Abstract: A Rogowski coil in a sensor unit has voltage induced by a conductor surrounded by the Rogowski coil. The voltage is integrated to represent current which is converted to digital data representing current in the conductor and sent wirelessly to a multimeter. The sensor unit may receive control signals from the multimeter. A plurality of sensor units may be networked and controlled by a remote control apparatus.

Abstract: A directional coupler is configured to provide a forward and/or a backward signal derived from a high-frequency signal. The directional coupler comprises a coupling element coupled to a main line, wherein the main line is configured to transport the high frequency signal. The directional coupler further comprises a signal line connecting the coupling element to a measuring port. The signal line comprises a defected ground structure inserted between the coupling element and the measuring port.

Abstract: A system and method for measurement of one or more parameters of a power grid (10) is disclosed. This comprises determining a plurality of events in at least one power waveform on the power grid using at least two sensors (30, 50) and recording timings of the plurality of events in at least two different locations in the power grid. The data gathered is used to determine differences between the timings recorded in the at least two locations. A processing unit (40) is used to analyse the differences of the timings to determine the one or more parameters. These parameters include power flow, short circuits, and breaks in the power grid (10).

Abstract: A power measurer measures, for each current transformer CT, electric energy supplied to equipment or electric energy supplied from the equipment based on a current measured by a current measurer and a voltage measured by a voltage measurer. A sign memory stores, for each current transformer CT, information indicating whether the electric energy measured by the power measurer when the current transformer CT is disposed in a correct direction on a power line shows a positive sign or a negative sign. A determiner determines that, when the sign stored in the sign memory differs from the sign of the electric energy measured by the power measurer, the current transformer CT is disposed in an incorrect direction on the power line.

Abstract: A method of evaluating an optimization system is disclosed. The system is transitioned from an on state to an off state. Data is collected at time intervals for a time period before and after the system is transitioned from the on state to the off state. The transitioning occurs while a load of a particular type is active. In one embodiment, the optimization system is a Volt/VAR Optimization (VVO) system.

Abstract: An automated environment can monitor its resource consumption at the environment level and detect anomalies. Resource consumption can be monitored using a sparse set of sensors that provide information about the total resource consumption of the automated environment. The sensor data can be analyzed together with information about a behavioral routine of users in the automated environment to define a baseline resource consumption pattern. Once a baseline resource consumption pattern is established, anomalies in resource consumption can be detected and reported to users.

Abstract: A parameter determination method is disclosed. Information of specification of the output is received. A first circuit constant and a second circuit constant to set in elements forming an equivalent circuit of the predetermined circuit is received. A first range of a plurality of the parameters which are to be set in a compensator that compensates the output is specified based on the information of the specification and the first circuit constant. A second range of a plurality of parameters which are to be set in the compensator is specified based on the information of the specification and the second circuit constant. At least one of a parameter included in both the first range and the second range.

Abstract: A transformer connection phase determination device includes a processor that executes a process. The process includes: acquiring a power value consumed by at least one consumer connected to a transformer that is connected to a phase corresponding to a combination of two of plural distribution lines, and acquiring respective current values flowing in the plural distribution lines; computing a frequency component of the power value or of a current value caused by the power value, and a frequency component of the respective current values flowing in the plural distribution lines; and computing respective correlation values indicating a correlation between the power value or the current value caused by the power value and the respective current values flowing in the plural distribution lines, using each of the computed frequency components, and determining the phase to which the transformer is connected based on the respective correlation values.

Abstract: Provided is a semiconductor device including: an AC voltage generation unit that generates an AC voltage having an amplitude according to a control signal; a resistance element provided in series with a measurement target, the AC voltage being applied to the resistance element; a voltage detecting unit that detects that a difference voltage between two ends of the resistance element has reached a specified voltage; and a control unit that outputs the control signal to the AC voltage generation unit to cause the AC voltage generation unit to generate the AC voltage so that the difference voltage reaches the specified voltage, based on a detection result of the voltage detecting unit.

