Fly Ash Patents (Class 106/DIG1)
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Patent number: 5366637Abstract: A method for dewatering the refuse ash generated by a municipal solid waste facility by adding to the ash a copolymer and a nonionic surfactant selected from the group consisting of primary alcohol ethoxylates, secondary alcohol ethoxylates and alkyl phenol ethoxylates. The copolymer consists of repeat units of an ethylenically unsaturated compound and an acrylamido alkane sulfonic acid compound.Type: GrantFiled: May 24, 1993Date of Patent: November 22, 1994Assignee: Betz Laboratories, Inc.Inventor: Umit Turunc
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Patent number: 5362319Abstract: The invention provides a novel, environmentally stabilized formed product and to a method of producing a hard, dry, e.g., agglomerated or formed, environmentally stabilized product useful as a construction material, e.g., as pellets, panels, bricks, etc. comprising: a) ash such as RDF or coal ash (typically stack scrubber solids or bottom ash obtained from the burning of coal), b) an oxidizer and c) water. The amount of water present is selected to render the product plastic so that it can be molded to the desired shape. The oxidizer is provided in a sufficient amount to oxidize unstable compounds and to convert potassium, calcium or magnesium bisulfite to the sulfate form. Following the addition of the oxidizer, the admixture is exposed to electromagnetic energy, preferably ultraviolet light, to help drive the oxidation reaction to completion.Type: GrantFiled: October 21, 1993Date of Patent: November 8, 1994Inventor: William B. Johnson
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Patent number: 5362320Abstract: A polymer modified cement, low shrinkage mortar patching and/or coating compound that can be sanded after drying and has the consistency of drywall compound for coating, patching or taping drywall, plaster, stucco, concrete or wood surfaces.Type: GrantFiled: September 13, 1993Date of Patent: November 8, 1994Inventor: Burton K. Whatcott
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Patent number: 5351630Abstract: A hydrated granular fly ash composition is disclosed. The granular fly ash may be transported with minimal dust problems while maintaining its capacity to act as a solidifying agent at a remote destination. The process for producing the fly ash involves evenly dispersing a pre-determined amount of water into the fly ash so that it is transformed into a granular form substantially eliminating dust production. An apparatus for processing the fly ash includes a hopper for receiving the fly ash, a conveyor and a modified conditioner in which the fly ash is hydrated.Type: GrantFiled: July 3, 1991Date of Patent: October 4, 1994Assignee: Monex Resources, Inc.Inventors: Robert A. Lister, William H. Barrow, James B. Merkel, Gary W. Beckcom, I Samuel Young
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Patent number: 5350549Abstract: Cementitious compositions useful as lightweight aggregates are formed from a blend of spent bed material from fluidized bed combustion and fly ash. The proportions of the blend are chosen so that ensuing reactions eliminate undesirable constituents. The blend is then mixed with water and formed into a shaped article. The shaped article is preferably either a pellet or a "brick" shape that is later crushed. The shaped articles are cured at ambient temperature while saturated with water. It has been found that if used sufficiently, the resulting aggregate will exhibit minimal dimensional change over time. The aggregate can be certified by also forming standardized test shapes, e.g., cylinders while forming the shaped articles and measuring the properties of the test shapes using standardized techniques including X-ray diffraction.Type: GrantFiled: April 15, 1993Date of Patent: September 27, 1994Assignee: Valley Forge Laboratories, Inc.Inventor: Michael J. Boyle
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Patent number: 5346012Abstract: Fine particle size cement compositions and methods of using such compositions for cementing in a subterranean zone penetrated by a well bore are provided. The compositions are basically comprised of a fine particle size hydraulic cement, a fine particle size pozzolanic material and sufficient water to form a pumpable slurry.Type: GrantFiled: February 1, 1993Date of Patent: September 13, 1994Assignee: Halliburton CompanyInventors: James F. Heathman, Ronald J. Crook
