Abstract: In a thin-film photovoltaic cell, a first electrode layer, a semiconductor layer, and a third electrode layer are formed on a main surface of an insulating substrate. A second electrode layer and a fourth electrode layer are formed on another surface of the substrate. In a main surface side processed portion, the first electrode layer, semiconductor layer, and third electrode layer are removed, and in another surface side processed portion, the second electrode layer and fourth electrode layer are removed. Acceleration and deceleration regions for forming a crooked structure of the other surface side processed portion, or intersection portions of processing lines configuring the crooked structure, are disposed in locally electrically isolated regions in the first electrode layer before the formation of the semiconductor layer.

Abstract: A photovoltaic (PV) module framing and coupling system enables the attachment of PV modules to a roof or other mounting surface without requiring the use of separate structural support members which attach directly to and span between multiple PV modules in a formed PV array. The apparatus provides a parallel coupling for securely interlocking the outside surfaces of parallel frame members together in a side to side arrangement to form an array with improved structural load distribution. The coupling may attach to a slot in the frame at substantially any position along the length of the frame thereby enabling the interconnection of adjacent PV modules along both an x and y axis. The apparatus may further provide a rotating portion and locking portion, mounting brackets for direct connection to a mounting surface, grounding teeth, and a twist-lock engagement means for interlocking and aligning PV modules in the array.

Abstract: A photovoltaic (PV) module framing and coupling system enables the attachment of PV modules to a roof or other mounting surface without requiring the use of separate structural support members which attach directly to and span between multiple PV modules in a formed PV array. The apparatus provides a parallel coupling for securely interlocking the outside surfaces of parallel frame members together in a side to side arrangement to form an array with improved structural load distribution. The coupling may attach to a slot in the frame at substantially any position along the length of the frame thereby enabling the interconnection of adjacent PV modules along both an x and y axis. The apparatus may further provide a rotating portion and locking portion, mounting brackets for direct connection to a mounting surface, grounding teeth, and a twist-lock engagement means for interlocking and aligning PV modules in the array.

Abstract: A photovoltaic (PV) module framing and coupling system enables the attachment of PV modules to a roof or other mounting surface without requiring the use of separate structural support members which attach directly to and span between multiple PV modules in a formed PV array. The apparatus provides a parallel coupling for securely interlocking the outside surfaces of parallel frame members together in a side to side arrangement to form an array with improved structural load distribution. The coupling may attach to a slot in the frame at substantially any position along the length of the frame thereby enabling the interconnection of adjacent PV modules along both an x and y axis. The apparatus may further provide a rotating portion and locking portion, mounting brackets for direct connection to a mounting surface, grounding teeth, and a twist-lock engagement means for interlocking and aligning PV modules in the array.

Abstract: A roofing element includes a solar cell array positioned in an opening in a top surface of a roofing material. The solar cell array has a plurality of low series resistance, solar cells, where the low series resistance is based on a metallization-wrap-through solar cell architecture. Each solar cell has a cell aspect ratio, and the solar cells are electrically connected in an electrical string configuration by a low resistance cell-to-cell bonding method. The opening of the roofing material has an aperture area, and the amount of aperture area covered by the solar cell array defines an aperture fill. The cell aspect ratio and the electrical string configuration are tailored to achieve a specified total current and total voltage for the solar cell array while optimizing the aperture fill.

Abstract: Materials, devices, and methods for enhancing performance of electronic devices such as solar cells, fuels cells, LEDs, thermoelectric conversion devices, and other electronic devices are disclosed and described. A diamond-like carbon electronic device can include a conductive diamond-like carbon cathode having specified carbon, hydrogen and sp2 bonded carbon contents. In some cases, the sp2 bonded carbon content may be sufficient to provide the conductive diamond-like carbon material with a visible light transmissivity of greater than about 0.70. A charge carrier separation layer can be coupled adjacent and between the diamond-like carbon cathode and an anode. The conductive diamond-like carbon material of the present invention can be useful for any other application which can benefit from the use of conductive and transparent electrodes which are also chemically inert, radiation damage resistance, and are simple to manufacture.