Abstract: Apparatuses and methods for non-contact sensing of physical or chemical properties of a target sample using a planar microwave resonator are provided. In one aspect, a planar microwave resonator is used in combination with an active feedback loop for increasing the quality factor of the resonator to compensate for an existing signal loss in the sample or environment. In another aspect, an active feedback loop is used in combination with a microwave resonator to compensate for signal loss in a lossy medium. In another aspect, a planar microwave resonator comprising a secondary layer defining a sensing interface may be used to facilitate the sensing by exposing the secondary layer to a substance to be investigated. In another aspect, a planar microwave resonator sensor is provided comprising separate resonator and active feedback loop components that are indirectly connected through an electromagnetically coupling and may be constructed on two separate support structure.

Abstract: [Problem to be Solved] The present invention provides a radio wave measurement device enabling highly sensitive measurements of radio waves at an extremely low temperature. [Solution] The radio wave measurement device has a radiation-blocking filter through which a targeted radio wave is transmitted, a radio wave-transparent material to reflect a non-targeted electromagnetic wave included in radio waves, and a radio wave detector which are placed in a vacuum vessel, in which the radio waves are transmitted through the radiation-blocking filter, the non-targeted electromagnetic wave included in the radio waves is reflected toward the radiation-blocking filter by the radio wave-transparent material and collected as heat into the radiation-blocking filter, and the heat is exhausted out of the system, allowing the radio waves transmitted through the radio wave-transparent material to be measured with high sensitivity by the radio wave detector.

Abstract: A high resistivity material-based packaging element for an electric field sensor comprises: a substrate; a first packaging frame fixed to the substrate; and a first packaging cover fixed to the packaging frame; wherein at least one electric field sensor chip is located in an inner cavity formed by the substrate, the first packaging frame, and the first packaging cover, and at least one of the substrate, the first packaging frame, and the first packaging cover is of a high resistivity material having an electrical resistivity equal to or greater than 108?·cm. The present invention can ensure accurate measurement of the electric field, and provide an approach to solve the problem of environmental adaptability, thereby enhancing the stability and reliability of electric field detection.

Abstract: The invention relates to a wear detection system, having an image processing device and a contact strip (10), as well as to a method for monitoring the wear of a contact strip for a current supply to vehicles based on contact wires, wherein said contact strip features at least one wear indicator marking (11), which is designed in such a manner that it can be captured by means of an image processing device, said image processing device being an infrared camera for the purpose of capturing said wear indicator marking.

Abstract: A method of estimating a periodic voltage, such as an input voltage, of one of the phases of an electrical circuit with at least two phases including a voltage sensor for each of its phases, each voltage sensor being capable of outputting a signal representative of at least a part of period of the periodic voltage of the phase. The method including the following steps: measure the representative signal starting from the voltage sensor; amplify the representative signal by a gain determined in the absence of an electrical fault in the circuit and based on a reference voltage common to all phases in the electrical circuit (1); use the amplified representative signal to estimate the periodic voltage. A device for estimating a voltage and an electrical circuit including such a device.

Abstract: A machine for processing electronic devices in accordance with a particular embodiment of the present technology includes a cable system at least partially disposed within a housing. The cable system can include a hub, a plurality of cable components detachably coupled to the hub, and a drive mechanism operably connected to the plurality of cable components. The drive mechanism can be configured to cause a given one of the plurality of cable components to be staged for testing. The cable system can further include a controller and a test port. The controller can include memory, processing circuitry, and testing circuitry. The memory can store instructions that, when executed by the controller using the processing circuitry, cause the testing circuitry to test the staged cable component while the staged cable component is detachably coupled to the test port.

Abstract: A system for detecting an electrical fault in an electrical installation including several electrical conductors, the system including at least two measurement modules, each measurement module including first radioelectric communication device, a sensor for measuring each electrical magnitude associated with a corresponding electrical conductor and a first clock defined by a first initial instant and a first clock frequency, each measured value being suitable for being associated with a first instant of measurement, determined with respect to the first initial instant and as a function of the first frequency, an acquisition unit, including second radioelectric means adapted for communicating with the first radioelectric communication device.

Abstract: A vehicle includes a traction battery capable of being selectively coupled to a voltage bus. An inverter selectively couples the voltage bus to an electric machine. A leakage detection circuit including a switching element is connected between the voltage bus and a vehicle chassis. When the traction battery is coupled to the voltage bus and the switching element of the leakage detection circuit is closed, a leakage path in the electric machine may be checked by controlling the inverter to couple terminals of the electric machine to a common conductor of the voltage bus. A leakage path is detected when a leakage resistance associated with the leakage path is less than a predetermined resistance. The leakage resistance is ascertained by measuring a voltage within the leakage detection circuit. A location of the leakage path may be determined based on which components are coupled to the voltage bus.

