Abstract: A standard member for automatically, stably, and highly accurately performing magnification calibration used in an electron microscope, the standard member including, on the same plane, a multilayer film cross section formed by alternately laminating materials different from each other, a plurality of first mark patterns arranged across a first silicon layer and in parallel to the multilayer film cross section, at least a pair of second mark patterns arranged across a second silicon layer thicker than the first silicon layer on the opposite side of the first mark patterns with respect to the multilayer film cross section and in parallel to the multilayer film cross section, and a silicon layer arranged on the outer side of the first mark patterns and the second mark patterns with respect to the multilayer film cross section.

Abstract: The present invention relates generally to the field of sensors for beam imaging and, in particular, to a new and useful beam imaging sensor for use in determining, for example, the power density distribution of a beam including, but not limited to, an electron beam or an ion beam. In one embodiment, the beam imaging sensor of the present invention comprises, among other items, a circumferential slit that is either circular, elliptical or polygonal in nature.

Abstract: An optical device may include first and second lasers generating first and second laser beams; and a photo detector detecting the first and second laser beams. The optical detector comprises a substrate, a first impurity layer on the substrate, an absorption layer on the first impurity layer and a second impurity layer on the absorption layer. The absorption layer generates a terahertz by a beating of the first and second laser beams and has a thickness of less than 0.2 ?m.

Abstract: A scintillator material according to one embodiment includes a polymer matrix; a primary dye in the polymer matrix, the primary dye being a fluorescent dye, the primary dye being present in an amount of 3 wt % or more; and at least one component in the polymer matrix, the component being selected from a group consisting of B, Li, Gd, a B-containing compound, a Li-containing compound and a Gd-containing compound, wherein the scintillator material exhibits an optical response signature for thermal neutrons that is different than an optical response signature for fast neutrons and gamma rays. A system according to one embodiment includes a scintillator material as disclosed herein and a photodetector for detecting the response of the material to fast neutron, thermal neutron and gamma ray irradiation.

Abstract: The invention provides a switchable photomultiplier switchable between a detecting state and a non-detecting state including a cathode upon which incident radiation is arranged to impinge. The photomultiplier also includes a series of dynodes arranged to amplify a current created at the cathode upon detection of photoradiation. The invention also provides a detection system arranged to detect radiation-emitting material in an object. The system includes a detector switchable between a detecting state in which the detector is arranged to detect radiation and a non-detecting state in which the detector is arranged to not detect radiation. The system further includes a controller arranged to control switching of the detector between the states such that the detector is switched to the non-detecting state whilst an external radiation source is irradiating the object.

Abstract: An emission tomography device includes emission detectors for detecting a gamma ray incident from a patient body as a pulse signal, and a data collecting device for collecting information in which the gamma ray is detected in an emission detector. The data collecting device includes a timing circuit for outputting timing information corresponding to the timing of occurrence of an event in which a gamma ray is detected as a pulse signal in an emission detector, a simultaneous count circuit for identifying timing information in a true simultaneous count by comparing a plurality of timing information sent from a plurality of timing circuits, and a pulse calculating portion calculating a gamma ray detection location and a gamma ray energy from an intensity value of a pulse signal corresponding to the timing information identified by the simultaneous count circuit as a true simultaneous count.

Abstract: The technical solution as put forth by the present invention comprises a computer imaging system and detectors arranged around the detected object for collecting gamma photons from positron annihilation events. The key is a multi-pinhole plate placed between the detected object and the detectors, and the multi-pinhole plate can be a coded aperture mask coded by using a function h(x,y). The gamma photons generated from the annihilation events inside the detected object are absorbed by the detector after being collimated by the multi-pinhole plate. Accordingly, after the detectors have performed detection at multiple angles, the result is transmitted to the computer imaging system, and quasi three-dimensional images are generated after being processed by the disclosed algorithm. Furthermore, the quasi three-dimensional images generate secondary projection images and, after adjustment, generate sinograms, and finally three-dimensional tomographic images are reconstructed from multiple sinograms.