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Patent number: 5346549Abstract: The invention provides a novel formed product and method of producing a hard, dry, e.g., agglomerated or formed, product useful as a construction material comprising: a) papermill sludge made up of paper fiber, clay and calcium carbonate, b) ash such as coal ash (typically stack scrubber solids obtained from the burning of coal), and c) water. The amount of water present is selected to render the product plastic so that it can be molded to the desired shape. An oxidizer is provided in a sufficient amount to oxidize unstable compounds and to convert potassium, calcium or magnesium bisulfite to the sulfate form. Following the addition of the oxidizer, the admixture is exposed to electromagnetic energy, preferably ultraviolet light, to help drive the oxidation reaction to completion. In an optional form of the invention, a minor amount of a cation exchange resin is added to the mixture to sequester heavy metals.Type: GrantFiled: October 23, 1992Date of Patent: September 13, 1994Inventor: William B. Johnson
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Patent number: 5347074Abstract: Fly ash generated from incineration of municipal solid waste (MSW) when placed in landfills can under mild acid conditions can leach lead and cadmium. A process for stabilizing heavy metals in this fly ash is presented which involves calcining the fly ash in the presence of an oxygen containing gas stream at a temperature greater than about 400.degree. C. and less than about 600.degree. C. for times from about 170 seconds up to about 5 hours fly ash which has been subjected to calcium scrubbing for acid gas removal. Such treated MSW fly ash will give leachates containing heavy metal concentrations less than the EPA regulatory limit.Type: GrantFiled: April 27, 1993Date of Patent: September 13, 1994Assignee: Air Products and Chemicals, Inc.Inventors: Wolfgang A. Hochleitner, Stephen P. Goff
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Patent number: 5346548Abstract: Compositions particularly suitable for use in preparation of concrete and mortar products comprising at least one cement and from about 5% to about 30% by weight of the cement of siliceous ash from crop residue, wherein the ash is from about 60% to about 95% by weight silica, at least about 90% of the silica is amorphous, at least about 75% of ash particles are in a size range of from about 4 to about 75 micrometers, and the ash particles have a mean particle diameter measured by laser-light scattering of at least 6 micrometers and a B.E.T. surface area of at least 20 m.sup.2 /g. The cement employed is a portland cement or a blended portland cement. Concrete and mortar products prepared from these compositions are characterized by exhibiting after 28 days a compressive strength of at least 2500 psi and chloride permeabilities of less than 2000 coulombs when measured in accordance with AASHTO T-277.Type: GrantFiled: January 4, 1993Date of Patent: September 13, 1994Assignee: The Regents of the University of CaliforniaInventor: Povindar K. Mehta
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Patent number: 5346550Abstract: Improved hydraulic cement compositions and methods for cementing wells drilled through low temperature earth formations wherein the cement is subjected to freeze-thaw cycling are provided. The compositions are comprised of a hydraulic cement, gypsum cement, fly ash, an alkali metal halide, water, and an alcohol freezing point depressant.Type: GrantFiled: August 26, 1993Date of Patent: September 13, 1994Assignee: Halliburton CompanyInventors: Robert A. Kunzi, Edward F. Vinson, Patty L. Totten, Bobby G. Brake
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Patent number: 5347073Abstract: Fly ash generated from incineration of municipal solid waste (MSW) when placed in landfills can under mild acid conditions 1each lead and cadmium. A process for stabilizing lead in this fly ash is presented which involves calcining a mixture of the fly ash and certain calcium-containing compounds in the presence of an oxygen containing gas stream at a temperature greater than about 475.degree. C. and less than about 600.degree. C. for times from about 30 minutes up to about 5 hours. Such treated MSW fly ash will give leachates containing lead concentrations less than the EPA regulatory limit.Type: GrantFiled: April 28, 1993Date of Patent: September 13, 1994Assignee: Air Products and Chemicals, Inc.Inventors: Wolfgang A. Hochleitner, Stephen P. Goff