Abstract: An electric leak detector (108) for a vehicle includes a coupling capacitor (210) that has a terminal (A) connected to an on-vehicle high voltage device (110) and a terminal (B) connected to a repetitive signal output circuit (212). The coupling capacitor (210) repeatedly performs a charge operation and a discharge operation in response to a repetitive signal (PLS). Determination thresholds are calculated based on a voltage applied to the terminal (A) of the coupling capacitor (210) and an atmospheric temperature. A detected charge period and a detected discharge period are compared with the determination thresholds, to thereby determine a leakage state.

Abstract: An arc flash hazard assessment method includes storing electrical equipment data in memory, defining an arc flash model function based on the data, and estimating the model function based on a weighted average of interpolated and extrapolated values. The electrical equipment data may include an operating voltage, a fault current, and a clearing time. The model function is defined for at least three reference voltages V1, V2 and V3, with the interpolated value at operating voltage V, between voltages V1 and V2, and the extrapolated value from reference voltages V2 and V3. At the arc flash protection boundary, the estimated model function has a predefined incident energy value of 1.2 cal/cm2 (or about 5.02 J/cm2), or less.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for determining a ground fault impedance. In one embodiment the apparatus comprises a voltage divider and a ground fault detection module for (i) determining a first voltage based on at least one voltage measurement of the voltage divider while the voltage divider is coupled between the first AC line and the DC line; (ii) determining a second voltage based on at least one voltage measurement of the voltage divider while the voltage divider is coupled between the second AC line and the DC line; (iii) determining a differential voltage based on at least one voltage measurement between the first AC line and the second AC line; and (iv) computing the ground fault impedance based on the first voltage, the second voltage, and the differential voltage.

Abstract: Method for the directional determination of an earth fault in an electric power distribution network, characterised in that it comprises the steps of: Determining (E2) a residual current phasor and a residual voltage phasor, Determining (E3) an active current, Comparing (E7) the residual voltage phasor module with a threshold (SVR), and as long as the residual voltage phasor module remains higher than the threshold (SVR) or a fraction of the threshold (SVR), and for a predetermined number of iterations: Determining (E9, E12) the integral of the active current and of its sign, Determining the number of times when the residual current phasor module is greater than a predetermined threshold (SIR), during the predetermined number of iterations, If the residual current phasor module is greater than the predetermined threshold (SIR) at least one time, during the predetermined number of iterations, Determining (E16) the location upstream or downstream of the fault according to the number of times when the sign of

Abstract: A fault diagnosis method for freewheeling diodes of power converter of switched reluctance motor with two main switches per phase, in which two current sensors are arranged on a power converter with two main switches per phase, wherein, one current sensor LEM1 detects the total current of the main switches connected to the DC bus, and the other current sensor LEM2 detects the total feedback current of the freewheeling diodes connected to the DC bus. By controlling ON/OFF of the upper and lower main switch tubes, short circuit fault of the upper freewheeling diode, short circuit fault of the lower freewheeling diode, short circuit fault of both the upper freewheeling diode and the lower freewheeling diode, open circuit fault of the upper freewheeling diode, open circuit fault of the lower freewheeling diode, or open circuit fault of both the upper freewheeling diode and the lower freewheeling diode can be determined.

Abstract: A printed board with a wiring pattern for detecting deterioration includes an insulating substrate, a wiring pattern group that is formed on the insulating substrate and includes a wiring pattern for detecting deterioration; and a solder resist covering the wiring pattern group, in which the board has a thin film section, and a thick film section in which a thickness of the solder resist is larger than the thin film section, and the wiring pattern for detecting deterioration is formed in the thin film section whose entire surrounding area or partial surrounding area is surrounded by the thick film section.

