Abstract: An exemplary elevator system includes an elevator car situated for movement within a hoistway. An elevator drive provides control over a position of the elevator car in the hoistway. A backup power source provides power when the primary power source is unavailable. An emergency controller uses power from the backup power source for controlling the position or movement of the elevator car within the hoistway when the primary power source is unavailable. The elevator drive, the emergency controller and the backup power source are all supported together in a single location within the hoistway.

Abstract: An elevator system includes a cage, a first capturing device, a second capturing device, and a control module. The cage includes an inner room. The first capturing device is configured for capturing an image of the inner room. The second capturing device is configured for capturing an image of a waiting area outside the cage. The control module receives the images output from the first capturing device and the second capturing device and determines whether or not there is any passenger located at the waiting area and whether or not there is enough room in the inner room to receive the passenger. The control module controls the cage to stop or not to stop according to the determination.

Abstract: Disclosed are an apparatus and a method for automatically adjusting the tension on a mining elevator flexible guide rail. The apparatus comprises an automatic tightening apparatus (1) at the opening of the well, and a fixing apparatus (2) on the bottom of the well, respectively connected to two ends of the steel cable (3). The automatic tightening apparatus (1) at the opening of the well is connected to a hydraulic system (5) and to a tension measuring system (4). The automatic tightening apparatus (1) at the opening of the well comprises a lower retainer seat (1-14) arranged on an upper bearer beam (1-1), a tightening oil cylinder body (1-2) and a plunger thereof (1-3), a pin shaft retainer (1-11), a support frame (1-6), a fall-proof holder (1-13), a pin shaft holder (1-5), a fall-proof cable retainer (1-12), a tightening fixed cable retainer (1-10), two guide columns (1-7) and guide grooves thereof, an upper retainer seat (1-9), and a cable orientation-adjusting cable retainer (1-8).

Abstract: A method of constructing an elevator, the elevator including a hoistway, an elevator car, a first movable support structure in the hoistway above the elevator car, for supporting the elevator car with a roping, and a roof structure, separate from the movable support structure, in the hoistway above the support structure, where the elevator car is used for transporting passengers and/or goods, and thereafter the first movable support structure is lifted higher in the hoistway, and thereafter the elevator car is used again for transporting passengers and/or goods. The method includes lifting the roof structure higher in the hoistway so as to make more room below the roof structure, the roof structure being a movable roof structure, and in that the movable roof structure is lifted in the hoistway taking support for the lift from a second movable support structure mounted in the hoistway above the roof structure.

Abstract: Disclosed is an electronic control brake system for vehicles which suppresses residual frictional force generated due to contact between pads and a disc. The electronic control brake system for vehicles includes a master cylinder, wheel brakes, each of which includes a caliper device including a disc and advancing and retracting a pair of pads pressing the disc to exhibit braking force by brake hydraulic pressure transmitted from the master cylinder, plural NO and NC type solenoid valves, low pressure accumulators, pumps and a motor pressurizing a fluid stored in the low pressure accumulators to discharge the fluid to the wheel brakes or the master cylinder, and a section between the plural solenoid valves and the low pressure accumulator is are formed as a closed circuit section, and the pump is driven to move a part of the fluid in the closed circuit section to the outlet of the pump.

Abstract: A braking apparatus is provided for braking the rotating part of a hoisting machine. The braking apparatus includes one or more brakes, which contain altogether at least one movable brake shoe, spring elements for activating the brake by moving the brake shoe forward, at least two electromagnets, which, when magnetized by a magnetizing current, apply a force of attraction to bodies conducting magnetic flux. The electromagnets are fitted to release the brake by pulling the brake shoe backwards by resisting the spring elements. The brake is fitted to be activated by reducing the magnetizing current of the electromagnet. The braking apparatus includes a power supply circuit for the electromagnets, which contains controllable power supply interrupting devices. The electromagnets are connected to the power supply circuit in such a way that the supply of magnetizing current to each electromagnet can be interrupted by means of at least two different interrupting devices.

Abstract: A road vehicle provided with a cooling duct for the cooling of a brake, the cooling duct including an air intake arranged at the inlet of the cooling duct, a shutter, which is mobile, so as to move between a closing position, in which the shutter closes the air intake, and an opening position, in which the shutter leaves the air intake unobstructed, and an electric actuating device, which controls the movement of the shutter and, therefore, moves the shutter between the closing position and the opening position and is mechanically configured to be normally open and, therefore, in the absence of a power supply, to push the shutter towards the opening position.

