Abstract: The present invention relates to an apparatus and a process for applying at least one adhesive component to a honeycomb half-cell structure. The half-cell structure has a plurality of peaks and valleys on each side thereof and a diagonal surface between each consecutive peak and valley. The apparatus comprises a first and second back-up roll and a first and second gravure roll. The first and second gravure rolls are disposed in a bath of a first adhesive component and a second adhesive component, respectively. Each of the first and second back-up rolls includes a plurality of spaced bars. The peaks of the half-cell structure face away from the bars of each respective back-up roll, and the peaks on the other side of the half-cell structure contact each respective first and second gravure roll, so that the first adhesive component contacts the peaks on the one side and the second adhesive component contacts the peaks to apply the first and second adhesive components to the half-cell structure.

Abstract: The invention refers to an apparatus for applying liquid media onto a web with an applicator roller carried in a machine frame and an impression roller which can be lifted thereoff and adjusted thereto, said impression roller forming a roller gap with the applicator roller, through which the web passes. For the solution of the problem to provide an apparatus with a simple and robust design, in which a desired gap between the impression roller and the applicator roller can be easily set, the impression roller is mounted between the one arms of two parallel two-armed levers being pivotably supported in the machine frame. At the ends of the other arms one end of a pressure piston cylinder unit pivoting the two-armed levers is coupled, the other end of which is mounted in the machine frame. Furthermore, at least one stopper is provided which is allocated to one of the lever arms, arranged in the machine frame, adjustable as to height, and by which the width of the roller gap is limited.

Abstract: A web passing around a drum or other countersurface is engaged by a working roll which is bendable along its length to conform to the countersurface and thereby provide uniform contact with the web. The working roller is supplied by one or more force transmitting elements which are also bendable in their lengths and which can include a bed in which the force transmitting roll is received. The bed is urged by hydraulic pistons or a liquid expandable tube, braced against a nonbendable support, in the direction of the working roll.

Abstract: An apparatus for selectively individually or combinatively effecting a number of operations on a web of material has a multiplicity of units disposed around a counterroller or drum providing a surface against which the web can be pressed, one of these units being a squeegee roller unit pressing the web to a selected residual moisture content, another unit being a metering applicator unit and the apparatus having a trough through which the web is guided and at least one roller at least partially immersed in the trough.

Abstract: The invention relates to a coating device for coating, e.g. a size-press roll, paper or board or of an equivalent moving base. The coating device comprises a revolving coating bar which rests against a moving base. The coating bar extends across the machine width, and is supported in a cradle substantially over its entire length. The coating bar is fitted to spread and to smooth the coating agent onto the moving base which coating agent is introduced into the coating device in the direction of running of the moving base before the coating bar. The coating bar in accordance with the invention is a smooth bar of large diameter, which is fitted against the moving base so that the profile of coating quantity can be controlled.

Abstract: A liquid metering and coating device made of a liquid permeation control layer adhered to a porous support in which the support is an open-celled foam internally reinforced to obtain the strength, resilience, and heat resistance needed for high durability in use as a part of a hot toner image fixation mechanism in a plain paper copying machine.

Abstract: An apparatus for applying a coating to a surface of a substrate which includes a feeder for feeding the coating to a predetermined position, a roller for applying the coating onto the surface of the substrate to be coated from the feeder and a doctor for regulating a thickness of the coating applied to the roller, the doctor having a rake surface, a facing surface and a flank surface forming an escape angle with the facing surface confronted with the surface of the roller. The escape angle defined between a tangential plane with which the roller is contacted and an extension plane of the flank surface at an intersection defined between the extension plane and the roller is an obtuse angle.

Abstract: A trough structure is arranged for directing and supporting a roll of wallpaper webbing therethrough to effect wetting or adherence of glue to the wallpaper structure. The trough structure includes a forward wall spaced from a partition wall, with the partition wall spaced forwardly of a rear edge portion of the side walls to define a roll support cavity to rotatably mount the wallpaper roll therewithin. A modification of the invention includes an applicator brush in association with a trough guide roll to apply a glue material to a bottom surface of the wallpaper webbing, and may further include a supply reservoir arranged for pressurizing and directing fluid glue interiorly of the trough structure through the associated applicator roll.

Abstract: A liquid coating apparatus capable of applying a liquid coating fluid to a workpiece traveling over a press cylinder rotatably mounted in a printing press is provided. The coating apparatus includes an applicator means which communicates with the press cylinder to form a nip site when the coating apparatus is in a operative position. The applicator means transfers the liquid coating fluid from the coating apparatus to a workpiece that has been caused to travel through the nip site. The applicator means includes an endless coating plate belt driveably mounted upon two support rollers, thereby affording communication of the endless coating plate belt with a press cylinder which has limited access to its surface.