Abstract: A device (100) for activating an electrical consumer (105) includes a controllable current source (140) for providing a control current, a switching unit (115) for controlling a consumer current as a function of the control current, and a sampling unit (145) for determining a time delay between an activation of the current source (140) and the enabling or interruption of the current flow by the switching unit (115). Furthermore, a processing unit (135) is provided, which is configured to determine that the current source (140) is defective if the time delay lies outside a predetermined range.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an apparatus for burn-in of a device under test (4), characterized by: a thermal conductive plate (2) including a cooling channel (3) for allowing passage of a cooling medium for regulating temperature of the thermal conductive plate (2); the device under test (4) placed on the thermal conductive plate (2); a pressure chamber (5) engaged to the device under test (4), comprising a hollow housing (6) including an integrated cooling passage (7), an air inlet (8), a seal (9) and air outlet (10) aid in regulating temperature of said pressure chamber; and a pin guide means comprising an upper guide (11) embedded in the thermal conductive plate (2) and a lower guide (12) for guiding movement of the pogo pin (13) and its connection with the device under test (4).

Abstract: An integrated circuit includes a first circuit and a test circuit. The test circuit is configured to test the timing of a first circuit. The first circuit includes a plurality of flip-flops and a plurality of data paths. Each data path of the plurality of data paths is connected to one or more of the plurality of flip-flops. The test circuit includes a plurality of loopback paths, a controller, a multiplexer connected to the plurality of loopback paths and a counter connected to the multiplexer. The controller is configured to select a path from the plurality of loopback paths and the plurality of data paths. The multiplexer is configured to selectively output a first signal including an oscillation frequency. The first signal is applied to the selected path and the counter is configured to measure the oscillation frequency of the first signal.

Abstract: An integrated circuit includes a normal voltage detector configured to detect a normal voltage at which the integrated circuit being fully functional. A first voltage detector detects a first voltage that is less than the normal voltage. A second voltage detector detects a second voltage that is less than the first voltage. A reset module is coupled to a supply voltage, the normal voltage detector, the first voltage detector, and the second voltage detector. The reset module includes test logic to, when the supply voltage rises to the first voltage from the second voltage, perform a pass/fail test when the integrated circuit is in a pass/fail test mode, and perform a power up reset when the integrated circuit in not in the pass/fail test mode.

Abstract: In a transfer method for transferring a substrate in an inspection system configured to perform a test on electrical characteristics of the substrate, the inspection system including an inspection unit including a plurality of test devices configured to perform the test on the electrical characteristics of a substrate, a loader unit configured to mount a cassette which accommodates a plurality of substrates, and a transfer device configured to transfer a substrate between the inspection unit and the loader unit, an inspected substrate is received by the transfer device from the inspection unit. The inspected substrate received from the inspection unit is transferred toward the loader unit in a state where an opening portion of a transfer arm container of the transfer device. Then, the inspected substrate is delivered to the loader unit.

Abstract: A pull cell scan flip-flop includes a scan flip-flop and a pull cell. The pull cell is configured to receive a scan flip-flop output signal from the scan flip-flop, the scan flip-flop output signal having a scan flip-flop output value. The pull cell is configured to receive a scan-enable signal and to generate a modified flip-flop output signal. The modified flip-flop output signal has a specified fixed value responsive to the scan-enable signal having a first logic value, and the modified flip-flop output signal has the scan flip-flop output value responsive to the scan-enable signal having a second logic value.

Abstract: Techniques are disclosed relating to test equipment. In one embodiment, a method includes receiving failure information from a first test of a device under test (DUT). In this embodiment, the DUT includes a plurality of scan chains that each include a plurality of scan cells. In this embodiment, the first test is based on a first compressed test pattern. In this embodiment, the failure information does not permit a definitive determination as to which scan cell is a failing scan cell. In this embodiment, the method includes generating a plurality of compressed test patterns based on the first compressed test pattern. In this embodiment, the plurality of compressed test patterns specify one-to-one-modes. In this embodiment, the method includes performing one or more second tests of the DUT using the plurality of compressed test patterns to definitively determine one or more failing scan cells.

Abstract: Implementations of the present disclosure involve an apparatus and/or method for performing cycle deterministic functional testing of a microprocessor or other computing design with one or more asynchronous clock domains. In general, the method/apparatus involves utilizing an observe bus within the microprocessor design to funnel data from within the chip design to an output bus. In addition, to ensure that the output from the chip is synchronized to a tester clock, the observe bus may feed the information from the observe bus to one or more first-in first-out (FIFO) data buffers. During testing, the data stored in the data buffers may be provided to the output pins of the chip at a rate synchronized to the tester clock such that the output appears to the testing apparatus as being cycle deterministic. Further, one or more mechanisms may be employed within the observe bus or circuit design to control the rate of input of data into the data buffers.