Abstract: An adjustment device for a hydraulic brake system includes a hollow casing and a retractable unit. The hollow casing has a rotatable ring to control the retractable unit. One end of the hollow casing is connected to a hydraulic hose, and another end is connected to a hydraulic cylinder. The adjustment device is assembled between a hydraulic hose and a hydraulic cylinder. When a user rotates the rotatable ring, the retractable unit is adjusted so as to control a sensitivity of a hydraulic brake system.

Abstract: A portable closet (10) with an interior (26) that can be used as a separable tote bag is disclosed. The portable closet is a clamshell-type piece of luggage with wheels (18) and an extendable and retractable handle (68). The interior of the piece of luggage includes at least one fold-down shelf (28, 30), and may include several fold-down shelves, as well as conventional pockets and closable compartments. The interior is connected to the piece of luggage such that it can be removed, folded, and configured as a tote bag. While connected, the interior may be moved aside to permit access to an undivided additional storage compartment behind or beneath it.

Abstract: An integrated connection system combines disparate bags into one wearable unit. The system allows users maximum flexibility concerning capacity and configuration during travel. The system, configured as a backpack, allows users significant freedom of movement. The system can integrate a main backpack, a duffel bag, a laundry bag and a garment bag in a single, wearable system. The system can be used as one complete integrated system or the components can be used separately. The main backpack can be used to store valuables and for specific excursions; the duffel can be used to provide capacity to detach to store a traveler's bulk load in any given secure location; the garment bag can be removed and hung in a closet; and the laundry bag can be detached to carry cloths to be cleaned, for example.

Abstract: An ergonomic handle for luggage is provided. In one aspect, the handle comprises at least one palm grip. The handle is attached to a compartment with wheels. The palm grip can be used to push the luggage as the wheels roll over a rolling surface.

Abstract: A route for vehicles driving on a surface of the route includes a plurality of shaped blocks adapted to position and/or to hold a plurality of line sections of one or more electric line. Each shaped block comprises recesses forming spaces and/or projections delimiting spaces for receiving at least one of the line sections. The electric line or lines extend(s) through the spaces and extend(s) along the surface of the route in and/or about the travelling direction of vehicles. The shaped blocks and the electric line or lines are supported by a base layer of the route and are covered by a cover layer of the route. The material of the cover layer is also located in regions of the route sideways of the shaped blocks so that the shaped blocks and the cover layer form an integrated layer on top of the base layer.

Abstract: A torque converter, including: a cover arranged to receive torque from an engine; a centering flange fixedly connected to the cover and including a radially outwardly facing surface; a turbine; and a vibration damper with a first input component and a flange arranged to contact and engage an input shaft for a transmission to transmit torque to the input shaft. The torque converter includes: a torque convert clutch including a piston plate fixedly connected to the first input component, the piston plate including: a radially innermost distal end arranged to at least indirectly engage the input shaft; and a radially inwardly facing surface at least indirectly engaged with the radially outwardly facing surface.

Abstract: A torque converter, including: a cover; a pump shell fixed to the cover; and a vibration damper with a plurality of springs, and a cover plate partially surrounding the springs. The torque converter includes a torque convert clutch with: a piston plate; and a drive plate with a first portion and a plurality of second portions including distal ends circumferentially aligned with the springs and circumferentially disposed between pairs of adjacent springs, and a plurality of centering protrusions extending radially outward beyond the distal ends or inward of the distal ends. The second portions are arranged to engage the springs to transmit the torque. When the torque converter is not rotating, the centering protrusions are free of contact with the cover plate. When the torque converter rotates at a rate greater than a threshold speed, the centering protrusions contact the cover plate to limit radial displacement of the drive plate.

Abstract: A synchronization unit for a positive dual clutch. The synchronization unit has a sleeve carrier that is axially and rotationally fixed to an output shaft and a shifting sleeve that is rotationally fixed and axially displaceable relative to the sleeve carrier. The synchronization rings of a synchronization clutch on the sleeve carrier side and the sleeve carrier comprise axially interlocked circumferential segments.