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Patent number: 5342442Abstract: A method is shown for producing a lightweight aggregate by treating flyash and sewage sludge. The flyash and sewage sludge are mixed together and then agglomerated into pellets, with or without the use of a binder. The pellets may be coated and then are dried. The dried pellets are introduced into a rotary kiln in a direction that is co-current with the flow of fuel and air through the kiln. The pellets in the kiln will be indurated and will experience complete calcination as well as varying degrees of pyrolizing and sintering. The product of the kiln is a nodular material having a low density but with a hard and porous structure. The product of the kiln is feed to a cooler. The flyash sewage sludge mixture has a significant fuel value that is usable in the kiln. Furthermore, the fuel value available in the kiln off-gases may be used for drying the materials.Type: GrantFiled: February 2, 1993Date of Patent: August 30, 1994Assignee: Wisconsin Electric Power CompanyInventors: Timothy M. Nechvatal, Glenn A. Heian
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Patent number: 5330572Abstract: According to the method fly ash is pre-hydrated using cold water and the mixture is then treated in a receptacle under pressure from superheated or saturated steam at a temperature lying between 130.degree. C. and 250.degree. C. The method is applicable to any substance containing quicklime that is to be slaked.Type: GrantFiled: July 7, 1992Date of Patent: July 19, 1994Assignee: Charbonnages De France (Etablissement Public)Inventors: Jacques Blondin, Oussama Baalbaki
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Patent number: 5306344Abstract: The present invention is a specific combination of components having unique properties both in composition and benefits. Such a combination of portland cement type 1, fly ash type C in combination with a specific gradation of blast furnace slag and a specific gradation of fine aggregate in combination with a sodium lignosulfonic acid, sodium nitrate, sodium thiocyanate, triethanolamine, neutralized Vinsol resin and a coconut fatty acid diethanolamine.Type: GrantFiled: December 2, 1992Date of Patent: April 26, 1994Assignee: Edward C. Levy CompanyInventors: Paul F. Gutmann, James L. Thornley
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Patent number: 5302200Abstract: An admixture for a dense and durable concrete mix consisting essentially of diatomaceous earth and silica fume in the ratio of from 1 to 1 up to 1 to 8. Optionally, fly ash and lignosulfonate dispersant may be added to the admixture.Type: GrantFiled: November 27, 1991Date of Patent: April 12, 1994Assignee: Specrete - IP IncorporatedInventors: David A. Smetana, Alfonzo L. Wilson, Richard J. Lenczewski
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Patent number: 5286292Abstract: Commercially available fly ash is prepared and charged in a vessel. A halogen gas is supplied to the vessel and is brought into contact with the fly ash in the vessel.Type: GrantFiled: June 26, 1992Date of Patent: February 15, 1994Assignee: Onoda Cement Co., Ltd.Inventors: Kazuhisa Tsukada, Takeshi Kuroda, Takane Mukaino, Yukinori Saiki
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Patent number: 5276250Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the decomposition of polyhalogenated aliphatic compounds having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, polyhalogenated cycloalkyl compounds having 5 to 8 carbon atoms and polyhalogenated aromatic compounds having at least 5 carbon atoms. A contaminated substrate or the polychlorinated compounds per se are heated with a suitable catalyst to 150 to 550.degree. C. The process according to the invention is especially suitable for the decomposition of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans in soils, scrap loads and waste gases and for decontaminating filter dust from refuse and waste incineration plants.Type: GrantFiled: January 19, 1993Date of Patent: January 4, 1994Inventors: Hanspaul Hagenmaier, Karl-Heinz Tichaczek, Michael Kraft, Roland Haag, Hermann Brunner
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Patent number: 5266111Abstract: In general purpose concrete compositions, from about 10% but less than about 25% by wt of the usual amount of portland cement for such compositions is replaced with Class F fly ash and cement kiln dust, both abundant and inexpensive waste products, in the weight ratio of such fly ash to cement kiln dust of about 3:1-1:1 with a minimum of about 5% of the replaced portland cement being cement kiln dust. General purpose concrete prepared from these mix compositions exhibit early strength characteristics, especially from day 1 to day 3, generally equal to or better than those exhibited by comparable all portland cement mix compositions.Type: GrantFiled: October 13, 1992Date of Patent: November 30, 1993Inventor: Ronald L. Barbour
