Abstract: An incineration apparatus which can suppress the generation of dioxins, including a combustion furnace (11) for burning a combustible in combustion air within the furnace, chlorinated aromatic compound measuring device (12) for measuring an amount of a chlorinated aromatic compound generated in the combustion furnace, and control device (14, 15, 16) for monitoring the amount of the chlorinated aromatic compound generated, obtained by the measuring device (12), and varying operating conditions of the combustion furnace (11) on the basis of the monitored result, such as to decrease the amount of the chlorinated aromatic compound generated in the combustion furnace (11).

Abstract: A method and apparatus retrofitted to a multiple-intertube pulverized-coal burner to reduce NO.sub.x emissions of roof fired boilers. An internal two stage process controls the amount of secondary air which flows to the burner. The first stage includes a secondary air damper and air flow station to regulate the amount of air which flows into a windbox of the burner. The second stage includes an outlet formed in the hot primary air duct, an air plenum which communicates therewith, and a plurality of interjectory air ports which correspond with the burners in number and position along a front wall of the boiler and which communicate with the air plenum. The interjectory air ports inject interjectory air into a combustion chamber of the boiler at a substantially 90 degree angle to the direction of a plurality of burner tips of each burner and supplies the balance of the required theoretical combustion air needed to complete combustion of the fuel.

Abstract: An unburned carbon and other combustibles monitoring and control system for a fly ash producing fossil-fueled boiler, such as a pulverized coal fired boiler. An infrared imaging camera counts the moving hot particles entrained in the hot gases downstream of the furnace region of the boiler and provides a first signal representative of the number of hot particles in the hot gases over a predetermined period of time. A signal processor is connected to the infrared imaging camera for counting the hot particles for receiving the signal representative of the number of particles in the hot gases and providing a second signal representative of the mass flow of unburned carbon and other combustibles content of the fly ash produced by the boiler, the second signal being a function of the first signal.

Abstract: A multiple hearth furnace having a drying zone, a combustion zone and a cooling zone includes a recirculation loop that recycles exhaust gas from the drying zone to the cooling zone. In some embodiments, a first control loop including a temperature measurement device that measures temperature in the combustion zone controls fan speed of a recirculation fan that drives the recirculation loop. A second control loop monitors recirculation fan temperature and overrides the first control loop if the recirculation fan temperature exceeds a predetermined maximum. A third control loop controls air flow into the furnace.

Abstract: A combustion system is divided into a thermal decomposition section and a combustion section. The thermal decomposition section thermally decomposes or partially bums solid combustibles, thereby generating combustible gases. The quantity or quality of the generated combustible gases is measured, and combustion air corresponding to the measured value is supplied to the combustion section. The quality and temperature of the combustible gases in the thermal decomposition section are detected, and the quantity of solid combustibles and air (or the quantity of heat) supplied to the thermal decomposition section are controlled.

Abstract: The grate element (1, 2) is made in three pieces in the sample embodiment, and consists of a central main part (10) and two side parts (11, 12) attached thereto. The main part (10) is pierced by parallel straight-line bores, which form the straight-line conduit sections. These straight-line conduit sections (13) are flow-connected with reversers (14) in the respective side parts (11, 12). The inlet (15) for the coolant fluid is located in the rear part of the grate element, whereas the outlet (16) is located in the head area (7) of the grate element. In the outlet (16) there is a temperature probe (17) for monitoring the temperature of the coolant fluid. The grate element head (7) has recesses (18) in its foot (8) which open downward, serving as air escape orifices for the primary air, which is supplied from beneath.

Abstract: Reduction of slagging is improved by targeting slag-reducing chemicals in a furnace with the aid of computational fluid dynamic modeling. Chemical utilization and boiler maintenance are improved.