Abstract: A reinforcement structure for bearings of a bicycle hub assembly includes a hub and an axle extends through the hub. A connection portion is defined in one end of the hub. A ratchet sleeve has a transmission portion located on one end thereof and a bearing is located in the transmission portion. Multiple slots are defined in outside of the transmission portion and the axle extends through the ratchet sleeve. A ratchet unit having multiple ratchet teeth and a ratchet ring which is connected to the connection portion. The ratchet teeth are engaged with the slots. The ratchet ring has multiple ratchet slots defined in the inner periphery thereof and the ratchet teeth are engaged with the ratchet slots. A positioning unit has a positioning member located on one side of the bearing so as to prevent the bearing from shifting axially.

Abstract: The invention relates to a transmitter (18) for a synchronizing assembly of a manual transmission, having a thrust piece (42), a spring (44; 84) that cooperates with the thrust piece (42), and at least one synchronizer ring (30), the thrust piece (42) being acted upon by the spring (44) such that the transmitter (18) can transmit a pre-synchronizing force to the synchronizer ring (30) in the axial direction.

Abstract: A torque transmission assembly has a first shaft, a second shaft and a coupling. The coupling has a first connecting member and a second connecting member. The first connecting member is coaxially fixed to the first shaft. The second connecting member is fixed to the second shaft. The first connecting member has a base with a metallic engaging member embedded inside. The engaging member directly connects to the first shaft. A plurality of projecting members is formed on the base. The projecting members extend in the axial direction and are circumferentially spaced. The second connecting member has a main body and a plurality of drive arms radially extending from the main body. The drive arms are sandwiched between corresponding projecting members of the first connecting member so that the first connecting member and the second connecting member rotate together.

Abstract: An isolator decoupler comprising a pulley, the pulley journalled to a shaft, a torsion spring having an end engaged with the pulley, the torsion spring loadable in an unwinding direction, a one-way clutch carrier, a one-way clutch disposed between the shaft and the one-way clutch carrier, a wrap spring engagable with an inner surface of the one-way clutch carrier, the wrap spring coupled to the torsion spring, and the wrap spring loadable in the unwinding direction such that the wrap spring through friction is able to lockably engage the inner surface in a driving direction.

Abstract: A method of extracting hydrocarbon-containing organic matter from a hydrocarbon-containing material includes the steps of providing a first liquid comprising a turpentine liquid; contacting the hydrocarbon-containing material with the turpentine liquid to form an extraction mixture; extracting the hydrocarbon material into the turpentine liquid; and separating the extracted hydrocarbon material from a residual material not extracted.

Abstract: A control arrangement is provided for controlling a people mover. The people mover includes a movable conveyor track for transporting people and a control unit. The conveyor track is arranged to move at a first speed when transporting passengers. The control unit is arranged to detect passengers of the people mover with a passenger detection device and to measure the time passed since the last detection of a passenger. After the measured time has reached a set value of a delay time, the control unit operates to decrease the speed of the conveyor track of the people mover either to a lower second speed or to completely stop the movement. The set value of the delay time can be changed by an action of the control unit.

Abstract: According to an embodiment, a transport system configured to transport a receptacle which accommodates an upright sample holder containing a sample, the transport system including a screw includes a rotatable shaft disposed along a predetermined transport path and a helical ridge protruding outward from an outer peripheral surface of the shaft, and a drive unit configured to rotate the screw.

Abstract: A portable truck dump comprises a conveyor system mounted on an elongate frame to transport material from a first end of the frame to a second, opposite end of the frame. A grate is positioned over the conveyor system and is supported by first and second sides of the frame. A ramp extends generally perpendicular to the frame on each side of the frame next to the grate to provide a drive-over access for a material transport vehicle to deposit its load over the grate and onto the conveyor system and a portion of each ramp. A first end of each ramp immediately adjacent to the frame is pivotally connected to the frame to allow the ramp to be articulated towards the grate to move excess material off of the ramp and into the grate.

Abstract: An aerial conveyor system for transporting bulk materials is provided. The aerial conveyor system includes, among other things, a first anchor tower disposed proximate to a loading end, a second anchor tower disposed proximate to a discharge end, at least one support cable extending between the first anchor tower and the second anchor tower, a belt conveyor system extending between the loading end and the discharge end and at least one pivot tower disposed between the first anchor tower and the second anchor tower. The at least one pivot tower includes a support structure connected to the at least one support cable, a base and a pivot structure configured to allow the support structure to pivot relative to the base to substantially equalize dynamic tensions of the at least one support cable between the first anchor tower and the pivot tower and the second anchor tower and the pivot tower.