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Patent number: 5256197Abstract: A process for the production of a water-insoluble, abrasion-resistant, synthetic solid article or aggregate, as well as the products produced thereby. Fly ash, lime, water and FGD sludge are mixed intimately and formed at pressures exceeding 1,000 psi, preferably 4000-8000 psi. The product is cured for at least the equivalent of 28 days at 73.degree. F., and crushed and sized to produce a commercial aggregate, for example, for concrete, asphalt, concrete masonry units, etc.Type: GrantFiled: June 19, 1991Date of Patent: October 26, 1993Assignee: Conversion Systems, Inc.Inventor: Charles L. Smith
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Patent number: 5256198Abstract: A method for increasing the porosity of fly ash comprising adding an effective amount of a polymer/nitrate composition to fly ash produced from the combustion of fuels such as coal.Type: GrantFiled: October 13, 1992Date of Patent: October 26, 1993Assignee: Calgon CorporationInventor: Rabindra K. Sinha
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Patent number: 5252127Abstract: Smoke purification waste materials (SPW), rich in lime, are mixed with a product containing at least 60% silica and/or aluminum to bring the pH to a value of between 7 and 11.5 and with a quantity of water of between 15% and 160% of the weight of the waste materials and said product. In practice, the ratio of SiO.sub.2 and Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 over CaO must be at least equal to 0.8. Solid compounds are obtained that are virtually insoluble in water and that are non-pollutant.Type: GrantFiled: November 29, 1991Date of Patent: October 12, 1993Inventor: Philippe Pichat
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Patent number: 5244740Abstract: A water resistant or repellant article comprised of delaminated vermiculite lamellae is provided, which article is produced by immersing the article in a solution of a cationic exchange agent.The invention further relates to a method of producing such a water resistant or repellant article comprising the step of contacting the film with a solution of a cationic exchange agent.Type: GrantFiled: May 30, 1990Date of Patent: September 14, 1993Assignee: W. R. Grace & Co.-Conn.Inventors: Chia-Chih Ou, Deborah Neumayer
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Patent number: 5245114Abstract: Bottom ash arising from solid waste combustion has lead (Pb) sufficient quantity to sometimes fail the EPA TCLP test. Addition of water-soluble phosphate, especially phosphoric acid, increases the immobilization of lead (Pb) so as to make such residues in compliance with the toxicity tests over a substantially broader pH range, particularly with respect to the more stringent TCLP extraction test. The bottom ash may be wet or dry when contracted with the water-soluble phosphate. The contacting is preferably preformed in an enclosed environment to avoid bottom ash contact with or exposure to the ambient atmospheres prior to treatment.Type: GrantFiled: May 21, 1991Date of Patent: September 14, 1993Assignee: Wheelabrator Environmental Systems, Inc.Inventor: Keith E. Forrester
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Patent number: 5220111Abstract: Fly ash generated from incineration of municipal solid waste (MSW) when placed in landfills under mild acid conditions can leach lead and cadmium. A process for stabilizing heavy metals in this fly ash is presented which involves calcining in the presence of an oxygen containing gas stream at a temperature greater than about 375.degree. C. and substantially less than about 800.degree. C. for times from about 170 seconds up to about 5 hours fly ash which has been subjected to lime scrubbing for acid gas removal. Such treated MSW fly ash will give leachates containing heavy metal concentrations less than the EPA regulatory limit.Type: GrantFiled: September 10, 1991Date of Patent: June 15, 1993Assignee: Air Products and Chemicals, Inc.Inventors: Donald P. Bucci, Francis A. Altemose, II, Nancy C. Easterbrook, Edwin N. Givens, Joseph Klosek, Kenneth D. Tracy, Kai P. Wong
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Patent number: 5220112Abstract: Fly ash generated from incineration of municipal solid waste (MSW) when placed in landfills can under mild acid conditions leach lead and cadmium. A process for stabilizing lead in this fly ash is presented which involves calcining a mixture of the fly ash and certain calcium-containing compounds in the presence of an oxygen containing gas stream at a temperature greater than about 475.degree. C. and substantially less than about 800.degree. C. for times from about 30 minutes up to about 5 hours. Such treated MSW fly ash will give leachates containing lead concentrations less than the EPA regulatory limit.Type: GrantFiled: September 10, 1991Date of Patent: June 15, 1993Assignee: Air Products and Chemicals, Inc.Inventors: Donald P. Bucci, Francis A. Altemose, II, Nancy C. Easterbrook, Edwin N. Givens, Joseph Klosek, Kenneth D. Tracy, Kai P. Wong