Abstract: A system for automatically admitting and regulating the flow-rate of an alkaline substance admitted to the combustion chamber (10) of a refuse incineration plant for the hot destruction of the acids contained in the combustion fumes, comprising sensors (22, 23, 24, 25, 51, 124, 140) for detecting the concentration of the acids in the fumes in the combustion chamber (10) and working conditions of the plant such as temperature, flow-rate and humidity of the fumes, and processing means (26, 27) connected to the sensors for identifying, in dependence on the concentration of acids and of the working conditions, a flow-rate of an alkaline substance to be admitted to the combustion chamber in order to achieve a destruction yield which reduces the concentration of acids in the fumes discharged from the plant to a predetermined value, and for operating flow-rate regulation members (40) for admitting to the combustion chamber the flow-rate of an alkaline substance thus identified.

Abstract: Information relating to combustion conditions within a fossil-fueled boiler that includes a plurality of burners adapted to produce flames combining to form a fireball is provided by acquiring data relating to the physical and temperature characteristics of the fireball with at least one imaging camera having optical and temperature measuring capabilities; receiving, storing and processing data received from the camera to provide data representative of the NO.sub.x content of the hot gases produced by the fireball; and transmitting the processed data from the processor to a monitor for display. Transmitted, processed data may include current, historical and target information relating to the physical appearance and temperature profile of the fireball.

Abstract: A process for burning solids on a sliding fire grate system where each of the combustion control criteria are measured and controlled individually for each grate plate comprising the grate system.

Abstract: A method of and apparatus for detecting an abnormality of a fluidized bed boiler is characterized in that an abnormality of the fluidized bed boiler is detected on the basis of a physical quantity related to a condition change of a gas existing in a space defined by a pressure vessel and the fluidized bed boiler accommodated within the pressure vessel.

Abstract: A high temperature furnace and method for thermally decomposing solid combustible fuels into usable products to provide a source of heat to a selected area is disclosed. Solid combustible fuel, such as waste automobile tires, are introduced into a reaction vessel or combustion chamber which is defined by an outer wall. The reaction vessel has an upper portion and a lower portion with a central partition dividing the lower portion into compartments. Each compartment holds a fuel bed having a selected height wherein the sold fuel accumulates as it is being decomposed. Each compartment also has a bottom opening. Air ducts located along the outer wall of the reaction vessel and in the central partition supply pressurized air to the interior of the reaction vessel. An exhaust duct which communicates with the upper portion of the reaction vessel is supplied for venting off combustion or pyrolysis products from the reaction vessel to the selected area.

Abstract: A control system for a fuel-fired furnace and more specifically the control of the stoichiometric ratio of the combustion process occurring within the furnace of a steam generating power plant. The control system, when so employed, is capable of regulating the distribution of air flow to the combustion process such that the formation of oxides of nitrogen are maintained at acceptable levels. The control system includes in general a stoichiometric subsystem that determines the mass flow rate of air required to maintain the stoichiometric ratio within the combustion process; an override protection subsystem which ensures control precedence of the windbox-to-furnace pressure differential over the stoichiometry subsystem; and an overfire air subsystem that acts to apportion air flow amongst the various levels of overfire air within the boiler.

Abstract: An intelligent oxygen injection control system for afterburners which minimizes transient incinerator pollutant emissions while simultaneously minimizing oxygen consumption. A fuzzy logic-based controller utilizes inputs from sensors that measure gas phase pollutant species such as hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide to control oxygen injection and thus minimize pollutant emissions while minimizing oxygen consumption.

Abstract: In a hydrocarbon release rate controlling method, a first chamber is provided capable of receiving successive batches of feed materials for thermal processing having widely varying energy content, heating is produced in the first chamber to cause pyrolyzing of the feed materials into fluid materials, a second chamber is provided communicating with the first chamber and capable of receiving the fluid materials from the first chamber and communicating the fluid materials to a discharge location, heating is produced in the second chamber to cause oxidizing of the fluid materials into discharge gases reaching the discharge location, a jacketed vessel is provided defining a channel surrounding the first and second chambers containing a flow of coolant fluid through the channel, separate variable flows of primary and secondary air are respectively produced into and through the first and second chambers, the temperatures in the first and second chambers are sensed, the temperature of the coolant in the channel of th

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of firing black liquor in recovery boilers where the intention is to obtain fumes having a low content of nitrogen oxides (NO.sub.x). A part of the combustion air is added as a last portion at a very high level so that a reducing atmosphere will exist in a very great part of the boiler for a long time period, e.g. at least 3-5 seconds.