Abstract: Multi-connectors for extendable conveyors are disclosed. An example multi-connector to connect an external component to an extendable conveyor is disclosed. The extendable conveyor is to convey articles and includes a base unit, a mechanically extendable section to be supported in a cantilevered manner and to be selectively positioned relative to the base unit, and a conveying surface to convey articles. The conveying surface is to extend at least partially on an upper side of the mechanically extendable section. The multi-connector includes a mechanical connection section to mechanically attach the external component, a fastening section to fasten the multi-connector to the extendable conveyor, and a functional/powered connection section to provide at least one of electric power or a vacuum supply to the external component.

Abstract: The invention provides a component feed device (2) enabling metered delivery of components to a workstation, the device comprising a conveyor belt (6) having an upper strand (7) and a lower strand (8), drive means (9, 10, 13, 14, 16) for driving the conveyor belt (6) in a loop, and holder means configured to contain the components on the upper strand (7) of the conveyor belt (6). The upper strand (7) is configured to form a container, in particular a bowl-shaped container, having an upstream face (11a), a bottom (11b), and a downstream face (11c), said upstream and downstream faces being configured to encourage components to move down under gravity into the bottom. The conveyor belt (6) has an outside face (6a) and an inside face (6b), the outside face having component retaining means (19) configured to retain the components resting on said outside face (6a) at least when they are situated on the downstream face (11c).

Abstract: A drive system for curved segments of roller conveyors and more specifically to a cost-effective, efficient, and reliable system of transferring power from a straight segment to an adjacent segment.

Abstract: A curved roller conveyor (1) with a conveyor frame (10) and a plurality of conveyor rollers (20) rotatably supported on the conveyor frame (10), wherein the curved conveyor (1) has a drive system (30) with a drive belt (31) having a round cross-section, wherein several conveyor rollers (20) rest on the drive belt (31) in a floating manner.

Abstract: A conveyor alignment system including pivoting members that support tracking rollers at corresponding shaft ends. Each shaft end being pivotally and non-rotatably attached to corresponding pivoting members by a rotating bushing mounted in a corresponding one of the pivoting members. A guide control bar is pivotally connected at each end to a corresponding torque arm, where the bar includes guide rollers positioned at both edges of the conveyor belt for lateral control of the belt. A spacer is mounted to the support bracket and has a designated height. The spacer deflects the support bracket by the height so that a first end of the shaft is closer to the a first side of the belt than an opposing, second end of the shaft to increase the tension of the rollers on the first side of the belt and reduce the tension of the rollers on another side of the belt.

Abstract: A conveyor belt is provided that includes a link having a leg formed of a link leg material, wherein the leg includes an outer link surface configured to face the drive surface, the link leg being configured to receive a rod. The conveyor belt may include an aperture extending through the leg, wherein the rod is disposed within the aperture. Also, the conveyor belt may include a first weld that attaches the free end of the rod to the outer link surface, the first weld comprising a first weld material and a second weld made of a second weld material, wherein the second weld covers at least a portion of the first weld and forms an outermost surface of the conveyor belt. The second weld material may be different from the first weld material, and may be more resistant to wear than the first weld material.

Abstract: A reload conveyor with an articulating conveyor frame is provided. The reload conveyor includes a main conveyor frame and a placement conveyor frame positioned at a discharge end of the main conveyor frame. The placement conveyor frames articulates to assume a transport configuration and a material transfer configuration. The overall length of the placement conveyor frame in the transport configuration is substantially shorter than in the material transfer configuration. A pair of material receiving mechanisms are provided and arranged to assume a material transfer configuration and a transport configuration.

Abstract: A door switch includes a casing, a cam, the cam being caused to operate by manipulation of a manipulation key, and a detection unit for detecting an operating state of the cam. The casing houses at least a part of the cam and the detection unit. The cam is configured to be caused to operated by insert manipulation of inserting the manipulation key into the casing when the manipulation key has a shape adapted to a shape of the cam, and not to be caused to operate by the insert manipulation when the manipulation key does not have a shape adapted to the shape of the cam. The door switch can be adapted to Category 2 of ISO 13849-1.