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Patent number: 5211750Abstract: An abrasion resistant synthetic aggregate made from an intimately intermixed combination of lime, fly ash and sulfate/sulfite sludge (e.g. FGD sludge), mixed to the point where the mixture is nearly optimum density and compressible or non-compressible and plastic. This mixture is placed in a landfill. After a relatively brief cure period, the landfill is ripped and the material is crushed and graded. The aggregate, which in some instances may qualify as a light weight aggregate, has a Los Angeles Abrasion Resistance of less than 60%, and may in some cases be less than 50% (medium particles passing) according to that test.Type: GrantFiled: June 19, 1991Date of Patent: May 18, 1993Assignee: Conversion Systems, Inc.Inventors: Charles L. Smith, John J. Juzwiak
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Patent number: 5177305Abstract: The process is the type wherein the solid portions of waste materials of all origins are crushed and ground to a granulometry of under 5 mm and then are heated to between 750.degree. C. and 1,350.degree. C. According to the invention, after the addition, if applicable, of liquid waste to obtain a pasty mass, a reagent is added to the latter, in pulverulent form having granules of under 500 microns based with calcium carbonate, silicium oxide and, possibly, aluminum and iron oxides in quantities to produce the following ratio after incineration: ##EQU1## Application to the treatment of all types of waste by combustion.Type: GrantFiled: April 1, 1991Date of Patent: January 5, 1993Inventor: Philippe Pichat
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Patent number: 5174819Abstract: An improved composite material is prepared by first uniformly mixing cement and perlite fines. The perlite fines comprise particles that are less than 200 mesh. The mixture of perlite fines and cement is then mixed with water, formed into a desired shaped, and allowed to dry. The dried material is useful in many applications where cement is used and has fireproofing and strength characteristics superior to ordinary concrete.Type: GrantFiled: July 30, 1991Date of Patent: December 29, 1992Assignee: Aerex International CorporationInventor: James P. Carlson
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Patent number: 5167711Abstract: System and method for low temperature treatment of organic wastes containing potentially toxic concentrations of metals is described which comprises forming the waste material into pellets of preselected size, mixing the pellets with inert material, incrementally heating the mixture in air from about 200.degree. C. to about 600.degree. C. in order to oxidize the pellets to the corresponding ash containing the metals, collecting the ash, and combining the ash with inert material and binder to form a solidified compact for disposal.Type: GrantFiled: January 3, 1992Date of Patent: December 1, 1992Assignee: The United States of America as represented by the Secretary of the Air ForceInventors: Robert P. Wichner, Roger D. Spence, Ivan L. Morgan, Helen W. Jermyn
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Patent number: 5160539Abstract: This invention relates to an apparatus, method and product wherein fine particles of fly ash containing carbon are oxidized in a dry, bubbling fluid bed of previously introduced fine particles of the same fly ash so that the subsequently removed particles have reduced carbon content and are useful as pozzolan, suitable for use, without further processing, to replace a portion of the cement in concrete. The preferred conditions are a temperature of about 1300.degree. to 1800.degree. F., air velocity of between at least about 0.5, but not more than about 3 ft./sec., residence time of at least about 2 minutes but up to 100 minutes, volume ratio of air to fly ash of between about 1,000 and 1500, and an excess of oxygen between about 5% and 15%.Type: GrantFiled: April 5, 1991Date of Patent: November 3, 1992Assignee: Progress Materials Inc.Inventor: Joseph W. Cochran
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Patent number: 5152837Abstract: Described is the process for forming a hardenable mixture of a coal ash comprising free CaO and free CaSO.sub.4.0 H.sub.2 O.In order to remove all free CaO the coal ash is mixed with a fly-ash comprising essentially no free CaO and no free CaSO.sub.4.0 H.sub.2 O and water and subsequently subjected to a heat treatment.By removal of free CaO it is found that the strength of hardened granules formed from such ash mixture does not deteriorate as is the case from granules formed with a coal ash comprising free CaO.Also a process for forming hardened granules and a building component formed with use of a hardenable mixture according to the invention are described.Type: GrantFiled: January 22, 1991Date of Patent: October 6, 1992Assignee: Aardelite Holding B.V.Inventor: Pieter D. Rademaker