Abstract: This invention relates to an improved process for the coincineration of municipal solid waste and municipal sewage sludge by dewatering the sludge, breaking it up into sufficiently small particles and employing oxygen enrichment of the combustion process. These small particles of sludge are introduced into the combustion zone above the grate in the combustion zone but at a distance above the grate no higher than that of the point of introduction of secondary air. This is accomplished without undesired excursions of flue gas flow rate and temperature.

Abstract: Fly ash is thermally processed in electrically heated, closed pre-heat and combustion chambers. In the combustion chamber, the fly ash is tumble mixed to produce maximum combustion of carbon in the fly ash. Further, the tumble mixing is done while injecting air and oxygen into the tumbling heated fly ash. The tumble mixing is accomplished by feed screws. The screw shafts are hollow with air orifices at regular intervals. As a result, an oxygenated air mixture may be injected into the tumbling fly ash to aid the combustion of the carbon in the fly ash. The flow rates for air and oxygen, the temperature of the pre-heat chamber and the combustion chamber, and the ash flow rate (speed of feed screws) may be adjusted to obtain the proper combustion to get the desired Loss On Ignition (LOI) value for the fly ash. Spectrometers monitoring the color of the output of the fly ash may be calibrated to adjust one or more of the above variables.

Abstract: In a dried sludge melting furnace apparatus, at least one of following two controls is executed. In one of the controls, the primary combustion chamber (PCC) upper combustion air supply amount and the PCC lower combustion air supply amount are adjusted so as to respectively become a target PCC upper combustion air supply amount and a target PCC lower combustion air supply amount which are obtained from an inferred PCC upper combustion air supply amount and an inferred PCC lower combustion air supply amount. The inferred PCC upper and lower combustion air supply amounts are obtained by a fuzzy inference device (221). In the other control, the total combustion air supply amount and the second combustion chamber (SCC) burner fuel supply amount are adjusted so as to respectively become a target combustion air supply amount and a target SCC burner fuel supply amount which are obtained from an inferred combustion air supply amount and an inferred SCC burner fuel supply amount.

Abstract: An apparatus for controlled processing of materials includes a coolant jacketed vessel defining a first pyrolysis chamber and a second oxidation chamber, first heating elements mounted in the vessel to pyrolyze materials in the first chamber, second heating elements mounted in the vessel to oxidize materials in the second chamber, an induction fan, airflow inlet valves and an air intake proportioning valve connected to the vessel for producing separate variable flows of primary and secondary air into and through the first and second chambers, first sensors mounted on the vessel for sensing the temperatures in the first and second chambers and in the coolant, a second sensor mounted on the vessel for sensing the proportion of a predetermined gas in the discharge gases, and a control system responsive to the temperatures sensed in the first and second chambers and the coolant and to the proportion of the predetermined gas sensed in the discharge gases for controlling the induction fan and air intake proportioni

Abstract: The temperatures of the primary carrier gas supplied to a coal pulverizer and the fuel stream discharged from the pulverizer are controlled to keep the fuel stream temperature within a predetermined safe and efficient operating range regardless of the rate at which coal is fed to the pulverizer. A carrier gas temperature versus coal feed schedule is established and used for temperature control. If fuel stream temperature departs from the predetermined operating range, the established schedule is automatically corrected.

Abstract: Apparatus for igniting a solid fuel furnace having a firebox and an electrically controllable fuel supply mechanism for feeding fuel to the firebox comprises an electrically controllable heating element for igniting fuel in the firebox. A control circuit is connected to the fuel supply mechanism and the heating element for energizing the fuel supply mechanism and the heating element for a predetermined activation time and for supplying power to the fuel supply mechanism after the activation time has expired.