Abstract: A coating section for coating a traveling web of material, such as paper, wherein the web to be coated travels along a selected one of two different web paths. There is a lower counter roll and an upper press roll which define a nip between them and the distance apart of the two rolls is adjustable. A respective applicator for coating composition is on each of the first and second sides of the lower roll and on the third side of the upper roll, and the third side is the same side of the coating section as the first side of the lower roll. First web guide rollers guide the web from below, past the counter roll and the first applicator and not through the nip. Second guide rollers guide the web through the nip.

Abstract: A method and device for applying liquid, pasty or plastic substances, in particular thermoplastics, through perforations of a cylinder, belt or the like to a substrate, in particular a textile fabric, wherein the belt or the like encloses an interior space which is evacuated, preferably continuously, during the coating operation.

Abstract: A device for varnishing printed sheets in a printing machine. The varnishing device includes a varnish pan, a varnish dipping roller and a metering roller for transferring varnish onto a varnishing cylinder. The dipping roller and the metering roller have a drive that can be connected to the printing machine drive mechanism by an overrunning clutch. The printing machine also includes an auxiliary motor by which the dipping roller and the metering roller can be driven when the printing machine is at a standstill. A torque transmission device, for driving the dipping roller and the metering roller, is also provided. The torque transmission device is connected between the auxiliary motor and the dipping and metering rollers. The torque transmission device does not include a rigid rotary connection apparatus for driving the dipping roller and the metering roller.

Abstract: In a device for controlling the aggregations of a mixture of stone materials and binders for the manufacturing of agglomerated stone products, two cylindrical rollers having parallel axes are rotated at different rotation speeds and the distance between said axes is adjustable in order to determine the maximum size of the aggregations.

Abstract: A release agent management (RAM) system including a metering roll supported for contact with release agent material contained in a sump. Release agent material in the form of relatively low viscosity silicone oil is pumped into the sump via an inlet hose attached at one end of the sump. An outlet hose is attached to the sump at its other end. By attaching the inlet and outlet hoses at the ends of the sump, maximum clearance for the paper and a cost effective RAM is provided. Oil height variation due to sump tipping, end-to-end, is minimized by structure internal to the sump which simulates a central inlet/outlet.

Abstract: A process for forming a layer of metal on a substrate which comprises the steps of: (a) forming a bath of a molten metal in a vessel; (b) circulating said molten metal in said bath such that said molten metal is projected above the upper surface of said vessel (c) transporting a substrate along a path which traverses the upper surface of said vessel; and (d) transferring said molten metal to one surface of said substrate by directly or indirectly contracting said molten metal with said surface of said substrate, and an apparatus for performing the method is disclosed.

Abstract: This invention relates to an improved three roll coating machine that is useful in coating various substrates with various coating materials. The key to the improvement in the machine is the use of a pneumatically controlled application blade in conjunction with a new and novel pneumatically and micro controlled offset roller.

Abstract: A device for coating a web of material, especially a web of paper or cardboard, that travels around a backing roll, with a coating roll that scoops liquid coating from a chamber and demarcates in conjunction with the backing roll a coating nip, and with a flow-control system including a final flow controller and an initial flow controller upstream thereof in the direction that the web travels in and demarcating in conjunction with the backing roll an initial flow-control nip. The device has a non-resiliently supported initial flow controller that extends into the vicinity of the coating nip and demarcates it in the form of a chamber at the outlet end, whereby the initial flow-control nip remains open to the backing roll and to an outflow channel to the coating roll.

Abstract: A device for applying adhesive material to sheets of packing material, wherein the locally-grooved cylindrical outer surface of a gumming roller is coated with adhesive material by a transfer roller partially immersed in a mass of adhesive material in the form of liquid or paste housed inside a tank.The transfer roller is smaller in diameter than the gumming roller, and presents a cylindrical outer surface which is maintained contacting, along its generating line, the partially grooved outer surface of the gumming roller by means of a radial thrust device designed to ensure substantially evenly distributed contact pressure along the aforementioned generating line.

Abstract: Coating apparatus for applying continuous or spot coatings to an image printed surface includes a plate cylinder; a blanket cylinder for transferring a coating material from the plate cylinder to the copies; a blanket coating roller for transferring a continuous layer of coating material to the blanket cylinder; a plate coating roller for selectively applying spot coating material to the plate cylinder; a first retractor for moving the blanket coating roller laterally into and out of transferring engagement with the blanket cylinder; and a second retractor for moving the plate coating roller into and out of transferring engagement with the plate cylinder.