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Patent number: 5133806Abstract: There is disclosed a softy mud solidifying agent which comprises cement, and at least two members selected from the group consisting of pozzolanic substances, inorganic compounds and organic compounds. The solidifying agent is capable of solidifying dredged earth, sand, softy mud, etc. in such a manner that their mixture can be re-cast into water to form submerged banks, artificial fish-gathering places, etc., without causing water pollution.Type: GrantFiled: January 6, 1992Date of Patent: July 28, 1992Assignees: Fujita Corporation, Onoda Chemico Co., Ltd.Inventors: Hiroyuki Sakamoto, Masao Sagara, Masao Shimoda, Kitsugi Kyoichi
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Patent number: 5116417Abstract: A binder composition is shown for agglomerating ore fines in a heap leaching ore recovery process. The binder composition comprises a calcareous component, a sulfate component and a siliceous-aluminous component such as fly ash. The ore fines are agglomerated by adding the binder composition thereto and a leach bed is formed of the agglomerated ore. The leach bed is leached with a leaching agent to form a leach liquor the metal values are recovered from the leach liquor.Type: GrantFiled: May 21, 1990Date of Patent: May 26, 1992Assignee: Chemical Lime CompanyInventors: Daniel D. Walker, Jr., Joseph Oliphant
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Patent number: 5110362Abstract: Cement compositions containing fly ash having a carbon content are given satisfactory air entrainment by including a water soluble C8 fatty acid salt.Type: GrantFiled: March 12, 1990Date of Patent: May 5, 1992Inventors: John T. Hoarty, Leslie Hodgkinson, Michael J. Waddicor
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Patent number: 5106422Abstract: The subject invention relates to a rapid-setting self-hardening backfill composition and method of installation. The composition comprising a minor amount of Class C fly ash as a primary constituent and other filler materials such as Class F fly ash in major amount. When such materials are combined with water in controlled amount, they produce a backfilling material which is flowable and self-leveling for easy installation in utility trenches and similar excavations in street and roadway surfaces to support relatively heavy compressive loads within relatively short periods of time without settling. The self-hardening initially flowable mixtures attain considerable strength for withstanding traffic loads without undue settling in time periods of about 4 hours.Type: GrantFiled: January 18, 1991Date of Patent: April 21, 1992Assignee: American Electric Power Service CorporationInventors: Bruce H. Bennett, Gary J. Jablonski, Michael Bahleda, Claude W. Frishette, II, Paul R. Stodola
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Patent number: 5104451Abstract: A mortar for the production of a floor is prepared from a mixture of anhydrite binder, sand, fluidized bed ash from the fluidized bed firing of a sulfur-bearing fuel such as coal, water and a selection of additives, resulting in advantageous technological properties.Type: GrantFiled: September 11, 1990Date of Patent: April 14, 1992Assignee: Norina Bautechnik GmbHInventors: Klaus Steppler, Rudolf Ostrowski
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Patent number: 5100473Abstract: The present invention relates to processes for producing a material usable as a suitable civil engineering and construction material by treating a combustion ash formed by the combustion of a fluidized bed comprising a coal as the fuel and limestone as a desulfurizing agent. In this process, quick lime contained therein is sufficiently slaked at first by addition of water and heat thus generated is released to prevent disintegration of the product, and then the product is subjected to atmospheric pressure steam treatment to obtain a product of high strength in a short time.Type: GrantFiled: June 24, 1988Date of Patent: March 31, 1992Assignee: Kawasaki Jukogyo Kabushiki KaishaInventors: Susumu Mitsuda, Yasunori Shibata, June Tatebayashi
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Patent number: 5098612Abstract: An aqueous liquid or sludge waste is solidified by mixing it with a clay selected from the group consisting of sodium Montmorillonite, attapulgite, sepiolite, and mixtures thereof and a cementitious material coated with a fluid silicone polymer.Type: GrantFiled: July 9, 1990Date of Patent: March 24, 1992Inventor: Farrell D. Rowsell