Abstract: The present invention aims for the object thereof at preventing unburnt gas and noxious gas components from being generated in a refuse incinerator, and provides a combustion control method by which it is arranged so that a feeder (2) and a stoker (3) are not only controlled so as to keep evaporation (S1) of the boiler at a target value thereby to achieve stabilized combustion extending over a long period of time, but also feed water quantity (S2) and the like from a boiler water pipe section (2) forming a combustion chamber (6) are detected, and the rate of overfire air quantity to main combustion air quantity to a lower part of the stoker is controlled at a constant total gas capacity so that the fluctuation width of the feed water quantity (S2) falls within a set range.

Abstract: This invention relates to an in-ash unburned component estimating device for a coal-fired furnace which monitors the density of in-ash unburned component contained in burning waste gases to operate the furnace efficiently. The object of the invention is to infer and estimate from the current situation by a simple means the density of in-ash unburned component in the burning exhaust gases that affects the combustion efficiency. A furnace temperature, a load band in the furnace, a furnace contamination coefficient, a ratio of two-stage combustion air supplied to the furnace, and a coal mixture ratio are taken in as fuzzy quantities to infer fuel ratio data and correction data used to correct predetermined reference values of reference in-furnace temperature distribution, reference in-furnace air ratio distribution and reference powdered coal grain diameter distribution.

Abstract: An incinerator apparatus has a primary incinerator chamber which has a secondary incinerator chamber coupled thereto by a passageway. The primary incinerator chamber has a primary air input into the incinerator chamber and the secondary air chamber has a secondary air input thereinto having a plurality of air input lines with each line having an electric motor control valve, such as a damper motor controlling a damper valve controlling the flow through one of the input lines. A plurality of ultraviolet flame detector ports open into the side of the secondary incinerator chamber, each being spaced a predetermined distance from each other and each having a ultraviolet flame detector positioned therein for sensing the ultraviolet radiation and the flame adjacent the detector in the secondary incinerator chamber.

Abstract: A bottom-feed, biomass material gasification system feeds fuel such as green and wet woodchips from below up through a central opening in a stationary, perforate fire table which supports the mound-like fuel bed which is formed. A plurality of ring-like air manifolds contiguously below the fire table, and surrounding the fuel supply tube are separately provided with air in a controlled manner according to the demand for the combustible gas produced, and a greater volume of air is supplied to the centralmost manifold, than to the outer manifold, or manifolds. The system includes, in addition to a primary heating chamber, a secondary heating chamber which receives the hot gases generated in the primary chamber and, via a centrifugal cyclonic action, combusts fly ash particles which may remain entrained in the gas, before passing the hot gases to the boiler burner for cumbustion.

Abstract: A method of thermal decontamination of organic wastes in which the waste is treated in a primary incinerator by a heat source such that solid residue is collected from the incinerator and exhaust fumes then participate in an industrial thermal process by being directed to an industrial containment by combusting the exhaust gases together with fuel and an oxidizer with oxygen concentration in excess of air to decontaminate the exhaust gases and using the heat produced in the industrial process.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for decontaminating soil that has been contaminated with vaporizable contaminants are disclosed. Contaminated soil is conveyed through a treatment vessel by means of an auger that has internal passages therein with a hot heat transfer fluid flowing through such passages. As the contaminated soil passes through the treatment vessel, it is heated to a point where the contaminants are vaporized and are withdrawn from the treatment vessel. The vaporized contaminants can be processed in suitable equipment to safely recover or dispose of such contaminants. Air is added to the interior of the treatment vessel from the atmosphere. Appropriate control means are present for controlling the amount of air added to the treatment vessel to ensure that the oxygen level in the mixture of vaporized contaminates and air does not fall within a flamable or explosive range. Following the vaporization of the contaminates from the soil, the thus treated soil is removed from the treatment vessel.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for controlling the combustion and temperature in an solid waste-to-steam incineration system comprising a grated combustion zone and a steam boiler. This control is achieved by a synergistic combination of oxygen enrichment of an air stream and liquid quench fed to the combustion zone. The disclosed process includes the steps of adjusting the amount of solid waste passing into the combustion zone in order to maintain a constant flow of steam leaving the steam boiler, adjusting the amount of liquid quench to the incinerator in order to maintain a constant temperature in the combustion zone and adjusting the amount of oxygen enrichment of the air stream in response to a change in flow of the liquid quench to the incinerator. An apparatus for accomplishing the foregoing is also disclosed.