Abstract: To provide a photoelectric conversion device including a passivation film in which an opening for connection to an electrode does not need to be provided. The photoelectric conversion device includes, between a pair of electrodes, a silicon substrate having p-type conductivity; a silicon semiconductor layer having n-type conductivity which is provided over one surface of the silicon substrate and in contact with one of the pair of electrodes; and an oxide semiconductor layer having p-type conductivity which is provided over the other surface of the silicon substrate and in contact with the other of the pair of electrodes. The oxide semiconductor layer is formed using an inorganic compound which contains an oxide of a metal belonging to any of Groups 4 to 8 in the periodic table as its main component and whose band gap is greater than or equal to 2 eV.

Abstract: Methods are described for fabricating HIT solar cells, including double heterojunction and hybrid heterojunction-homojunction solar cells, with very thin single crystal silicon wafers, where the silicon wafer may be less than 80 microns thick, and even less than 50 microns thick. The methods overcome potential issues with handling these very thin wafers by using a process including epitaxial silicon deposition on a growth substrate, partial cell fabrication, attachment to a support substrate and then separation from the growth substrate. Some embodiments of the present invention may include a solar cell device architecture comprising the combination of a heterostructure on the front side of the device with a homojunction at the rear of the device. Furthermore, device performance may be enhanced by including a dielectric stack on the backside of the device for reflecting long wavelength infrared radiation.

Abstract: A photovoltaic device having an absorber multilayer and methods of manufacturing the same are described. The absorber multilayer, which is formed adjacent to a window layer, may include a doped first cadmium telluride layer which contains a first dopant and an intrinsic second cadmium telluride layer. The absorber multilayer may further include at least a third cadmium telluride layer formed adjacent to a back contact. The at least third cadmium telluride layer may include doped or intrinsic cadmium telluride.

Abstract: Certain example embodiments of this invention relate to photovoltaic modules that include high contact angle coatings on one or more outermost major surfaces thereof, and/or associated methods. In certain example embodiments, the high contact angle coatings advantageously reduce the likelihood of electrical losses through parasitic leakage of the electrical current caused by moisture on surfaces of the photovoltaic modules, thereby potentially improving the efficiency of the photovoltaic devices. In certain example embodiments, the high contact angle coatings may be nitrides and/or oxides of or including Si, Ti, Ta, TaCr, NiCr, and/or Cr; hydrophobic DLC; and/or polymer-based coatings. The photovoltaic modules may be substrate-type modules or superstrate-type modules in different example embodiments.

Abstract: A graphene sheet including an intercalation compound and 2 to about 300 unit graphene layers, wherein each of the unit graphene layers includes a polycyclic aromatic molecule in which a plurality of carbon atoms in the polycyclic aromatic molecule are covalently bonded to each other; and wherein the intercalation compound is interposed between the unit graphene layers.

Abstract: A dye sensitized solar cell includes a first conducting substrate, a dye layer, a first conducting layer and a second conducting substrate. The dye layer has at least one dye portion and is disposed on the first conducting substrate. The first conducting layer is disposed on the first conducting substrate and around the dye portion, and is formed into at least one hexagon. The second conducting substrate is disposed opposite to the first conducting substrate.

Abstract: This invention relates to thick film conductive paste comprised of one or more electrically conductive powders, one or more glass fits, and an organic medium comprising solvent and cellulose ester resin. This paste enables fine line printing in the manufacture of soar cells and exhibits reduced line spreading during the drying and firing steps. Paste stability is also improved. Also provided is a semiconductor device comprising an electrode formed from the thick film conductive paste.

Abstract: A method of producing an emitter of a solar cell comprising introducing a first dopant into a solar cell substrate through a surface of the solar cell substrate, forming a diffusion barrier layer on the surface of the solar cell substrate which is impenetrable by a second dopant, and arranging the second dopant on the diffusion barrier layer.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a solar cell includes: forming a solar cell substrate having one main surface and the other main surface and having a p-type surface and an n-type surface which are exposed on one region and another region in the one main surface, respectively; forming seed layers in an electrically separated state on the p-type surface and the n-type surface, respectively; and forming a plated film on the seed layer on each of the p-type surface and the n-type surface by an electrolytic plating method.

Abstract: A solar cell 10 has a support 12, a positive electrode 20 disposed on the support, a photoelectric conversion layer 22 disposed on the positive electrode, a translucent metal negative electrode 26 which is disposed on the photoelectric conversion layer and is provided with a positive standard electrode potential, and an additional metal electrode 28 for the negative electrode, the additional metal electrode being disposed so as to be in contact with the metal negative electrode and being provided with a standard electrode potential that is less than the standard electrode potential of the metal negative electrode.