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Patent number: 5092929Abstract: For a treatment of the residues which become available as dry dust in the purification of exhaust gas and contain, inter alia, 5 to 12% by weight CaO and have a conductance in excess of 6000 .mu.S/cm, a process is proposed in which the residues are fluidized with purified exhaust gas in a circulating fluidized bed system consisting of a fluidized bed reactor, separator and recycling line and the CaO contained in the residues is reacted with the CO.sub.2 contained in the exhaust gases to form CaCO.sub.3.Type: GrantFiled: August 16, 1989Date of Patent: March 3, 1992Assignee: Metallgesellschaft AktiengesellschaftInventors: Harald Sauer, Bernd Thone
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Patent number: 5087545Abstract: Carrier particles with an average diameter of greater than 44 microns are generated from fly ash, and subsequently admixed with toner compositions enabling developer compositions useful for incorporation into xerographic imaging apparatuses. The aforementioned carrier particles have an apparent density of from about 2.4 to 2.6 grams/cm.sup.3 and a magnetic moment of from about 60 to about 70 electromagnetic units. Images with substantially no background deposits, that is, no dark bands appearing thereon, and substantially no white spots resulted with the aforementioned developer compositions.Type: GrantFiled: October 2, 1989Date of Patent: February 11, 1992Assignee: Xerox CorporationInventor: Robert J. Hagenbach
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Patent number: 5085708Abstract: An admixture for ultra-dry-mix concrete is disclosed containing one or more varieties of cement dispersing agents (A) selected from a group consisting of lignosulfonates, oxycarboxylates and polycarboxylates, and in addition, containing one or more varieties of nonionic surface-active agents (B) selected from a group consisting of polyoxyalkylene alkylaryl and alkyl ethers with a hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB-value) of 8 to 17.Type: GrantFiled: January 24, 1991Date of Patent: February 4, 1992Assignee: Sandoz Ltd.Inventors: Yoshitaka Moriya, Hiroshi Nomachi, Makoto Takada, Yukihide Takatsu, Kenichi Umezawa
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Patent number: 5084102Abstract: A cement based on blast-furnace slag and fly ash, characterized in that the cement is a homogeneous dry particulate mixture in ready-to-use form, which comprises blast-furnace slag having a specific surface area of 500-650 m.sup.2 /kg and fly ash in a weight ratio in the range of 20/80-60/40, and further comprises the following components in the amounts indicated, calculated on the total mixture: at least 2% by weight of portland cement clinker and 2-12% by weight of sodium silicate (calculated as Na.sub.2 O+SiO.sub.2).Type: GrantFiled: December 22, 1989Date of Patent: January 28, 1992Assignee: Eerste Nederlandse Cement Industrie (ENCI) N. V.Inventors: Seratius J. P. Brouns, Willem van Loo
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Patent number: 5080022Abstract: An improved composite material is prepared by first uniformly mixing cement and perlite fines. The perlite fines comprise particles that are less than 200 mesh. The mixture of perlite fines and cement is then mixed with water, formed into a desired shaped, and allowed to dry. The dried material is useful in many applications where cement is used and has fireproofing and strength characteristics superior to ordinary concrete.Type: GrantFiled: August 1, 1990Date of Patent: January 14, 1992Assignee: Aerex International CorporationInventor: James P. Carlson
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Patent number: 5069720Abstract: A method and composition for reducing ammonia emissions from non-acidic residue from the combustion of a carbonaceous fuel, such residue containing ammonium salts or absorbed ammonia, is presented, the method comprising applying to the residue either a physical barrier composition, a chemical barrier composition, or both, under conditions effective to reduce the emission of ammonia from the residue.Type: GrantFiled: June 17, 1988Date of Patent: December 3, 1991Assignee: Fuel Tech, Inc.Inventors: William R. Epperly, Barry N. Sprague