Abstract: This invention describes a process and apparatus for the combustion of wastes, wherein the wastes are combusted in a combustion chamber and the temperature of the combustion chamber is controlled by changing the amount of combustion air as a function of the slag flow rate. The combustion can be carried out substoichiometrically in a reducing atmosphere because of additives which are introduced into the slag in the form of fine dusts. On account of the substoichiometric operation, the requirement for fluid wastes and/or supplemental fuel is drastically reduced, the capacity of the rotary tubular kiln is increased and nitrogen oxides formation is reduced.

Abstract: A method for controlling combustion in a furnace into which combustible material, e.g., urban refuse, industrial waste, and a controlled quantity of combustion air are fed. The furnace includes a mixing/stirring region where unburnt gas and secondary combustion air are mixed and stirred. A part of exhaust gas derived from the furnace is blown into the mixing/stirring region depending on variation in the quantity of the secondary combustion air, and a flow rate of mixture gas consists of the exhaust gas and the secondary combustion air to be fed into the mixing/stirring region is maintained within a predetermined region so that effective combustion takes place.

Abstract: A method and system for flue gas recirculation is disclosed which will minimize NOx production from hydrocarbon combustion. In the present invention a furnace having an oxygen-bearing primary source of combustion air, a mixing chamber, a combustion chamber in downstream communication with the mixing chamber and an exhaust section downstream of the combustion chamber is provided with a flue gas recirculation line. The recirculation line establishes communication between the exhaust section and the mixing chamber for the return of combustion products as a secondary source of combustion air which is relatively lean in oxygen and is combined with the primary source of combustion air in the mixing chamber. The ratio of flow rates for the primary and secondary sources of combustion air is controlled by a signal generated by a sensor which senses the oxygen concentration in the mixing chamber.

Abstract: A method and system for flue gas recirculation is disclosed which will minimize NOx production from hydrocarbon combustion. In the present invention a furnace having an oxygen-bearing primary source of combustion air, a mixing chamber, a combustion chamber in downstream communication with the mixing chamber and an exhaust section downstream of the combustion chamber is provided with a flue gas recirculation line. The recirculation line establishes communication between the exhaust section and the mixing chamber for the return of combustion products as a secondary source of combustion air which is relatively lean in oxygen and is combined with the primary source of combustion air in the mixing chamber. The ratio of flow rates for the primary and secondary sources of combustion air is controlled by a signal generated by a sensor which senses the oxygen concentration in the mixing chamber.

Abstract: In a fluidized bed incinerator for burning matter to be incinerated charged into a furance by causing fluidization of a fluidizing medium with the assistance of air fed from the lower portion of a fluidized bed, a combustion control method is arranged such that: the combustion rate of matter for incineration in the furnace is detected by a combustion rate detecting means, and, when the combustion rate exceeds a predetermined level the amount of air fed from the lower portion of the fluidized bed is reduced; and, simultaneously, the amount of air blown into a space above the fluidized bed is increased so as to control and maintain the combustion rate of the matter to be burnt in the furnace at the predetermined level and to suppress fluctuations in the amount of combustion air, the amount of exhaust gas, the oxygen concentration in the exhaust gas and the amount of gas remaining unburnt or the like.

Abstract: This counterflow mild gasification process and apparatus utilizes reverse or counterflow combustion to pyrolyze or dry and gasify a carbonaceous reactant, such as a solid fossil fuel or solid biological waste. The solid carbonaceous material fills an elongated combustion chamber where it is ignited to create an advancing combustion front. An oxidant is introduced such that it flows in a direction opposite the advance of the combustion front. The system temperature and velocity of combustion front are controlled by pressure, the purity of the oxidant, and the moisture content of the carbonaceous reactant, as well as by the inlet temperature and flow rate of the oxidant and the initial bed temperature of the carbonaceous reactant.