Abstract: A scan-testable integrated circuit includes first and second flip-flops. The first flip-flop includes first and second latches and the second flip-flop includes third and fourth latches and a logic circuit. During scan-shift mode of scan testing, the first flip-flop shifts a first bit of a test pattern into the second flip-flop. The first flip-flop then shifts a second bit of the test pattern into the second flip-flop. The logic circuit deactivates a clock signal provided to the third latch, which is a master latch, when the logic states of the first and second bits are equal. The output terminals of the third and fourth latches are retained at the logic state corresponding to the first bit, thereby reducing power consumption.

Abstract: A Propagation Test instruction, a Decay Test instruction and a Cycle Test instruction provide testing of DC and AC interconnect circuits between circuits including JTAG boundary scan cells. A few additions to the Test Access Port circuitry, including gating producing a Capture Test Strobe (CTS) signal, and the boundary scan cells are required to implement the additional instructions. The instructions are extensions of the conventional JTAG operating structure.

Abstract: At least one example embodiment discloses a method of estimating a rotor magnet temperature of a motor. The method includes determining an applied voltage during operation of the motor at an operating point, obtaining a reference value associated with the operating point and associated with a reference temperature and determining an estimated rotor magnet temperature based on the applied voltage and the reference value.

Abstract: A method and system for determining core losses in a permanent magnet synchronous motor, comprising a measurement of the losses of the motor with the motor not connected to a load, and a deduction of the core losses of the motor from the losses of the motor. The motor is placed in an over-fluxing state during the measurement of the losses.

Abstract: A system for measuring a stack cell voltage of a fuel cell according to the present invention comprises: a stack voltage measuring unit which measures a stack voltage of a stack cell battery for each channel; a correction variable calculating unit which calculates a correction variable by using the stack voltage value measured by the stack voltage measuring unit; and a stack voltage value correcting unit which corrects the stack voltage measured by the stack voltage measuring unit on driving by using the correction variable.

Abstract: A battery tester including a battery tester cable, a cable pod coupled to an end of the battery tester cable, and a battery tester housing including a cavity configured to receive the cable pod. The cable pod and the cavity include mating parts configured to mate the cable pod within the cavity in at least two different preset orientations. In some examples, the orientations are changeable and securable manually.

Abstract: A battery monitoring system of flying capacitor type detects voltage difference between adjacent unit cells connected in series in battery pack. The system has the unit cells, an open and close section, a first and second capacitor, a first and second switching section, an ADC, and a microcomputer. The microcomputer instructs the open and close section to charge each of the first and second capacitors with each unit cell. After the first and second capacitors have been charged by the corresponding unit cells, the microcomputer instructs the first switching section to connect the first capacitor and the second capacitor in a reverse-polarity series connection. The microcomputer allows the second switching section to supply a voltage at both ends of the first and second capacitors connected in the reverse-polarity series connection, i.e. a voltage difference between the unit cells, to the ADC. The ADC supplies a conversion result to the microcomputer.

Abstract: A battery deterioration determination device includes a temperature sensor that detects a temperature of a battery; and a determination unit that determines whether the battery has deteriorated or not, wherein the determination unit executes a different deterioration determination process between a first case where the temperature detected by the temperature sensor is less than a predetermined temperature and a second case where the temperature detected by the temperature sensor is equal to or higher than a predetermined temperature.

Abstract: A sensing system including a first magnet having a first magnetic field. In one embodiment, the sensing system also includes a first stator configured to receive the first magnetic field and a second stator configured to receive the first magnetic field. A first collector is configured to collect the first magnetic field from the first stator, a second collector is configured to collect the first magnetic field from the second stator, and a magnetic sensing element is configured to sense the first magnetic field. The sensing system also includes a second magnet having a second magnetic field, and a third magnet having a third magnetic field. The third magnet is positioned such that the third magnetic field is symmetrical to the second magnetic field.