Abstract: Disclosed and claimed herein are methods of preparing colorant sensitized solar cells using pre-sensitized semiconductor particles, said particles are coated and thermally processed at temperatures that maintains the sensitivity of the colorant. The pre-sensitized particles are prepared in an aqueous or organic solvent colorant admixture. The solar cells may contain heat sensitive substrates as well as heat resistant substrates. Also disclosed and claimed are solar cells prepared from the disclosed and claimed pre-sensitized semiconductor particles as well as the colorant/particle dispersion.

Abstract: Generally, solar cell backsheets may include high to ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene. Advantageously, said backsheets may be single layer structures. Said backsheets may be used in conjunction with photovoltaic devices, photovoltaic modules, photovoltaic arrays, or components thereof. Said backsheets may be formed by methods including compression molding, compression molding then skiving, RAM extrusion, screw extrusion, band sintering, and hybrids thereof.

Abstract: The present invention relates to organic photovoltaic cell materials and components and particularly, to the organic photovoltaic cell materials and the components with high optical conversion efficiency, simple preparation process and low cost. The chemical formula of the materials is represented by chemical formula (I): where n is a natural number and X is the following chemical formula (II): where m is 1˜3 and A is hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine, C1˜C18-alkyl, thienyl, phenyl or pyridyl in which thienyl, phenyl or pyridyl may be substituted with C1˜C18-alkyl in any position.

Abstract: A compound represented by the following formula (1), wherein L is a single bond or a divalent group, and is bonded at any one of the 6th, 8th and the 9th positions indicated by * of 1,10-phenanthroline; Rg is a substituted or unsubstituted benzene ring or a substituted or unsubstituted naphthalene ring; and X is an oxygen atom or N—R4.

Abstract: The present invention relates to electrolyte formulations comprising at least one imidazolium fluorotricyanoborate or pyrrolidinium fluorotricyanoborate and their use in an electrochemical and/or optoelectronic device such as a photovoltaic cell, a light emitting device, an electrochromic or photo-electrochromic device, an electrochemical sensor and/or biosensor, preferably their use in a dye or quantum dot sensitized solar cell.

Abstract: A valve having an outer housing defining a central bore with a fluid inlet and a fluid outlet. A check dart assembly, valve seat and piston assembly are retained within the central bore. The valve is moveable between open and closed positions in response to fluid flow into the fluid inlet of the valve.

Abstract: The present invention is a heat pipe having a specified volume of working fluid determined in relation to the interior volume of the heat pipe and a target temperature TT, to provide self-temperature regulation and pressure management. The heat pipe comprises at least a evaporator region and a condenser region having a known interior volume V and a mass of working fluid given by the relationship Mwf=Dwf at TT×V where Dwf is the density of the saturated vapor of the fluid at temperature TT plus an amount of additional working fluid sufficient to have the rate of evaporation about equal to the rate of condensation for the particular heat pipe configuration. The heat pipe has at least the condenser region having an interior coating of a hydrophobic material.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for filling a CO2 system that provides carbonation and delivery of beverages to a user is provided together with a control valve for performing this method. The steps include: attaching a hose and pumping liquid carbon dioxide through an inlet fitting housed in a control valve assembly; causing the translation of a valve stem to isolate a gas port and a tank and a user port and directing the liquid carbon dioxide to a liquid port and a tank; and stopping the pumping of the liquid carbon dioxide upon reaching a pre-determined pressure and removing the hose allowing the translation of the valve stem to close the valve assembly from the atmosphere and allowing the liquid to boil to a gas to provide delivery and carbonation to the beverage.

Abstract: One exemplary embodiment can be a method passing one or more fluids through a compartment. The method may include collecting a liquid on a tray, passing a vapor through the compartment, and mixing the vapor with the liquid entering the compartment via at least one aperture to impart swirling to the vapor and liquid exiting the compartment. Also, the compartment can include or consist of an interior wall and an exterior wall, and generally the compartment at least partially forms rifling on the interior wall.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a vacuum system 10 for evacuating a chamber 10 of a metallurgical processing system. The system comprises a vacuum pumping arrangement 14 for evacuating gas from the chamber, a foreline connecting the vacuum pumping arrangement to the chamber, a filter volume located in the foreline 16 for filtering gas evacuated from the chamber along the foreline, and a by-pass line 20 connecting the vacuum pumping arrangement to the chamber and arranged to by-pass the filter volume selectively dependent on monitored characteristics of the degassing chamber or the vacuum system.