Abstract: A glue cell apparatus for applying glue in a web printing unit is disclosed, which apparatus includes one or more self-contained modular units that have a finite width in the direction of the width of the web to which glue is applied. The modular units are carried and mounted upon a rail structure that extends substantially across the full width of the web and a drive shaft is also provided which also extends substantially the same distance. Each of the glue cells preferably has a transfer cylinder that is driven by the drive shaft that is operably connected and driven by the gluing and/or coating machine, and a metering roller subassembly having a metering roller which calibrates the thickness of the layer of glue that is ultimately applied to the web. The metering roller has an internal hydraulic motor which drives the same. In an alternate embodiment, a pan roller subassembly is also provided.

Abstract: Method and device for forming grid-like coatings on web-like flexible planar structures and manufactured products thereof.The invention relates to a method and device for forming grid-like coatings on web-like flexible planar structures with fusion adhesives in the powder gravure method by spreading fusion adhesive powder in the depressions of a rotating gravure roller (1) and transferring the gravure powder fillings onto the planar structure (8) with the use of a rotating heater roller (5) pressed onto the gravure roller. The invention is based on the object of so configuring a method and a device of this type that without additional expenditure they prevent the necessity for using additional web-like carrier strips for transferring the raster-like coating from the gravure roller onto the surface construction finally to be coated.

Abstract: Disclosed is a liquid transferring unit having a tank carrying a liquid such as, for example, a glue or an ink, an applicator roll with a part thereof being immersed within the liquid disposed within in the tank, a doctor roll which scrapes off or removes the surplus liquid taken up by means of the applicator roll, and a pair of dam plates which are disposed within the tank so as to be movable toward and away from each other along a direction parallel to the axis of the applicator roll; characterized in that the pair of dam plates have regulating sections, respectively, which can be abutted against the opposing circumferential portions of the two rolls, so that the triangular space defined between the two rolls may be closed by means of such regulating sections.

Abstract: A method for quantifying size encapsulation of yarn on a slasher comprising measuring the hairiness of yarn entering a slasher prior to the application of size to the yarn, measuring the hairiness of the yarn leaving the slasher and solving the equation: ##EQU1## Apparatus for quantifying the size encapsulation of yarn on a slasher comprises an entry hairiness sensor positioned at the entry side of a slasher, a delivery hairiness sensor positioned at the delivery side of the slasher, the entry and delivery sensors producing signals proportional to the hairiness of the yarn at the entry and delivery sides of the slasher respectively, and a computer for solving the above indicated equation and producing an output signal representative of size encapsulation.

Abstract: A modified glue flap of a folding carton blank for preventing glue from being squeezed out during the step of adhering the glue flap to the opposite end panel. The face of the glue flap engaged by the glue back-up wheel includes a protrusion near the trailing edge of the flap. Engagement of the protrusion by the back-up wheel causes the glue wheel to skip the trailing area of the flap. The absence of glue in this area prevents glue from being squeezed out when sealing pressure is subsequently applied to the glue flap and the opposite end panel. The protrusion may take the form of an embossed ridge, forming a channel on the opposite side of the protrusion for receiving any excess glue which would have been squeezed out.

Abstract: A coating device for one-sided or two-sided coating of a travelling web (15), including at least one backing roll (9) and an applicator (2) cooperating therewith to supply size or coating agent to the backing roll (9), and a device (17;19) for smoothing of material supplied to the web (15), and optionally, coating also the other side of the web (15), the coating device including a selfsupporting coating roll (3), the mantel surface of which cooperating with the backing roll (11) is provided with circumferentially extending, mutually parallel grooves or rifles (9) which provide for volumetric or metered application on to the surface of backing roll (9) before its contact with the web (15).

Abstract: An apparatus and method for high speed placement of labels onto containers by a continuous motion. The label stock is transferred to a rotary vacuum drum, carried by rotation of the vacuum drum to a glue application station and then to a label application station where the glue coated labels are wrapped onto containers. As the containers reach the labeling position they are already rotating so that their surfaces are moving at the same speed as the drum surface. The labeled containers are then discharged onto a conveyor where they are held against rotation and stabilized by a pair of parallel belt drives.Glue is imprinted onto each label by a roller with a patterned surface. The roller picks up glue as it rotates past a glue bar surface which emits glue from a tapered exit. The tapered configuration causes build up of suitable pressure so as to force the glue into the pattern on the glue roller. A downstream edge of the glue bar surface acts as a doctor to spread and wipe off excess glue.