Abstract: A magnetic shielded package includes a magnetic device, a first magnetic shield member, and a second magnetic shield member. The first magnetic shield member is disposed below the magnetic device. The second magnetic shield member is disposed on the first magnetic shield member so as to cover the magnetic device. An opening portion is formed in the first magnetic shield member (i) at such a position as not to be adjacent to an outer circumference of the first magnetic shield member or (ii) an upper wall of the second magnetic shield member.

Abstract: A magnetic resonance imaging apparatus according to an embodiment includes an RF coil and an RF shield. The RF coil is formed in a substantially cylindrical shape. The RF shield is formed in a substantially cylindrical shape and is disposed on an outer circumferential side of the RF coil. The RF shield is provided with a plurality of slits that are in a form of a line extending in an axial direction and having an asymmetrical length in the axial direction with respect to a center in the axial direction and are disposed so as to alternately switch positions thereof in the axial direction along a circumferential direction.

Abstract: A system and method of use for a probe is disclosed that includes a self-expanding housing constructed to permit fluid flow therethrough and constructed for insertion into a subject to be imaged. A plurality of RF coils is attached to the housing to acquire MR data.

Abstract: A radio frequency (RF) source signal is received at a first amplifier and amplified to a first power level over a wide frequency range, which may include frequencies effective for resonantly exciting nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-active nuclei. The amplified signal may be transmitted over a first path or a second path, which may be selected via a switch. When the first path is selected, the amplified signal is transmitted over the wide frequency range to a signal output. When the second path is selected, the amplified signal is received at a second amplifier, amplified to a second power level over a low frequency range, and transmitted to the signal output.

Abstract: An open-type magnetic resonance imaging device provides uniformity of a magnetic field without the necessity of lowering the degree of openness, and without increasing the superconducting wire material. The device includes at least one pair of main coils; at least one pair of shield coils; a pair of annular first magnetic substances disposed on an inner radial side of the main coils so that the first magnetic substances are plane symmetrical to each other; and second magnetic substances as protrusion portions disposed on an outer circumferential side of an end surface of the first magnetic substances on an opposite side of the first magnetic substances.

Abstract: A magnetic resonance apparatus has a scanner with a superconducting basic field magnet, a gradient coil unit, and a radio-frequency antenna unit, an electronics unit, and a cooling apparatus. The cooling apparatus has a cryostat for cooling the superconducting basic field magnet and a first cooling circuit for cooling the electronics unit and/or the gradient coil unit and/or the radio-frequency antenna unit, and a second cooling circuit for cooling the cryostat.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a system and method for reducing large magnetic artifact susceptibility in magnetic resonance imaging. The present invention is used to maximize cancellation of the magnetic field distortion cremated when objects with high variations in magnetic susceptibility are placed in a uniform magnetic field. Particularly, the present invention reduces the magnetic resonance imaging artifact produced by pacemakers and internal cardiac defibrillators in order to maximize the diagnostic image quality in the region surrounding these devices.

Abstract: Magnetic field temporal variations in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) volume are determined based on the slope of a phase difference ?? between spin responses in plural slices at a given temporal sampling time. Representations of the determined temporal magnetic field variations are stored for subsequent use, e.g., to achieve more accurate re-gridding of acquired k-space date before reconstruction of images in the spatial domain.

Abstract: A method for optimizing Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) estimation using a Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Scanner includes detecting movement of a table holding a patient into a bore of the MRI Scanner and, while the table is moving into the bore, performing an MRI scan of the patient to acquire a multi-slice multi-dimensional MRI dataset of an anatomical region of interest of the patient. The multi-slice multi-dimensional MRI dataset is processed to obtain a three-dimensional model corresponding to the patient's body geometry. Then, a patient-optimized SAR estimation is calculated using the three-dimensional model of the patient's body geometry.

Abstract: In a method for operating a medical imaging examination apparatus having multiple sub-systems, a control computer controls the sub-systems to execute a scan sequence in which magnetization in at least two subvolumes of an object being scanned is simultaneously manipulated by a sub-sequence and/or used for the scan data acquisition process. A control protocol assigned to the scan sequence is provided to the control device, and sequence control data for the control protocol are determined that define different functional sub-sequences of the scan sequence. Different effective volumes are assigned to each functional sub-sequence, taking into account the aforementioned sub-modules. Effective volume position data are provided to the control device that define the position and extent of the effective volumes assigned to the different functional sub-sequences.