Abstract: Provided is an analysis apparatus for a high energy particle and an analysis method for a high energy particle. The analysis apparatus for the high energy particle includes a scintillator generating photons with each unique wavelength by the impinging with a plurality of kinds of accelerated high energy particles, a parallel beam converting unit making the photons proceed in parallel to one another, a diffraction grating panel making the photons proceeding in parallel to one another enter at a certain angle, and refracting the photons at different angles depending on each unique wavelength, and a plurality of sensing units arranged on positions where the photons refracted at different angles from the diffraction grating panel reach in a state of being spatially separated, and detecting each of the photons.

Abstract: Embodiments of the invention provide a high energy photon detector. A first scintillation crystal is provided. A first plurality of photosensors is on a first face of the first scintillation crystal, wherein the first plurality is at least two. A second scintillation crystal is provided. A second plurality of photosensors is on a first face of the second scintillation crystal, wherein the second plurality is at least two. An optical coupling interface is between a second face of the first scintillation crystal and a second face of the second scintillation crystal, wherein the optical coupling interface provides an optical transmission between the first scintillation crystal and the second scintillation crystal, so that the distribution of scintillation light created in one crystal is allowed to spread into the second crystal.

Abstract: When calculating a system matrix (detection probability), adjustment is made by fitting a point spread function (PSF) expressed by a Gauss function to a profile of count values of radiation with respect to a distance from a point source which emits radiation of the same type as the positron-emitting drug, and a distance range of the above PSF is adjusted for each layer in a depth direction of gamma-ray detectors indicating an incident direction in which the radiation strikes. By calculating the system matrix (detection probability) after adjusting the distance range of the function for each layer, improvement can be made in image quality of a reconstructed image.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for detecting an isotope. embodiments can detect radioactive isotopes. Embodiments can utilize a detector that incorporates at least two sub-detectors. Each sub-detector can receive energy from an isotope and create a signal corresponding to the received energy. Each sub-detector can incorporate a detector element, such as a detector element incorporating one or more diodes, a detector element incorporating a crystal, a detector element incorporating a solid-state device, or a detector element incorporating a scintillator. The sub-detectors can be configured such that for each isotope to be detected at least two of the sub-detectors produce different output signals, or readings. In an embodiment, each sub-detector is configured such that when there are at least two sub-detectors exposed to the isotope each of the corresponding readings from the sub-detectors are different from each of the other readings.

Abstract: A radiation detector comprises a scintillator 2A having a first end face 11, a second end face 13 disposed on a side opposite from the first end face 11, and a plurality of light-scattering surfaces 21 formed with an interval therebetween along a first direction P from the first end face 11 side to the second end face 13 side; a first photodetector 12 optically coupled to the first end face 11; and a second photodetector 14 optically coupled to the second end face 13. The light-scattering surfaces 21 are formed so as to intersect the first direction P. The light-scattering surfaces 21 include modified regions 21R formed by irradiating the inside of the scintillator 2A with laser light.

Abstract: A detection device includes conversion elements, each including a first electrode disposed on a substrate, a semiconductor layer disposed on the first electrode, an impurity semiconductor layer disposed on the semiconductor layer and including at least a first region and a second region, and a second electrode disposed on the first region of the impurity semiconductor layer in contact with the impurity semiconductor layer. Sheet resistance in the second region disposed at a position where the impurity semiconductor layer is not contacted with the second electrode is less than sheet resistance in the first region.

Abstract: A detection device including an ionization region, an ion gate comprising two electrodes, an ion modifier comprising two electrodes, a drift chamber and a collector. The ion gate and ion modifier are combined so the ion gate is one of the ion modifier electrodes.

Abstract: A neutron detecting device using a neutron-reactive material as the source of charged particles to feed conventional dynode-based electron multiplier which not gas-filled (i.e., with 3He). The detector comprises a neutron-reacting material that produces charged particles, coupled with an electron multiplier that is known for use in photomultipliers. The neutron-reacting material is deposited on a substrate at the entrance to the electron multiplier. Charged particles from the neutron-reacting material impinge on the first dynode of the electron multiplier, where, in turn, electrons are generated. The secondary electrons are collected by a second dynode, and the charge so collected is amplified in each succeeding dynode stage in a cascade effect. The charge pulse from the anode is processed by subsequent pulse processing electronics and counting electronics to provide a count rate that is proportional to the neutron flux incident on the neutron-reacting material.