Abstract: A method for determining a characteristic for a pressure regulating valve of an injection system is described, using which fuel is injected into an internal combustion engine, in which a flow of the fuel which flows through the pressure regulating valve is set to a minimum and a control pressure of the fuel is reduced until the pressure regulating valve is opened, and in which at least one value for the characteristic is formed from a difference between a value for the control pressure, at which the pressure regulating valve opens, and a reference value for the control pressure.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for tapping into a pressurized multiple strings of coaxially situated tubulars for wells and/or platforms which have overturned wherein the tapping occurs underwater via a diver or remotely operated vehicle. The assembly includes a tapping tool connectable to the tubular via a saddle connection and an adjustable tapping clamp with adjustable support/locking feet, compression plate with view ports, and angularly adjustable hot tapping system, along with a drill/saw system.

Abstract: Embodiments of a fluid flow regulating device and methods of using the same are described. Certain embodiments manages fluid flow between one or more input ports and output ports at least partly in response to fluid pressure changes and/or by a mechanism driven by fluid flow, optionally without using electrical power.

Abstract: An ORVR valve assembly operative of relatively few movable components includes a valve body, having conduits to provide for routine passage of vapors therethrough through operations of a vacuum assist system. This is when a non-ORVR vehicle is being replenished with fuel. But, when a vehicle equipped with ORVR vapor recovery is being fueled, vacuum is generated above a piston supported diaphragm, attracts the diaphragm upwardly, plugs off the vapor passage conduits, and allows the ORVR system of the automobile to exclusively treat the generated vapors at the location of the vehicle and its fuel tank. Simultaneously, air is vented into the valve body, below its diaphragm, and into the vapor return line of the vacuum assist system, to prevent it from being subject to excessive vacuuming.

Abstract: A fixing structure of a pull-out faucet is mounted on a platform with a fixing hole and contains a pull-out faucet including a housing, a pull-out spray head, a mixing valve, and a pipe line set; the pipe line set including a plurality of fixedly static pipe lines and a movably dynamic pipe line; a positioning device including a seat and a clamping set; the seat being fixed under the platform by the clamping set and being fixed in the fixing hole to fit with the housing, the seat including a passage set for inserting the pipe line set; wherein the passage set has a first passage for inserting the static pipe lines and a second passage for inserting the dynamic pipe line, and the first passage is spaced apart from the second passage so that the dynamic pipe line is limited in the second passage to move smoothly.

Abstract: A system includes a lateral and a socket. The lateral has a first end and a second end separated by a length of a lumen. At least one of the first end and second end is configured to couple with a fluid supply. The length has a plurality of apertures in a wall of the lumen. Each aperture is in fluid communication with the lumen and disposed along a line substantially parallel with a length axis. The length is configured to allow non-destructive coiling about a reel and non-destructive uncoiling. The length has a cross section sufficiently rigid to resist deformation associated with fluid in the lumen. The socket is coupled to the length at a site of at least one aperture. The socket has a bore in fluid communication with the aperture.

Abstract: A system includes a lateral and a socket. The lateral has a first end and a second end separated by a length of a lumen. At least one of the first end and second end is configured to couple with a fluid supply. The length has a plurality of apertures in a wall of the lumen. Each aperture is in fluid communication with the lumen and disposed along a line substantially parallel with a length axis. The length is configured to allow non-destructive coiling about a reel and non-destructive uncoiling. The length has a cross section sufficiently rigid to resist deformation associated with fluid in the lumen. The socket is coupled to the length at a site of at least one aperture. The socket has a bore in fluid communication with the aperture.

Abstract: The present invention is related to a fixed structure for faucets and bathroom accessories, which at least includes a base and an external part, wherein the bottom side of the base is fixed on a connected body and the base has a hollow chamber in the body, at least a functional hole is set on the circumference of the body, an elastic piece is extended inwards from a part of circumference of the functional hole, a convex column is set on the end of the elastic piece; the external part has a hollow chamber set on the bottom side for placing the body of the base, and at least a slipping hole set on the circumference of the hollow chamber is provided for the convex column of the elastic piece to buckle into for positioning, to thereby achieve the purpose of quickly assembly and conveniently installing and operating.