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Patent number: 5041398Abstract: A process for treatment of incinerator ash typically including heavy metals and both water soluble and insoluble fractions. The insoluble fraction is first removed from the fly ash. The soluble fraction is treated to precipitate heavy metal compounds. Preferably, the heavy metal precipitates are incorporated in a vitrifiable batch. In a separate vitrifiable batch, the insoluble fly ash portions may also be incorporated. Most preferably, bottom ash from the incinerator is also incorporated in a glass batch. The bottom ash glass batch may also incorporate the insoluble fraction from the fly ash.Precipitation of the heavy metal constituents in the soluble portion of the fly ash is preferably accomplished by raising the pH of the solution, most preferably above 10 by addition of alkali metal or alkaline earth metal hydroxides.Type: GrantFiled: February 22, 1989Date of Patent: August 20, 1991Assignee: Wheaton IndustriesInventors: Dennis E. Kauser, Robert A. LaMastro
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Patent number: 5019360Abstract: A method for the processing of fly ash scrubber sludge or the like is provided. The method yields unique products, including a usable calcium silicate material and a high purity alumina material. The process involves a plurality of stages including a first magnetic separation in an acid leach. During the acid leach, valuable mineral components are converted into soluble sulfates. The leach residue, containing calcium materials, is extracted with ammonia solution to yield a desirable calcium silicate product. The leach liquor is treated in a preferred manner to precipitate relatively acid free aluminum sulfate. The aluminum sulfate is then converted into a desirable alumina product.Type: GrantFiled: June 8, 1990Date of Patent: May 28, 1991Assignee: Northern States Power CompanyInventor: John M. Lehto
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Patent number: 5002611Abstract: Described is the process for forming a hardenable mixture of a coal ash comprising free CaO and free CaSO.sub.4 .OH.sub.2 O.In order to remove all free CaO the coal ash is mixed with a fly-ash comprising essentially no free CaO and no free CaSO.sub.4.OH.sub.2 O and water and subsequently subjected to a heat treatment.by removal of free CaO it is found that the strength of hardened granules formed from such as mixture does not deteriorate as is the case form granules formed with a coal ash comprising free CaO.Also a process for forming hardened granules and a building component formed with use of a hardenable mixture according to the invention are described.Type: GrantFiled: June 13, 1989Date of Patent: March 26, 1991Assignee: Aardelite Holding B. V.Inventor: Pieter D. Rademaker
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Patent number: 4997484Abstract: A hydraulic cement is formed from a Class C fly ash, an alkali metal activator, and citric acid. Mortar and concrete compositions can be prepared with this hydraulic cement. The cement is particularly useful in producing mortar and concrete compositions that achieve high strengths in a short time, in particular, a mortar having a strength of at least 2500 psi in 24 hours, when cured at room temperature.Type: GrantFiled: June 5, 1990Date of Patent: March 5, 1991Assignee: Lone Star Industries, Inc.Inventors: Billy B. Gravitt, Richard F. Heitzmann, James L. Sawyer
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Patent number: 4997357Abstract: The invention relates to a method of treating power station residues in the form of bulk material, particularly the filter ash from power stations, by hydrating the lime content by adding moisture and by further wetting of the bulk material, with an opportunity for constantly feeding in material to be processed and discharging processed material, and also to an apparatus for carrying out the method. In order to provide a method and an apparatus by which large quantities of power stations residues (ash) can be quickly and safely treated at economic and comparatively low cost, it is according to the invention proposed that the bulk material supplied should pass through a succession of different spatially substantially separate treatment zones be moved mechanically at adjustable intensity throughout the entire process, be differently treated in each treatment zone, be caused to react and transported along a reaction line under control.Type: GrantFiled: September 15, 1989Date of Patent: March 5, 1991Assignees: Hubert Eirich, Paul Eirich, Walter EirichInventors: Hubert Eirich, Paul Eirich, Walter Eirich, Herbert Durr
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Patent number: 4992102Abstract: A synthetic Class C fly ash results from a substantially homogeneous blend of about 40-60% by weight of a Class F fly ash and about 60-40% by weight of cement kiln dust (CKD). This new fly ash can replace about 25-50% by weight of portland cement in conventional formulations with coarse and fine aggregate for making general purpose concrete and particularly ready-mix concrete with comparable compressive strength and like properties.Type: GrantFiled: August 8, 1988Date of Patent: February 12, 1991Inventor: Ronald L. Barbour