Abstract: A charged-particle beam lens includes a plate-like anode, a plate-like cathode, and an insulator disposed between the anode and the cathode. The insulator, the anode, and the cathode have a passage portion through which a charged beam is passed. A high-resistance film is formed on an inner side of the insulator, the inner side forming the passage portion, or an outermost side of insulator, and the anode and the cathode are electrically connected together via the high-resistance film. The anode and the high-resistance film, and the cathode and the high-resistance film each contain the same metal or semiconductor element and have different resistant values. This suppresses electric field concentration due to an increase in resistance and poor connection at the interface between the anode and the cathode and the high-resistance film or at the interface between the electroconductive film and the high-resistance film, thus suppressing generation of discharge.

Abstract: Provided is a charged particle beam device that is capable of suppressing an field-of-view deviation occurring when observing a tilted image or a left-right parallax-angle image acquired by irradiating a tilted beam on a sample while continuously compensating a focus. By means of an aligner for compensating field-of-view (54) installed between an objective lens (7) that focuses a primary charged particle beam on a surface of the sample (10), and a deflector for controlling tilt angle (53) that tilts the primary charged particle beam, the field-of-view deviation occurring during tilting of the primary charged particle beam is suppressed based on an amount of compensation required by a tilt angle of the deflector for controlling tilt angle (53), lens conditions, and a distance between the objective lens (7) and the sample (10) , in conjunction with a focus compensation of the objective lens (7).

Abstract: Provided is an apparatus for generating a proton beam, which includes a laser system providing a laser pulse, a target generating a proton beam by using the laser pulse, and a phase conversion plate disposed between the laser system as a light source and the target to convert the laser pulse into a circularly polarized laser pulse having a spiral shape.

Abstract: In an ion generator, a flexible discharge electrode 44 composed of one wire is provided to a base 43, and a turning motion of a free end 44b of the discharge electrode 44 about a fixed end 44a of the discharge electrode 44 is performed by repulsive force of a corona discharge generated by supplying a high voltage to the fixed end 44a. Therefore, in comparison with a discharge electrode composed of a bundle of thin wires, it is possible to significantly reduce dust emission from the free end 44b of the discharge electrode 44, and to further improve the ion generator 30 in maintenance interval. Since the discharge electrode 44 is compose of one wire, it is possible to reduce the discharge electrode 44 in size, easily observe the state of the discharge electrode 44, and simplify its maintenance. Since the discharge electrode 44 performs a turning motion, it is possible to transport the generated air ions EI to a wide area of a packaging film 10, and to enhance ionizing efficiency.

Abstract: A gas sampling device includes an analysis block defining a first portion of a chamber and a dilution block defining a second portion of the chamber. The sampling device includes an exhaust gas orifice at the first portion for withdrawing gas from the chamber in response to an applied suction, a sample gas orifice at the second portion to modify passage of a sample gas entering the chamber in response to the suction, and a dilution gas orifice at the second portion to modify passage of a dilution gas entering the chamber in response to the suction.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a self-assembled helical metallic complex of formula (1): [M1M2M3(L1)3] (1) said metallic complex forming a triad donor (M1)/acceptor (M2)/donor (M3), wherein the efficiency of the intermolecular energy transfer between the pair of donors (M \) and (M3) to the acceptor (M2) is from 30% to 70% and the L1 ligand-field strength of the donors (M1) and (M3) is at least 19000 cm?1.

Abstract: A heterogeneous scintillator material is provided comprising core/shell nanoparticles having a highly hygroscopic or deliquescent halide-based core activated with trivalent Ln3+ or divalent Ln2+ lanthanide ions (Ln=La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu) and a stable non-hygroscopic shell thereon. The heterogeneous nanoparticles can comprise highly hygroscopic lanthanide halide (LaBr3, LuI3) cores protected with stable non-hygroscopic LaF3 shells. The heterogeneous nanoparticles can comprise deliquescent alkaline earth halide (SrI2, BaI2) cores protected with stable non-hygroscopic (SrF2, BaF2) shells.

Abstract: An energy degrader includes: a damping unit that attenuates energy of incident charged particles and has a thickness changing stepwise or continuously according to a position of a two-dimensional coordinate system within a plane crossing a traveling direction of charged particles; and a driving unit that performs translational driving of the damping unit in first and second axial directions that are directions of two axes crossing each other in the two-dimensional coordinate system.