Abstract: A mounting structure of a switch knob for a vehicle includes a panel 10 having an opening portion 11 and a switch knob 14 having a front surface 14a exposed through the opening portion 11. The panel 10 includes a pair of support portions 12 respectively extending upright on opposing edge portions of the opening portion 11 on the back surface 10b of the panel 10 in a direction perpendicular to the panel 10, and the switch knob 14 is pivotably supported by the support portions 12. Thus, there is provided a mounting structure of a switch knob for a vehicle, which is simple, with the number of components for mounting being reduced and in which a possibility of scratching a panel surface during the mounting operation can be reduced.

Abstract: A press key includes: a keycap movable with respect to a base unit; and a magnetic restoring device including a first magnetic member connected to the keycap and disposed between the base unit and the keycap, and a second magnetic member disposed on the base unit. The first and second magnetic members produce a repulsive force therebetween to move the keycap away from the base unit.

Abstract: Keys may be formed for keyboards. The keyboards may be attached to electronic devices such as computers or may be formed within a portable computer or other electronic equipment. A keyboard may be provided with a planar housing member such as a top plate. The top plate may have openings through which key caps protrude. Each key cap may be attached to a respective spring mechanism. The spring mechanism for each key may have first and second diving-board structures that flex about respective parallel flex axes. A dome switch may be mounted under each spring mechanism. The dome switch is compressed when the key cap is pressed and the first diving-board structure moves towards the dome switch. The top plate may have edge portions surrounding each key opening that form upstop structures that prevent the key caps and spring mechanisms from tilting when the dome switch is compressed.

Abstract: A multi-layer integral keypad is provided with a plurality of key tops each having a plastic layer coupled to a display layer. A key top support layer integrally couples a plurality of the key tops to one another. A method for producing a multi-layer integral keypad is also provided.

Abstract: A keypad assembly including a dome configured to operatively engage a switch sensor; a dome overlay guide operatively coupled by to the dome; a key corresponding to the dome and configured to operatively engage the dome; and a light emitting source, configured to emit light. The dome overlay guide is configured to receive the light emitted by the light emitting source and direct the received light toward the keys.

Abstract: An assembly (20) for use in a keypad device (10) and a corresponding keypad device (10) are described. The assembly (20) comprises a seamless faceplate (30) with a plurality of key areas protruding outwardly from a surface (32) of the faceplate. The key areas are made of slightly deformable material. The assembly further comprises a plurality of switch elements (e.g., dome switches) (62), which at least partly correspond to the key areas. The switch elements are arranged to contact a corresponding contact point on a circuit arrangement (90) e.g. a PCB, as a result of force on the corresponding key area being applied by a user, wherein after the user stops applying the force, the key area returns to its original position, e.g. due to the corresponding dome switch returning to its original position.

Abstract: A circuit breaker assembly includes a lug assembly with a main structural body having cable holes extending through a cable-receiving face, the cable holes including a first cable hole separated by a second cable hole from a third cable hole. Each of the cable holes is configured to receive a respective power cable. The structural body further includes wire-binding holes extending at least in part through a wire-binding face, the wire-binding holes including a first wire-binding hole separated by a second wire-binding hole from a third wire-binding hole. The first wire-binding hole has a first longitudinal axis at an angle that intersects a third longitudinal axis of the third wire-binding hole. A fastener is inserted through the second wire-binding hole, the fastener having an hourglass section with a contour that generally matches at least in part a corresponding contour of the first cable hole and the third cable hole.

Abstract: Slide switch assemblies with structural enhancements are provided for use in electronic devices. Slide switch assemblies in accordance with embodiments the invention can include a button, an engagement member, and switch box. The engagement member couples the button to the switch box and translates any movement of the button to the switch box. The switch box is mounted offset with respect to the button because another component such as, for example, a display screen occupies the space that would have been a better mounting position for the switch box. To compensate for the offset, and the added torsion that is applied to the engagement member during button movement events, the engagement member is structurally enhanced.

Abstract: A process for treating coal includes introducing coal into a chamber and passing an oxygen deficient sweep gas into contact with the coal, the sweep gas being at a higher temperature than the temperature of the coal so that heat is supplied to the coal. The process further includes providing additional heat to the coal indirectly by heating the chamber, wherein the heating of the coal by the sweep gas and by the indirect heating from the chamber causes condensable volatile components to be released into the sweep gas. The proportion of heat supplied to the coal by the sweep gas is less than 40% of the total heat supplied to the coal. The sweep gas is then removed from the chamber and treated to remove condensable components of the coal.

