Abstract: An IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) Centralized Services (ICS) Interworking Function (IWF) element comprises an i2 interface to an IMS core network, an i3 interface to a Telephony Application Server (TAS), a Mobile Applications Part-G (MAP-G) interface to a Mobile Switching Center (MSC) for retrieving subscriber identity, a MAP interface to a Home Location Register (HLR) for location management, subscriber management and call handling procedures, and an Sv interface to a Mobility Management Entity (MME) for appearing as a Visitor Location Register (VLR).

Abstract: A method for operating a terminal in a wireless communication system is provided. The method includes receiving control information masked with an identifier allocated according to a predefined rule for structural allocation, the control information being transmitted from a neighboring base station, and processing the control information by using the identifier.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a method inquires one or more first nodes of another wireless communication scheme, which are present in a nearby area of a neighboring wireless device of a wireless device, about use channels, thereby obtaining first information indicative of one or more channels of the another wireless communication scheme which are being used in the nearby area of the neighboring wireless device. The method further sets, based on the first information, a channel of the first wireless communication scheme, which is to be used for transmitting data from the wireless device to the neighboring wireless device, to be a first channel which does not overlap a frequency range corresponding to the one or more channels.

Abstract: Techniques are described for wireless communications utilizing multiple clear channel assessment (CCA) procedures for access to a radio frequency spectrum band. A first CCA procedure is performed to determine availability of the radio frequency spectrum band and to contend for use of the radio frequency spectrum band among a number of coordinated operators transmitting on the radio frequency spectrum band. A successful first CCA procedure results in winning the contention for the radio frequency spectrum band for a transmission period that is coordinated among the number of coordinated operators. Upon the successful first CCA procedure, a second CCA procedure is performed during a discontinuous transmission (DTX) period in the transmission period to determine continued availability of the radio frequency spectrum band. The timing of the DTX periods is determined based on timing of radio transmissions having priority use of the radio frequency spectrum band.

Abstract: In a network, a first network station (61) communicates with a second network station (65) using a first channel (45) from a plurality of channels. The first channel (45) has a central frequency (46). A third network station (62) communicates using a sub-channel (55) of the first channel (45). The sub-channel overlaps the first channel (45). The sub-channel (55) has a center frequency (56) that varies sufficiently from the center frequency (46) of the first channel (45) so that the first network station (61) and the second network station (65) do not lock onto packets transmitted from the third network station (62). The center frequency (56) of the sub-channel (55) is closer in frequency to the center frequency (46) of the first channel (45) than to a center frequency of any other channel in the plurality of channels.

Abstract: A method for transmitting control signaling, an apparatus for processing control signaling and a terminal are provided. A base station transmits evolved control signaling to an evolved terminal on M downlink subframes in a radio frame, wherein M is an integer greater than or equal to 1 and less than N, and N is the number of the downlink subframes in the radio frame. The above technical solution enhances basic control signaling of an LTE-series standard, reduces system overhead and terminal energy consumption, meets demands for future development of the industry, solves the problem of large system overhead and high terminal energy consumption due to the wireless communication standards, and meanwhile also gives sufficient consideration to backward compatibility of the system, and better meets demands of data users rapidly developing and future development of the wireless communications industry.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a method and an apparatus used for in a wireless communication system.

Abstract: Provided is a method for allocating a resource for hybrid ARQ information, which is transmitted to a downlink, in a wireless communication system. The method for a transmission point transmitting the hybrid automatic repeat request (ARQ), includes: transmitting to a terminal an index of a group to which each of the terminals belong, along with information on a physical resource block to which an uplink data channel is allocated, and downlink control information for delivering circulation delay information of a reference signal, which is for demodulating an uplink; and transmitting the hybrid ARQ information, which includes whether the uplink data channel that has been transmitted is received, through a resource which is determined on the basis of the information on the physical resource block to which the uplink data channel is allocated, the circulation delay information of the reference signal, and the index of the group.