Abstract: An ion implantation method and an ion implanter with a beam profiler are proposed in this invention. The method comprises setting scan conditions, detecting the ion beam profile, calculating the dose profile according to the detected ion beam profile and scan conditions, determining the displacement for ion implantation and implanting ions on a wafer surface. The ion implanter used the beam profiler to detect the ion beam profile, calculate dose profile and determine the displacement and used the displacement in ion implantation for optimizing, wherein the beam profiler comprises a body with ion channel and detection unit behind the ion channel in the body for beam profile detection. The beam profiler may be a 1-dimensional, 2-dimensional or angle beam profiler.

Abstract: A radiation protection device (3) for shielding radiation, in particular X-ray radiation, emitted from a radiation source comprises a first radiation protection panel (1), wherein the first radiation protection panel (1) has at least one recess (14, 15), and at least a second radiation protection panel (2), which is adjustable relative to the first radiation protection panel (1) in such a way that at least one recess (14, 15) can be covered by the second radiation protection panel (2). In a tomography procedure, the radiation protection device (3) according to the invention can be arranged flexibly between a surgeon and a scanner and can thereby protect the surgeon from the emitted radiation of the scanner. In particular, it can be arranged in front of an opening of a tunnel into which an object to be imaged, such as a patient or defined parts of the body of the latter, can be inserted, such that the opening in the direction of the surgeon is substantially covered.

Abstract: A blowout preventer comprises a pair of ram assemblies which are mounted on diametrically opposite sides of a BOP housing. A cylinder-ram is slidably received within each ram assembly and includes a cylindrical cavity. A back plate couples with the outer end of the cylinder-ram and a piston head is positioned in the cavity, forming first and second piston chambers. Hydraulic pressure in the first and second piston chambers forces the cylinder ram from an open position to a closed position, thereby sealing the BOP bore.

Abstract: A valve (201) is provided that comprises a housing (202) including a fluid inlet (332) and a fluid outlet (204). The valve (201) also includes one or more vibrating elements (409) configured to vibrate when energized. The valve (201) further comprises an amplifying plate (410) including a fluid passage (412) and one or more pressure-balancing apertures (413) in fluid communication with the fluid inlet (332), contacting the one or more vibrating elements (409). A sealing ball (407) is positioned between the fluid inlet (332) and the fluid passage (412).

Abstract: A joint that connects pipelines, a pipeline with a fluid control device, or a pair of fluid control devices is provided therein with a pipe functional component. Examples of the pipe functional component include various valves such as a diaphragm valve, a check valve, a branch valve, a relief valve, a ball valve and a bellows valve, or a filter.

Abstract: A valve has a body having a rotatable valve element. A drive mechanism has a drive input member and a drive output member that are coupled to the valve element for rotating the valve element. A shear member is operatively located within the drive mechanism between the drive input member and the drive output member for shearing in the event the force to rotate the valve element is excessive. The valve has indicia indicating open and closed positions for the valve element. An indicator is mounted to output drive member to properly align with the indicia regardless whether the shear member has sheared or not.

Abstract: A thickness of a valve is set smaller than a distance (inter-seat distance) in a valve thickness direction from a first seat part to a second seat part, and hence a gap between the valve and the first seat part and a gap between the valve and the second seat part are reduced to suppress seat leakage with all a variation of dimension thereof.

Abstract: Seal ring assemblies for use with rotary valves and methods to manufacture the same are disclosed. A seal ring assembly is described that includes a ring-shaped seal to be fixed within the rotary valve, where the seal enables the sealing engagement of a control member with a flow control aperture. The seal is compressed between a first seal clamp and a second seal clamp by a compressive force maintained by a plurality of fasteners extending through the seal and fixed to the first and second seal clamps.

Abstract: A valve seat (30) for a ball valve (1) includes an annular body having a central aperture (36) defining a longitudinal flow channel, a first seating surface (38) for engaging and sealing against a corresponding portion of a fluid conduit and a longitudinally opposed second seating (40) surface for engagement with a valve ball. The first seating surface comprises a convex surface profile. The convex profile of the seat (30) allows the stresses incurred during loading from the valve ball (1) to be widely and evenly distributed throughout the structure of the seat (30).