Abstract: An apparatus according to various approaches includes separating a component from a feed stream using adsorption separation. The process further includes directing one of the extract stream and the raffinate stream to a high pressure distillation column. In addition, the process includes pumping the one of the extract stream and the raffinate stream to increase the pressure in the stream to flow the one of the extract stream and the raffinate stream into an inlet of the distillation column.

Abstract: A seat system for a coke drum deheading valve can include a groove in the surface of the seat for supplying a lubricant to the surface of the seat. Various channels can be formed in the body of the seat that connect to the groove. In this way, lubricant can be flowed through the channels and into the groove to provide lubrication between the surface of the seat and the blind. The seat system can also include a split ring packing gland to facilitate the formation of a seal within the deheading valve. The split ring packing gland can be used to retain and compress packing positioned between a retaining ring and a dynamic seat such that when the packing is compressed, an improved seal is formed. By improving the seal, less steam can be required during the delayed coking process thereby increasing the efficiency of the system.

Abstract: Embodiments of the invention are directed toward a novel pressurized vapor cycle for distilling liquids. In an embodiment of the invention, a liquid purification system is revealed, including the elements of an input for receiving untreated liquid, a vaporizer coupled to the input for transforming the liquid to vapor, a head chamber for collecting the vapor, a vapor pump with an internal drive shaft and an eccentric rotor with a rotatable housing for compressing vapor, a condenser in communication with the vapor pump for transforming the compressed vapor into a distilled product, and an electric motor with motor rotor and magnets hermetically sealed within the fluid pressure boundary of the distillation system.

Abstract: Source water is treated by mixing a first component selected from the group comprising neutralized phosphonic acid compounds, neutralized phosphonate compounds, neutralized derivatives of phosphorus, neutralized anti-scalent polymers, and mixtures thereof, a second component from the group comprising chlorite salt and chlorate salt is admixed to the mixture of the water and the first component, and water. The water and the first and second components are present in amounts sufficient to form a stable liquid composition in which there is substantially no conversion of the second component to chlorine dioxide.

Abstract: Methods including a) volatilizing at least a portion of contaminated water contained in a contaminated water reservoir and thereby generating volatilized water, the contaminated water reservoir being fluidly coupled to a water generator reservoir; b) conveying the volatilized water to the water generator reservoir; c) cooling the volatilized water in the water generator reservoir and thereby generating purified water, substantially dehumidified gas, and heat; and d) conveying at least one of the substantially dehumidified gas and the heat to the contaminated water reservoir.

Abstract: A process according to various approaches includes separating a component from a feed stream using adsorption separation. The process further includes directing one of the extract stream and the raffinate stream to a high pressure distillation column. In addition, the process includes pumping the one of the extract stream and the raffinate stream to increase the pressure in the stream to flow the one of the extract stream and the raffinate stream into an inlet of the distillation column.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for the manipulation of selected substances—such as long chain hydrocarbons—in order to create resulting substances having shorter chain lengths. The method also produces heat and electricity as byproducts. Significantly, the chain length reduction is accomplished without an oxidation-reduction reaction such as found in combustion. Thus, no significant amount of greenhouse gasses are produced. A hydrocarbon-containing fuel is converted into a plasma within an accelerator chamber. The plasma interacts with one or more target systems which intrude upon the flow. Electron removal devices are used to remove free electrons from the plasma, after which the fuel is decelerated and cooled. The cooled fuel contains altered molecules due to the removal of the free electrons.

Abstract: The present invention generally relates to mass spectrometry and related techniques, and in some cases, to determining single species using mass spectrometry. In certain instances, polymers such as DNA or RNA can also be sequenced. Certain embodiments of the invention relate to passing a polymer, such as DNA, RNA, a protein, a polypeptide, a polysaccharide, etc., through a pore and cleaving the polymer in sequence. For instance, the polymer may be cleaved using a laser or an electric field. In some embodiments, a property of at least one subunit of a polymer is determined using mass spectrometry. In some embodiments, a single ion (which may be a subunit of a polymer, or an ion based on another species) can be isolated in a mass spectrometer and a signal generated from the single ion.

Abstract: A plasma source includes a hexagonal hollow cathode, the cathode including six targets and six magnets to generate and maintain a high density plasma; and an anode located beneath the cathode. A second hexagonal hollow cathode can be positioned concentric to the hexagonal hollow cahode.