Abstract: A brake pipe structure of a motorcycle includes: a first brake pipe connecting a master cylinder and an ABS unit; and a second brake pipe connecting the ABS unit and a hydraulic wheel braking part. The first brake pipe and the second brake pipe are suspended and held between a front fork and a body frame so as to pass near a center axis of a steering shaft under a head pipe.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a valve, and more specially relates to a floating action type servo-valve used for fluid control, comprising a valve body, a torque motor, a pilot stage and a power stage control mechanism. An upper valve block, an intermediate baffle and a lower valve block are spliced by a fastener in the valve body. A torsion-bar spring of the torque motor passes through the center of a gag bit and is fixed to the valve body with a stand. A pilot stage revolving shaft and a power stage revolving stage are provided in a same central line, with a mating between the pilot stage revolving shaft and the upper valve block and a mating between the power stage revolving shaft and the lower valve block.

Abstract: In a valve with pressure control function for common-rail heavy oil injection systems for internal combustion engines, including a valve support, a valve piston movably arranged in the valve support and interacting with a valve seat with the valve closed, and a compression spring applying a compressive force on the valve piston in the closing direction, a pin acting on the valve piston in the closing direction is arranged to be movable by the aid of an actuating means against the compressive force of the compression spring for controllably opening the valve so as to provide a flushing function.

Abstract: A visual position indicator for a valve includes a knob, inner and outer sleeves. The knob is rotatably mounted on the valve and attached to a stem operating to open and close the valve. The inner sleeve connected on the valve includes a first colored band and an outer thread portion. The outer sleeve engaged with the knob includes a second colored band and an inner thread portion. The outer and inner thread portions are engaged with each other. The first and second colored bands respectively have a color different to each other. While the valve is closed, the outer sleeve fully conceals the inner sleeve to cause the second colored band visible. While the valve is open, the outer sleeve is fully concealed by the knob to cause the first colored band visible.

Abstract: A hydrogen fluoride supply unit which comprises a plurality of transportable hydrogen fluoride storage containers connected to a hydrogen fluoride supply line and a chemical plant comprising the hydrogen fluoride supply unit. Such chemical plant may be for the manufacture of fluorine, wherein the hydrogen fluoride supply line is connected to an electrolysis cell for producing fluorine by HF electrolysis of a molten salt electrolyte. A process for the manufacture of a chemical comprising using such chemical plant. Also a method for supply of hydrogen fluoride to a chemical plant, which comprises: (a) filling at least one transportable hydrogen fluoride storage container with hydrogen fluoride, (b) transporting the hydrogen fluoride storage container to the hydrogen fluoride supply unit, (c) connecting the hydrogen fluoride storage container to the hydrogen fluoride supply line, and (d) supplying hydrogen fluoride from the hydrogen fluoride storage container to the hydrogen fluoride supply line.

Abstract: An apparatus includes a fitting having an inner surface defining a passageway, an outer surface, and at least one aperture extending from the outer surface to the inner surface. A plug extends into the passageway and has a plug surface defining at least one hole. A retaining member extends through the aperture and into the hole to retain the plug with respect to the fitting. A locking member is operatively connected to the fitting and the plug, and is positioned such that the locking member restricts movement of the retaining member out of said at least one hole.

Abstract: A water control fixture includes a housing having a plurality of ports defining a hot water inlet port, a cold water port, a fixture outlet port, and an auxiliary port. A flow control unit is configured to be selectively positioned in fluid communication with different combinations of the plurality of ports, wherein the flow control unit has a main passage in fluid communication with the hot water inlet port, the cold water port, and the fixture outlet port. The flow control unit controls the flow of water from the hot water inlet port and the cold water port to the fixture outlet port. The flow control unit has an auxiliary passage in fluid communication with the auxiliary port and at least one of the hot water inlet port, the cold water port, and the fixture outlet port to perform an auxiliary function.

Abstract: Pressure relief/drainage valve for a concrete pumper having a valve body with an axially extending passageway through which concrete flowing in a pumping line passes, an outlet port in a side wall of the passageway, and a valve member which prevents concrete from passing through the port when the valve is a closed position and permits concrete to discharge through the outlet port when the valve is in an open position.