Abstract: The invention relates to unique applications for the novel high melt flow, low viscosity, selectively hydrogenated styrene-butadiene-styrene (hSBS) or selectively hydrogenated controlled distribution styrene-butadiene/styrene-styrene (hSBSS) block copolymers, wherein the melt flow rate of said block copolymer is at least 100 g/10 min. at 230° C. under 2.16 kg mass according to ASTM D1238. These block copolymers are novel and have the highest melt flow rate of any styrenic block copolymer also possessing high strength and elasticity. It has applications that prior to the present invention were not normally possible due to the normal low melt flow rate of styrenic block copolymers. The present invention also encompasses various fields of use such as a fiberglass hSBS or hSBSS reinforced mat, low viscosity hSBS or hSBSS coatings for industrial uses, hot melt adhesives prepared from hSBS or hSBSS blended with polyalpha-olefins, and elastic film, fiber, and nonwoven constructions using hSBS or hSBSS.

Abstract: Disclosed is a hybrid filler for an electromagnetic shielding composite material and a method of manufacturing the hybrid filler, by which electromagnetic shielding and absorbing capabilities are improved and heat generated by electromagnetic absorption is effectively removed. The hybrid filler for an electromagnetic shielding composite material includes an expandable graphite (EG) having a plurality of pores, and magnetic particles integrated with a carbon nanotube (CNT) on outer surfaces thereof in a mixed manner, wherein the magnetic particles are inserted into the pores of the EG.

Abstract: The invention relates to a composition including a polyol ester (POE) or PVE lubricant and a refrigerant F including 3,3,3-trifluoropropene. The invention also relates to the use of said composition for refrigeration, air-conditioning, and for heat pump.

Abstract: A multi-component scavenging system containing at least one ester and at least one electron-deficient organic compound, together with or without one or more optional components such as an aldehyde having from 4 to 20 carbon atoms, a ketone having from 4 to 20 carbon atoms, an ether, a solvent, an alkali metal salt of an alkyl or dialkyl phenol, an epoxide, an alkyl anhydride, and mixtures thereof, may be used to scavenge contaminants from hydrocarbon and/or aqueous streams. The contaminants scavenged or otherwise removed may include, but are not necessarily limited to, ammonia, primary amines, secondary or tertiary amines, H2S, mercaptans, sulfide cyanides, and combinations thereof.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of producing a nanocomposite cathode active material for a lithium secondary battery, represented by the following formula: xLi2MnO3—(1?x)LiMO2 wherein M is Nia—Mnb—Coc, x is a decimal number from 0.1 to 0.9, and a, b and c are independently a decimal number from 0.05 to 0.9. The method includes mixing a lithium compound with a manganese compound to prepare Li2MnO3 as a first cathode active material, mixing a mixed solution of nickel sulfate/manganese sulfate/cobalt sulfate, a sodium hydroxide solution and aqueous ammonia to prepare a coprecipitated hydroxide represented by (Nia—Mnb—Coc)(OH)2 wherein a, b and c are as defined above, mixing the coprecipitated hydroxide with a lithium compound to prepare a second cathode active material represented by LiMO2 wherein M is as defined above, and mixing the first cathode active material with the second cathode active material.

Abstract: The present invention relates to radiation-curable coating materials comprising new photoinitiators, and to the use thereof.

Abstract: Provided is a preparation method of an oxygen-selective adsorbent selectively adsorbing oxygen in the air and an oxygen-selective adsorbent prepared thereby. The preparation method includes: preparing BaMg(CO3)2 particles or particles in which MgCO3 or Mg(OH)2 are attached to the outside of BaMg(CO3)2; and sintering the particles at a high temperature. The oxygen-selective adsorbent according to the present invention may adsorb oxygen in the air at a fast rate as compared with an existing oxygen-selective adsorbent and have high thermal stability and excellent oxygen adsorptivity.

Abstract: The invention relates to the use of an N2O-containing ionic liquid as a reagent in a chemical reaction, for example as an oxidising agent.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for producing surface postcrosslinked water-absorbing polymer particles, wherein the water-absorbing polymer particles are coated, before, during or after the surface postcrosslinking, with at least one basic salt of a trivalent metal cation and a monovalent carboxylic acid anion, wherein the basic salt is applied in the form of a solution that is stabilized by a vicinal diol and/or an amide of the formula R1—CO—NR2R3 where R1 is not H and in which R1 is not H2N— if both R2 and R3 are H. Further, the invention relates to solutions of at least one basic salt that are stabilized by a vicinal diol and/or an amide of the formula R1—CO—NR2R3 where R1 is not H and in which R1 is not H2N— if both R2 and R3 are H.