Abstract: A wireless reception device of the invention is a wireless reception device that includes a terminal antenna unit 401 having a plurality of antennas and that receives wireless signals having undergone nonlinear precoding and spatial multiplexing from a wireless transmission device and includes a channel estimation unit 403 that is configured to estimate a channel state to and from the wireless transmission device and to output channel state information, based on first reference signals, and to estimate the channel state to and from the wireless transmission device and to output specific equivalent channel state information, based on second reference signals having undergone the nonlinear precoding, and a spatial demultiplexing processing unit 415 that is configured to demodulate desired signals from the received wireless signals, based on the specific equivalent channel state information.

Abstract: There is provided a method, performed by a receiving node, for generating composite acknowledgement information for a Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request, HARQ, process. The composite acknowledgement information is generated in response to transport blocks received from a transmitting node. The method comprises the step (301) of providing, for each transport block, a positive acknowledgement/negative acknowledgement, ACK/NAK, indication for each of a plurality of transmissions of the transport block to define a respective set of ACK/NAK indications. The method also comprises the step (302) of generating the composite acknowledgement information based on the respective sets of ACK/NAK indications for the transport blocks over the plurality of transmissions. In this way, by considering respective sets of ACK/NACK indications over a plurality of transmissions, it is possible to generate an appropriate composite acknowledgment.

Abstract: In methods and devices for scheduling overbooked uplink transmissions for a set of user equipments to a radio base station in a radio network, the overbooking is at least partly based on grant utilization probabilities of the set of user equipments.

Abstract: Disclosed are a communication method and device in a wireless communication system, the communication method comprising: a base station in the communication system determines, according to the current system configuration of the communication system, the category of an enhanced control channel element configuration in an enhanced physical downlink control channel, the enhanced control channel element configuration comprising the number of resource elements in each enhanced control channel element, and the number of enhanced control channel elements in each physical resource block pair, and the enhanced control channel element configuration is classified into a plurality of categories respectively corresponding to the different system configurations of the communication system; and notifying a terminal node in the communication system of the information related to the determined category of the enhanced control channel element configuration.

Abstract: Communication systems, such as the long tem evolution (LTE) of the third generation partnership project (3GPP) may benefit from various optimizations, such as optimizations related to smart phone technology. More particularly, diverse data applications may benefit from enhancements such as physical uplink control channel optimization. According to certain embodiments, a method can include configuring, with radio resource control signaling, a physical uplink control channel resource to one or more devices. The method can also include indicating to each device of the one or more devices, which part of the resource to use.

Abstract: A channel allocation system for allocating channels in a frequency band to a plurality of radios in close proximity so as to minimize co-channel interference. One method for allocating channels involves initially tuning each of the plurality of radios to the same one of the plurality of channels. All of the radios then receive signals from whatever sources and a signal score is determined for each radio. The radios are then tuned to another one of the plurality of channels. The steps of receiving a signal and determining a signal score for each radio are repeated for each of the remaining channels until all channels have been used. The signal scores are then tested against a table of mapping schemes to determine maximum isolation.

Abstract: A computing system includes: an inter-device interface configured to receive a receiver signal including a serving control information for representing a serving control signal communicated over a serving control channel; and a communication unit, coupled to the inter-device interface, configured to: generate a boosting factor estimate based on the receiver signal, and determine the serving control information from the receiver signal based on the boosting factor estimate.

Abstract: The application pertains to a method for transmitting a downlink control signal. A base station maps an enhanced physical downlink control channel (E-PDCCH) sequentially to resource elements for transmitting the E-PDCCH in each orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbol according to an order of OFDM symbols used by the E-PDCCH of a user equipment (UE). The E-PDCCH is sent to the UE from the base station by using the resource elements, where the E-PDCCH and a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) invoked by the E-PDCCH are frequency-division multiplexed. Because the E-PDCCH is mapped sequentially to resource elements for transmitting the E-PDCCH in each OFDM symbol according to an order of OFDM symbols used by the E-PDCCH of the UE, different control channel elements of E-PDCCHs at different aggregation levels will not include a same E-PDCCH modulation symbol, thereby ensuring that the UE judges a start position of the E-PDCCH correctly.

Abstract: According to certain embodiments, methods and systems include providing interference characterization data by a network node to a first wireless device for use in performing interference mitigation. A network node may provide telecommunications services for a first wireless device located associated with the network node. Characteristic data associated with at least one characteristic of an interfering signal associated with a second wireless device may be identified. The at least one characteristic may identify at least one transmission mode associated with the interfering signal. The characteristic data associated with the interfering signal associated with the second wireless device may be transmitted to the first wireless device.