Abstract: A process for combusting low B.T.U. high moisture content fuels by enriching the normal process air used in the combustion process.

Abstract: An improved method and apparatus for incinerating successive batches of waste material are provided wherein each batch is introduced into a primary combustion zone and substochiometrically combusted with air introduced therein, the combustion gases produced in the primary combustion zone are conducted to a secondary combustion zone wherein they are combined with secondary air and further combusted and the combustion gases produced in the secondary combustion zone are withdrawn therefrom. By the present invention, the rate of secondary air combined with the combustion gases in the secondary combustion zone is controlled to maintain the combustion gases withdrawn therefrom at a substantially constant selected temperature level during the peak incineration stage of each waste batch.

Abstract: The invention relates to an afterburner apparatus and an incineration system and methods of waste destruction in primary incineration combustion means and afterburner means which both preferably utilize at least two different oxidizing gases. By varying the ratio of said oxidizing gases, the amount of total oxygen and nitrogen delivered in either means can be dynamically adjusted in accordance with the process requirements. Varying the flows of at least two oxydizing gases and auxiliary fuel in both the primary incinerator and afterburner makes it possible to operate the system under fluctuating waste loading conditions, by controlling temperature, partial pressure of oxygen and heat available for the process as a function of said ratio.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and a device for the generation of hot air. According to the invention hot gases are generated in a heating space (1), and water is added to these gases so that it is evaporated and mixed with the gases. In order to provide a complete mixing and good heating properties, the hot gases are passed from the heating space (1) into a whirl chamber (2) in which the gases are brought into a whirling movement. Water is fed into the whirl chamber (2) essentially adjacent the central shaft (10) of the chamber so that the water is mechanically mixed with the hot gases when it is displaced to the periphery of the chamber by the action of the whirling movement of the gases and is evaporated by means of the heat energy contained in the hot gases. The mixture of the hot gases and the evaporated water is discharged from the whirl chamber (2) essentially at a point adjacent the central shaft (10) of the chamber at the opposite side of the chamber with rspect to the water supply point.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for controlling moisture content of a solid, such as pulverized coal, conveyed to a reactor, such as a gasifier, by controlling the temperature of a gas injected into a pulverizer or dryer based on the moisture content control of the coal transported to the gasifier.

Abstract: For continuous combustion air control in a hazardous waste incinerator, two signals are generated which totalize the air required on a fuel supplied basis. One signal is responsive to measured totalized fuel flow and this total can include fuel flow signals which are limited to the fraction of available air which corresponds to the fuel flow. The other signal is responsive to the totalized fuel flow that is commanded for maintaining an incinerator condition. In use the signal which requires the greater air flow is selected as the actual control signal for combustion air, and this control signal is biased to increase the air flow to obtain complete combustion of the hazardous waste by a controller acting on the measured amount of oxygen in the flue gas. In this manner the combustion air is manipulated in parallel with the waste fuel and if the fuel flow is limited by the available air, the air flow is limited to match the limited fuel flow.

Abstract: An incineration equipment for removing organic substances from various parts of an extruder in a plastics forming machine, has a combustion chamber formed in the upper portion of a heating furnace accommodating a fluidized-bed consisting of refractory particles therein, into which furnace the various parts are to be thrown, and a burning system for heating the fluidized-bed and also for causing gaseous decomposed polymers produced by thermal decomposition of the organic substances and mixed with air fed from the bottom of the furnace through a porous dispersion plate to burn in the combustion chamber. This burning system connects through a single directional control valve with a fuel tank and an air tank, and it comprises a burner having its tip end opened in the combustion chamber, and a temperature sensor for sensing the temperature in the furnace and outputting an operation signal for actuating the directional control valve in accordance with the sensed furnace temperature.

