinyl propionate.

Abstract: A process for manufacturing dialkyl lactamide including reacting lactide and dialkylamine selected from one or more of dimethylamine, diethylamine, and methylethylamine to form a reaction mixture which includes dialkyl lactamide selected from N,N-dimethyl lactamide, N,N-diethyl lactamide, and N,N-methylethyl lactamide, N,N-dialkyl lactoyl lactamide, and dialkylamine, subjecting the reaction mixture to a separation step to form a product stream including N,N-dialkyl lactamide, a first recycle stream including dialkylamine and a second recycle stream including N,N-dialkyl lactoyl lactamide, feeding the recycle streams to the reaction step, and isolating the product stream. The process allows the manufacture of N,N-dimethyl lactamide, N,N-diethyl lactamide, and N,N-methylethyl lactamide on a commercial scale.

Abstract: The invention relates to solid forms of the anti-epileptic agent lacosamide (I). The invention also relates to mixtures of solid forms of lacosamide. The invention further relates to mixtures of lacosamide enantiomers crystallized in a conglomerate Form and the use thereof in providing enantiomerically enriched lacosamide, preferably lacosamide enriched with the (R)-enantiomer of lacosamide.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a process for preparing ?-amino-?-hydroxycarboxamides. The process works with epoxycarboxamides of the formula 2 which are reacted with ammonia or other amines.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an improved process for the preparation of (2R,3R)-3-(3-methoxyphenyl)-N,N,2-trimethylpentanamine which is an intermediate for the preparation of the analgesic tapentadol.

Abstract: In a process for producing sec-butylbenzene, a C4 olefinic hydrocarbon feedstock comprising isobutene and at least one n-butene is contacted with methanol and/or water in the presence of an acid catalyst to selectively oxygenate isobutene to produce an effluent stream rich in n-butene and containing less isobutene than the feedstock. The effluent stream is then contacted with benzene under alkylation conditions and in the presence of an alkylation catalyst to produce alkylation stream comprising sec-butylbenzene.

Abstract: Process for preparing an alkenone, which comprises the following steps: (a) providing a halogenated precursor of the alkenone; and (b) eliminating the hydrogen halide from said precursor to form the alkenone by a thermolysis treatment selected from the group consisting of flash thermolysis, vacuum thermolysis, and thermolysis under stripping with inert gas.

Abstract: A process for operating a distillation column to separate an ethanol mixture comprising ethanol and acetic acid where the recovered ethanol comprises less than 700 wppm acetic acid. The operating conditions for the column may vary depending on the fed composition. In particular the process provides energy efficient recovery of ethanol with low concentration acetic acid.

Abstract: The invention provides a method for producing ethanol, the method comprising establishing an atmosphere containing methanol forming catalyst and ethanol forming catalyst; injecting syngas into the atmosphere at a temperature and for a time sufficient to produce methanol; and contacting the produced methanol with additional syngas at a temperature and for a time sufficient to produce ethanol. The invention also provides an integrated system for producing methanol and ethanol from syngas, the system comprising an atmosphere isolated from the ambient environment; a first catalyst to produce methanol from syngas wherein the first catalyst resides in the atmosphere; a second catalyst to product ethanol from methanol and syngas, wherein the second catalyst resides in the atmosphere; a conduit for introducing syngas to the atmosphere; and a device for removing ethanol from the atmosphere. The exothermicity of the method and system obviates the need for input of additional heat from outside the atmosphere.

Abstract: An alcohol such as methanol is produced from an alkane such as methane and oxygen in a single step process using a heterogeneous catalyst. The catalyst comprises the chloride salts of copper, potassium, lead and zinc.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for the liquid-liquid extraction of alcohols from aqueous solutions using at least one ionic liquid containing a tricyanomethide anion as solvent.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for manufacture of hydrocarbon fuels and oxygenated hydrocarbon fuels such as alkyl substituted tetrahydrofurans such as 2,5-dimethyltetrahydrofuran, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran and mixtures thereof. The method generally entails forming a mixture of reactants that includes carbonaceous material water, a metal catalyst and an acid reacting that mixture in the presence of hydrogen. The reaction is performed at a temperature and for a time sufficient to produce a furan type hydrocarbon fuel. The process may be adapted to provide continuous manufacture of hydrocarbon fuels such as a furan type fuel.