Abstract: According to certain embodiments, methods and systems include providing interference characterization data by a network node to a first wireless device for use in performing interference mitigation. The network node may provide telecommunications services for a first wireless device associated with the network node. Characteristic data may be identifying by the network node. The characteristic data may be associated with at least one characteristic of an interfering signal associated with a second wireless device. The characteristic data may be transmitted to the first wireless device and may identify a precoder granularity configured for least one physical resource block pair associated with the interfering signal.

Abstract: Methods, systems, apparatuses, and devices are described for wireless communication. From a plurality of physical carriers associated with a clear channel assessment (CCA) performed by a device, one of the physical carriers for which the CCA was successful may be identified. A virtual carrier associated with a wireless data transmission by the device may be mapped to the identified one of the physical carriers.

Abstract: Method of selecting an Access Point Name (APN) includes selecting one APN from an APN list when a network connection state of an electronic device is idle and the APN list has at least one APN. The electronic device includes a storage device that stores a APN list. A connection is established between the electronic device and a wide area network using the selected APN. When the connection is established using the selected APN, the method determines that the selected APN is a preferred APN.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are disclosed for supporting D2D discovery in a wireless communication system. The method includes an application in the UE activates a D2D discovery function. The method also includes the UE sends a first signaling to inform an eNB that the D2D discovery function has been activated. The method further includes the application in the UE deactivates the D2D discovery function. In addition, the method includes the UE sends a second signaling to inform the eNB that the D2D discovery function has been deactivated.

Abstract: This invention provides a method and apparatus for coordinating downlink transmission(s) in a wireless communication system comprising a cluster of base station clients in communication with a base station cluster coordinator. The method comprises: receiving from each of the cluster of base station clients, a UE parameter set for each UE served by the respective base station clients; determining cluster parameter sets in respect of respective transmission modes, based on the UE parameter sets; evaluating the cluster parameter sets at the base station cluster coordinator, in order to select at least one of the transmission modes for the base station clients; generating at the base station cluster coordinator at least one output according to the at least one transmission mode; and transmitting each output to at least one of the base station clients to control the corresponding base station client to perform the selected downlink transmissions.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are disclosed for supporting D2D discovery in a wireless communication system. The method includes the UE receives an RRC (Radio Resource Control) message for configuring measurement gaps to the UE. The method also includes the UE performs measurement and does not monitor D2D discovery signal(s) during a measurement gap if the measurement gap collides with any D2D discovery subframe.

Abstract: A novel solution is disclosed whereby one or more mobile devices or web applications are able to create, join, find, discover, restore or relocate processed based channels for the purpose of creating a message bus for each attached device or application. A mobile or web application is allowed to open one or more channels as a message bus from one or more devices, which may include one or more other devices, to a node in a distributed cluster for the purpose of performing logic necessary for the function of the native application. Other objects, features, apparatus and methods are also disclosed.

Abstract: Certain aspects of the present disclosure provide techniques opportunistic retransmissions. According to certain aspects, a user equipment (UE) may transmit data associated with a first hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) process, receive signaling indicating the UE is to retransmit the data in at least one subframe not belonging to the first HARQ process, and retransmit the data on the at least one subframe. According to certain aspects, a base station (BS) may schedule a UE to transmit data on a first HARQ process and signal the UE to retransmit the data in at least one subframe not belonging to the first HARQ process.

Abstract: A signal interface unit for a distributed antenna system includes a channelized radio carrier interface configured to communicate an uplink channelized radio carrier for a radio frequency carrier to a channelized radio carrier base station interface; an antenna side interface configured to receive an uplink digitized radio frequency signal from the distributed antenna system communicatively coupled to the antenna side interface; and a signal conversion module communicatively coupled between the channelized radio carrier interface and the antenna side interface and configured to convert between the uplink digitized radio frequency signal and the uplink channelized radio carrier at least in part by adjusting at least one uplink attribute of the uplink digitized radio frequency signal received from the distributed antenna system to comply with requirements of the channelized radio carrier base station interface.