Abstract: A pipe, in particular in the air supply system of internal combustion engines which are provided, in particular, with an intake system and/or control electronics, is described, wherein the internal pipe and/or the internal pipe surface (1) have/has at least one element (1, 5, 6) which changes the diameter (2) of the internal pipe and/or the cross-sectional area of the internal pipe.

Abstract: Double isolation for double chamber differential pressure meter, where the differential pressure meter comprising an axial conduit in which there is arranged a plate provided with an orifice which can be extracted into an accessory chamber which communicates with the axial conduit through a passage there being arranged in relation to said passage a closure formed by two angular plate valves which can move independently between a position in which they do not interfere with the aforementioned passage and a position in which they interrupt it such that said angular plate valves allow establishing a leak-tight closure between the axial conduit and the accessory chamber to extract the plate without interrupting the flow of gas or fluid through the axial conduit.

Abstract: A self-actuated linearly retractable and extendible hose (70) for use in transporting fluids (liquids, gases, solid particles, and combinations of these three) between a source location and a output location. Hose (70) has a biasing spring (76) extends along the full length. Spring (76) is covered with hose cover material (72) on the outside and hose support layer (74) and hose sealing layer (72) on the inside to form a sealed hose. Hose (70) is designed with a source end for connecting to a fluid source and a dispensing end for outputting the fluid being transported by the hose. The Linearly Retractable Hose (70) is operated by changing internal pressure within the hose relative to the ambient pressure on the exterior of the hose. Control of fluid pressure within hose (70) allows the hose to operate as an automatically extendable and retractable hose. When hose (70) is pressurized by a fluid source, the internal pressure of the hose overcomes the retracting force of spring (76) and the hose extends.

Abstract: When the common part of the outer pipe and the inner pipe is worked with the pressing-type punching-out work for connecting with the inner pipe, there occurs no possibility that any disadvantage caused by the punched-out debris is generated. An inner pipe is arranged at the inside of an outer pipe. Each part of the outer pipe and the inner pipe is partially made common and integrally formed to each other. The inner pipe has the side walls extending from a common part of the outer pipe and the inner pipe to the diametral direction of the outer pipe in parallel and the recess wall facing the common part of the outer pipe and the inner pipe at a deep end of the side walls is not expanded more than the space between the side walls.

Abstract: A beer keg includes a container having a base and a wall extending upward from a periphery of the base. A liner within the container includes a base, sidewalls and a mouth. The base of the liner interlocks with the base of the container to prevent relative rotation therebetween. A valve is disposed over the mouth of the liner.

Abstract: A vial for storing multiple doses of a substance to be dispensed into one or more syringes or other delivery devices. The vial has a body, a variable-volume storage chamber within the body for storing multiple doses of the substance therein, and a one-way valve connectable in fluid communication with a syringe or other delivery device. The one-way valve is moveable relative to the body between first and second positions (i) one of which permits the valve to open so that substance from the variable-volume storage chamber can flow therethrough and into the syringe or other delivery device connected in fluid communication therewith, and (ii) one of which prevents the valve from opening.

Abstract: A method for filling bottles or similar containers with an oxygen sensitive effervescent liquid beverage filling material under counterpressure and filling machine for the performance of this method. The abstract of the disclosure is submitted herewith as required by 37 C.F.R. §1.72(b). As stated in 37 C.F.R. §1.72(b): A brief abstract of the technical disclosure in the specification must commence on a separate sheet, preferably following the claims, under the heading “Abstract of the Disclosure.” The purpose of the abstract is to enable the Patent and Trademark Office and the public generally to determine quickly from a cursory inspection the nature and gist of the technical disclosure. The abstract shall not be used for interpreting the scope of the claims. Therefore, any statements made relating to the abstract are not intended to limit the claims in any manner and should not be interpreted as limiting the claims in any manner.

Abstract: For supplying a sink with liquid carbon dioxide with a required temperature of more than 0° C. and with a required pressure of more than 30 bar, liquid carbon dioxide is taken from a tank, in which it has been stored at a temperature below the required temperature and at a pressure below the required pressure. The pressure of the carbon dioxide is increased and then the carbon dioxide is heated to the required temperature.