Abstract: An automatic stoker boiler has a heat transfer compartment above a combustion chamber which is divided by a horizontal partition inclined upwardly from the rear end of the boiler towards but terminating short of the front end thereof to provide a restricted port between the thus established upper and lower portions. An endless link belt establishes the lower portion of the combustion chamber and hot gas conduits extend from the upper portion through the heat transfer compartment to the exhaust and which is provided with a draft inducing fan and adjustable damper. Underfire air under the control of an adjustable damper is introduced into the lower portion of the combustion chamber upwardly through the belt and air jets are delivered into the combustion chamber through the front end both above and below the port. A standby fluid fuel burner is located in the rear end of the upper chamber portion.

Abstract: A rotary fluidized bed combustion system in which air and particulate solid fuel are introduced and mixed. The mixture is caused to rotate to generate an artificially induced gravitational field. Some of the air is introduced so as to flow inwardly at a later time in a manner such that it interacts aerodynamically with the fuel particles which are propelled outwardly by the centrifugal forces caused by the artificial gravitational field, thus generating a fluidized bed effect for the particles. The fuel and air chemically react and combustion results. As the fuel particles burn, their sizes decrease and they are slowly pushed inwardly by the gas flow which is forced to follow an elongated path around generally conical surfaces of decreasing radii, toward the exhaust vent. The residence time of the fuel particles, inside the combustion region, is thereby increased. The combustion effectiveness of the fuel is thus considerably improved and no recycling of the unburned fuel particles is then required.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for continuously treating material for performing such functions as burning, roasting, smelting, coking, melting, high temperature chemical reactions and the like in a combustion chamber wherein the chamber or an extension thereof, is tuned to permit combustion gases therein to resonate and to thereby effect maximum combustion efficiency. In particular, the invention concerns controllably varying the geometry of the combustion chamber, such as the length of a pipe or tubed section thereof in accordance with the variables of combustion occuring therein, so as to optimize efficiency of combustion and the reaction which takes place between the burning material and the material being treated or reacted on. In addition to effecting such reactions, the apparatus is also operable to effect the transfer of the heat of combustion to a heat transfer medium, such as water for generating steam or other form of heat transfer medium to maximize the utilization of the energy generated.

Abstract: Three burners are supplied with pulverized fuel entrained in air from a splitter and are brought to combustion under optimum conditions by adjustment of the secondary air flow to each. The rates of flow of primary and secondary air are determined and signals from these, and a representation of the total fuel supply are supplied to a computer by which the amount of fuel flowing to each burner is deduced from the ratio of the air supplied to the burners.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for reducing pollutant emissions, and in particular, for reducing NO.sub.x and particulate emissions, from spreader-stoker-fired furnaces. A combustible material is introduced into the spreader-stoker-fired furnace and combusted while the stoichiometric ratio of oxygen to combustible material in different regions of the furnace is carefully controlled. Control of the stoichiometric ratio is accomplished by controlling the amount of air injected into different regions of the furnace and by controlling the amount of smaller particles of combustible material or fines introduced into the furnace.

Abstract: Stoker type firing equipment for use with a city refuse incinerator provided with step type stokers formed by combining movable fire grates and fixed fire grates alternately and gas injectors installed in the fixed fire grates inject low temperature inert gas onto burning refuse, thus allowing free control of burning rate and burning temperature of the refuse by injecting the low temperature inert gas through the gas injectors.

Abstract: Controlling a fluidized bed coal combustor by sensing certain variables and thereby controlling other variables.

Abstract: The invention relates to an afterburner apparatus and an incineration system and methods of waste destruction in primary incineration combustion means and afterburner means which both preferably utilize at least two different oxidizing gases. By varying the ratio of said oxidizing gases, the amount of total oxygen and nitrogen delivered in either means can be dynamically adjusted in accordance with the process requirements. Varying the flows of at least two oxydizing gases and auxiliary fuel in both the primary incinerator and afterburner makes it possible to operate the system under fluctuating waste loading conditions, by controlling temperature, partial pressure of oxygen and heat available for the process as a function of said ratio.