Abstract: A method, an apparatus, and a computer program product for wireless communication are provided. The apparatus generates a data transport block, divides the data transport block into a number of sub-blocks. The sub-blocks include at least a first sub-block and a second sub-block, where a size of the first sub-block is different than a size of the second sub-block. The apparatus may encode the number of sub-blocks using different code rates and/or different coding schemes. The apparatus may modulate the encoded sub-blocks using different modulation orders. The apparatus transmits the sub-blocks to a receiver.

Abstract: A method, an apparatus, and a computer program product for wireless communication are provided. The apparatus configures a first downlink (DL) control channel for a user equipment (UE) being served by the first transmission point, the configuration facilitating decoding of the first DL control channel by at least one UE being served by a second transmission point, and transmits the first DL control channel.

Abstract: A device is configured to perform a method of wireless communication in a wireless communication network. The method includes receiving, from a communications controller, a device-to-device (D2D) subframe configuration to communicate with one or more second wireless devices, the subframe configuration indicating one or more subframes in which to transmit a D2D signal or receive one or more D2D signals. The method also includes receiving, from the communications controller, scheduling information to transmit a first signal to the communications controller on a subframe indicated by the D2D subframe configuration. The method further includes prioritizing the transmission of the first signal over a transmission of the D2D signal or a reception of the one or more D2D signals, and transmitting the first signal.

Abstract: A wireless communication device includes a communication interface and a processor that operate to generate a first transmission stream by processing first information based on first parameter(s) and a second transmission stream by processing second information based on second parameter(s). In some examples, the second at least one parameter is relatively less robust than the first at least one parameter, and the second information augments the first information when combined with the first information. The wireless communication device then transmits the first transmission stream and the second transmission stream to at least one other wireless communication device. Examples of such parameters include forward error correction (FEC) code, error correction code (ECC), modulation coding set (MCS), modulation type including a mapping of constellation points arranged in a constellation, power (e.g.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are disclosed for power headroom reporting in a wireless communication system. The method includes a UE (User Equipment) being configured with at least a first cell and a second cell. The method also includes the UE reports a PHR (Power Headroom Report) on the first cell in a subframe, wherein the PHR contains the power headroom value of the second cell, and the power headroom value of the second cell is derived using a specific PUSCH resource assignment regardless of whether there is PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Channel) transmission in the second cell in the subframe or not.

Abstract: Systems and methods relating to configuring a Secondary Component Carrier (SCC) for a wireless device in a cellular communications network are disclosed. In some embodiments, the method comprises obtaining capabilities of the wireless device, where the capabilities indicate a frequency band combination supported by the wireless device. The frequency band combination supported by the wireless device includes a first frequency band supported by a base station and the wireless device used for a Primary Cell (PCell) of the wireless device and a second frequency band supported by the wireless device but not supported by the base station. The method further comprises identifying an overlap between the second frequency band supported by the wireless device but not supported by the base station and a third frequency band supported by the base station but not supported by the wireless device and configuring the SCC for the wireless device in the overlap.

Abstract: A method for efficiently transmitting and receiving downlink control information is disclosed. The method includes, at a base station, receiving feedback information including a precoding matrix index (PMI) from a user equipment (UE) and transmitting precoding information having a predetermined bit number according to the number of antenna ports and a transmission mode of the base station. The precoding information of a predetermined transmission mode in the precoding information includes confirmation information indicating that the base station uses a PMI which is recently received from the UE.

Abstract: Periodic over-the-air channel state information (CSI) reporting to serving cells and one or more non-serving cells via a control channel multi-point attachment is disclosed. The channel state information report may be transmitted based on information indicating how to transmit the channel state information report to the non-serving cell. The information indicating how to transmit the channel state information report may be provided by the serving eNodeB. The information may include a periodicity, offset parameters, timing advance commands, power control commands, and/or an aperiodic report request.

Abstract: Provided are a mobile communication system and a mobile communication method in which a base station apparatus and a mobile station apparatus can efficiently transmit control information in case of communication is conducted by using a wide frequency band constructed by a plurality of component carriers. The mobile communication system in which the base station apparatus and the mobile station apparatus communicate by using the plurality of component carriers, wherein the base station apparatus allocates resources to the mobile station apparatus for transmitting HARQ control information, and the mobile station apparatus uses the allocated resources to transmit to the base station apparatus the HARQ control information for a physical downlink control channel and/or a physical downlink shared channel which are transmitted on a plurality of downlink component carriers, and also a scheduling request for requesting the allocation of uplink data transmission.