Abstract: Composite materials, methods of making the composite materials, and optical devices including the composite materials are described herein. The composite materials include a chiral nematic liquid crystal and a crosslinked polymer. The composite materials form bistable liquid crystals and have a liquid crystal blue phase with a stability range greater than 60° C.

Abstract: A liquid crystal medium composition includes negative type liquid crystal material, stabilizer, and reactive monomer capable of reacting when being irradiated by ultraviolet light; the amount of the reactive monomer is 5% to 85% by weight based on the total amount of the liquid crystal medium composition. The reactive monomer at least includes a single-polymerisable-group monomer having structure shown in the following Formula (1) and double-polymerisable-group monomer having structure shown in the following Formula (2), and the amount of the single-polymerisable-group monomer is 5% to 85% by mole based on the total amount of the reactive monomer. The single-polymerisable-group monomer or the multiple-polymerisable-group monomer is capable of being irradiated by ultraviolet light to allow for the polymerization reaction to form the polymer. Additionally, the reaction speed is moderate to prevent the polymer from being oversized and loosely piled up for high reaction speed.

Abstract: The invention relates to a solid organic scintillator comprising a polymeric matrix in which there are dispersed one or more fluorophore compounds and one or more chemical elements having an atomic number ranging from 40 to 83, characterized in that said scintillator has a weight content of said chemical elements of at least 5% by weight relative to the total weight of the scintillator, and in that the scintillator emits an emission spectrum comprising an emission peak at a wavelength of at least 550 nm.

Abstract: The present invention relates to copolymers containing indenocarbazole derivatives having electron- and hole-transporting properties, in particular for use in the interlayer, emission layer and/or charge-transport layer of electroluminescent devices. The invention furthermore relates to a process for the preparation of the compounds according to the invention and to electronic devices comprising these compounds.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for increasing the Stokes shift of an emitting metal complex having a given geometry in the region of the metal center in the electronic ground state, wherein said geometry is changing as a result of an optical excitation or an excitation by a hole-electron recombination, and to a polymeric matrix by means of which it is possible to influence the change in geometry in the excited state.

Abstract: A method for the photo-mediated phase transfer of inorganic nanocrystals, such as luminescent quantum dots, QDs, is provided. Irradiation, specifically UV excitation (?ex<400 nm), promotes the in-situ ligand exchange of hydrophobic quantum dots with hydrophilic ligands and their facile transfer to polar solvents and buffer media. The technique enables transfer of quantum dots and other nanocrystal materials from hydrophobic to polar and hydrophilic solutions.

Abstract: A polyphenol increasing agent for plant leaves, a polyphenol and amino acid increasing agent for plant leaves, a resin pellet, a plant leaf storage sheet, and a method for manufacturing a plant leaf storage sheet which can improve the storability of the plant leaves such as leafy vegetables and tea leaves are provided. A polyphenol increasing agent for plant leaves includes proanthocyanidins and trehalose. The polyphenol increasing agent for plant leaves preferably includes proanthocyanidins and trehalose at a weight ratio of 1:15 to 1:60. A plant leaf storage sheet includes the polyphenol increasing agent for plant leaves.

Abstract: The invention provides epoxy and oxetane compositions including the novel acyloxy and N-acyl curing agents described herein. Use of invention curing agents result in cured adhesive compositions with remarkably increased adhesion and reduced hydrophilicity when compared to resins cured with other types of curing agents. Furthermore, the curatives of this invention do not interfere with free-radical cure and are thus suited for use in hybrid cure thermoset compositions.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the field of the synthesis of porous carbon materials and their use in the manufacture of electrodes with a double electric layer (DEL) for electrochemical capacitors having an aqueous and organic electrolyte having high specific energy parameters. The synthesis technology makes it possible to manufacture porous carbon powders made of carbohydrate substances with a low content of ash and metals in the powders with high specific capacitances and low specific electrical resistances.