Abstract: A network access method, device, and system. The method includes: detecting, by a mobile wireless interconnection device, whether interference exists between a first channel and a second channel, where the first channel is between the mobile wireless interconnection device and a station, and the second channel is between the mobile wireless interconnection device and a hotspot access device; if interference exists, reducing, by the mobile wireless interconnection device, its own transmit power, so that no interference exists between the first channel and the second channel, and the station accesses the Internet by using the mobile wireless fidelity device and the hotspot access device.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention provide a channel switching method, apparatus, and device. The method includes: obtaining, by a mobile Wi-Fi device, a channel switching instruction sent by a Wi-Fi access point, where the channel switching instruction carries a destination channel identifier; and switching, by the mobile Wi-Fi device according to the channel switching instruction, a communication channel between the mobile Wi-Fi device and the Wi-Fi access point, and a communication channel between the mobile Wi-Fi device and a terminal that accesses the mobile Wi-Fi device to a destination communication channel corresponding to the destination channel identifier carried in the channel switching instruction. In this way, a Wi-Fi client and a Wi-Fi access end of a mobile Wi-Fi device still work on a same communication channel after performing channel switching, thereby improving compatibility, a throughput, and stability of the mobile Wi-Fi device.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses are provided for transmitting data. An index of a first resource block is obtained from a scheduling grant. A user equipment determines value related to hopping based on a sequence generated by cell specific information. The user equipment determines a value related to mirroring based on the sequence generated by the cell specific information. The user equipment determines a second resource block for uplink transmission by the index of the first resource block, the value related to hopping, and the value related to mirroring.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses are provided for controlling retransmission by a User Equipment (UE) in a communication system. A negative acknowledgement (NACK) is received, from a Node B, for at least one transport block among a plurality of transport blocks transmitted by the UE. A precoding matrix and a number of layers for retransmission are determined. The at least one transport block is retransmitted using the determined precoding matrix and the determined number of layers. The precoding matrix is predefined and the number of layers is equal to a number of layers corresponding to the at least one transport block, if the UE does not receive a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) intended for the UE and a number of the at least one transport block is not equal to a number of the plurality of transport blocks.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses are provided for wireless communication. First offset information and second offset information are received. A scheduling assignment for transmitting uplink data is received. The uplink data is transmitted with at least one of acknowledgement/non-acknowledgment (ACK/NAK) information and channel quality information (CQI) on a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH). A number of symbols for the ACK/NACK information is determined based on the first offset information. A number of symbols for the CQI information is determined based on the second offset information.

Abstract: A channel sounding method in a wireless local area network (WLAN) system is provided. The method, performed by a transmitter, includes transmitting a null data packet announcement (NDPA) frame to a receiver to initiate channel sounding, and transmitting a null data packet (NDP) to the receiver and receiving a feedback frame. The feedback frame includes a plurality of segment frames and a channel feedback report. The channel feedback report is split into a plurality of feedback segments. Each of the plurality of feedback segments is respectively included in each of the plurality of segment frames. Each of the plurality of segment frames includes a first-segment subfield indicating whether the each of the plurality of feedback segments included is a first segment and a remaining-segment subfield indicating the number of remaining feedback segments.

Abstract: A base station is provided. The base station comprises a downlink transmit path comprising circuitry configured to transmit a plurality of reference signals in two or more subframes. Each subframe comprises one or more resource blocks. Each resource block comprises S OFDM symbols. Each of the S OFDM symbols comprises N subcarriers, and each subcarrier of each OFDM symbol comprises a resource element. The base station further comprises a reference signal allocator configured to allocate a first group of the plurality of reference signals to selected resource elements of a first subframe according to a reference signal pattern. The first group of the plurality of reference signals is for a first group of antenna ports. The reference signal allocator also configured to allocate a second group of the plurality of reference signals to selected resource elements of a second subframe according to the same reference signal pattern.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are methods and systems for uplink control feedback design in relation to the high speed dedicated physical control channel (HS-DPCCH). First uplink data may be transmitted on a HS-DPCCH to a first serving cell and a second serving cell, where the first serving cell may be used as a timing reference cell for the uplink transmission. The first serving cell may be associated with a first NodeB and the second serving cell may be associated with a second NodeB. First downlink data may be received from the first serving cell and second downlink data may be received from the second serving cell. A timing reference for uplink transmission may be changed such that the second serving cell may be used as the timing reference cell. Second uplink data may be transmitted on the HS-DPCCH using the second serving cell as the timing reference cell.

Abstract: Techniques are described for wireless communications. A first subframe structure having a first subframe duration for communicating in a first carrier may be determined. A second subframe structure having a second subframe duration for communicating in a second carrier may also be determined. At least the second subframe structure having the second subframe duration may be used to communicate with at least one node.

Abstract: The embodiments herein relate to a method in a user equipment for handling CSI in a communication system. The user equipment determines the CSI, based on information about a CPICH. The CSI comprises at least one of a CQI, a RI, a PCI and an HARQ ACK/NACK. The user equipment transmits the CSI multiplexed into a plurality of TTIs to the base station so that a first CQI-S is transmitted in one TTI and a second CQI-S or a DTX codeword is transmitted in another TTI. The second CQI-S corresponds to a second layer.

Abstract: A framework for enabling a user equipment (UE) to apply interference suppression processing during network conditions that are favorable to interference suppression or that are known is provided. The framework includes an interference suppression (IS) time and frequency (time/frequency) zone, which can be scheduled by a serving base station and signaled to the UE. In an embodiment, the serving base station coordinates with the interfering base station(s) to create a network condition favorable to interference suppression at the UE during the IS time/frequency zone. In another embodiment, the serving base station opportunistically schedules the IS time/frequency zone for the UE whenever it determines favorable transmission parameters being used or scheduled for use by the interfering base station(s). The UE applies interference suppression processing within the IS time/frequency zone, thereby improving receiver performance.

Abstract: At a wireless node in a wireless network, multiple interference estimation resources are received in a time-frequency resource space. The multiple interference estimation resources are resource elements in an assigned physical shared channel of the time-frequency resource space that do not contain physical shared channel data for the wireless node. An interference covariance matrix is determined from received signals on the multiple interference estimation resources. Symbol estimates are determined for a desired signal based in part by using the interference covariance matrix. Methods, computer programs and products and apparatus are disclosed. The techniques may be used for uplink, downlink, or D2D communications.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention provide a carrier resource configuration method, an uplink information transmission method, a base station, and a user equipment. The configuration method includes: determining, by the base station, a serving cell group to which a serving cell of the UE belongs; and sending, by the base station, a belonging relationship between a serving cell and a serving cell group to the UE, so that the UE performs uplink transmission according to the belonging relationship. The technical solutions of the present invention solve a problem that a UE cannot be scheduled correctly because a base station cannot acquire UCI of the UE in time.

Abstract: A system and method may dynamically correct the dead reckoning (DR) position of a mobile device. An indoor or outdoor venue may have Access Points (APs) dispersed around its interior. Each time that a mobile device experiences a handover from one AP to a new AP, the mobile device and/or the local network associated with the venue may determine whether or not the mobile device's DR position corresponds to the location of the new AP. If the mobile device's DR position does not correspond to the location of the new AP within a predetermined threshold, then the mobile device's DR position may be updated to a position associated with the new AP. As a result, the DR position of the mobile device may be continuously checked, and if need be, corrected at each AP handover associated with the venue. The APs may be Wi-Fi/WLAN APs, eNodeB's, or other APs.

Abstract: Systems, methods and computer readable media for mobility integration with fabric-enabled networks are described. Some implementations can include a method comprising terminating, using one or more processors, an access tunnel at an edge switch of a fabric-enabled network, and establishing, using the one or more processors, a mobility tunnel with the edge switch. The method can also include mapping, using the one or more processors, a mobility network to a service identifier associated with the mobility network. The method can further include forwarding, using the one or more processors, traffic for the mobility network from the edge switch to another edge switch across the fabric enabled network, wherein the traffic includes the service identifier.