Abstract: An apparatus for coating a travelling web (5), including supply systems (10,15,16;31,33;41;47,49;73) for the supply of coating agent (11) to the web (5), the systems including a metering device (15;31;41;47,49;75;77) extending across the whole width of the web and which by an intermittent contact surface (27,29;37,39;43,45;47;49) provides intermittent engagement with the web (5) or a backing member (3) against which the web subsequently comes to engagement, for the deposition of strands of coating agent (11) on the web (5) or the backing member (3).

Abstract: An improved roll coating apparatus and method includes a coating roll having a smooth surface for applying a resist, a doctor roll having grooves on its surface for supplying prescribed amount of the resist to the coating roll, and a back up roll which is in contact with the coating roll for conveying a substrate on which the resist is applied to a prescribed direction. Even if there are minute concave portions on the surface of the substrate, the resist is forced to fill the minute concave portions, since the resist is pressed and forced to be applied on the substrate by the coating roll having smooth surface and the back up roll.

Abstract: In a sheet rotary printing press having printing units followed by a delivery, a lacquering device located downstream of the printing units and upstream of the delivery and including a lacquer application cylinder for transferring lacquer onto a printed sheet lying on an impression cylinder, a metering roller operatively associated with the lacquer application cylinder, and a dipping roller operatively associated with the metering roller and immersed in a supply of lacquer received in a tank, the metering roller transferring a defined layer of lacquer to the lacquer applicator cylinder and having a diameter comparable to the diameter of the lacquer applicator cylinder in accordance with a ratio of 0.6:1 to 1:1.

Abstract: A paper towel dispenser is disclosed having a towel spool and feed roll mounted on a pivoted front member of the dispenser housing. When the front member is in closed position to the feed roll can engage a portion of towel between the feed roll and a rotatable coating roller which is mounted in a coating container.

Abstract: A chill cylinder roll, disposed in-line and furnished with etched or engraved patterns or symbols on its surface, is employed during the extrusion coating. The pattern, to be transferred to the back side polyolefin coating, is characterized by an increase in height or, alternatively, a decrease in height of the surface level in certain areas of the chill cylinder roll, and which is further distinguished, as compared to the remaining cylinder-roll surface, by a different gloss. In particular, higher disposed surface parts of the chill cylinder roll, relative to the center axis of the roll, always exhibit a higher gloss.

Abstract: A thin-film coating apparatus for coating a surface of a substrate with a thin film wherein the creation of void spaces can be prevented on the contacting surfaces between the laminated film and the electrically conductive layer formed on a substrate. The apparatus includes wet rollers which are arranged along the substrate conveyace path prior to a tacking position where the thin-films are temporarily tacked to the substrate. The wet rollers deposit a void preventing agent on the substrate so as to provide a secure lamination. So as to insure that the agent will be supplied to the wet rollers, the apparatus includes supply pipes, flexible dams, means for supplying the agent to the supply pipes and a plurality of holes formed in the supply pipes.

Abstract: Apparatus for wet laminating a photopolymerizable film onto circuit board panels or other substrates. The apparatus is easily and quickly convertible from dry laminating to wet laminating with the rollers therefor mounted in bearing blocks which are insertable in slots in brackets at each end and removable therefrom. The lower roller thereof has a gear the teeth of which are meshable with the teeth of an idler gear for transmission of rotation power thereto. Elongate tubes for applying a fluid, which comprises between about 0.1 and about 10 wt. % of a heterocyclic metal-chelating agent, to the wet insertion rollers for application thereof to the panels are contained in a yoke which is adjustable next to wet insertion rollers for wet laminating or away from dry insertion rollers for dry laminating.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for applying a dry-film drawing lubricant to metal blanks. Paired applicator and doctor rolls are positioned above and below the path of the sheets advancing through a roll box. The doctor rolls have end flanges overlapping the ends of the associated applicator rolls. A body of the liquid lubricant is maintained in the reservoir defined by each pair of applicator and doctor rolls, and following application of a coating of the lubricant to their surfaces, the blanks are conveyed between opposed heaters which raise the temperature of the coating to drive moisture therefrom. The blanks are conveyed between cooling units which lower the temperature of the lubricant coated surfaces, and thereafter through a transition zone to bring the temperature to the ambient range to prevent condensation thereon as the blanks are discharged to the atmosphere.

Abstract: A roll coating apparatus for applying a coating liquid having a high viscosity at a normal temperature, to a surface of a substrate, including a device for feeding the substrate, a coating roll rotatably provided in contact with the fed substrate, and a doctor for regulating the coating liquid adhering to the coating roll to a prescribed amount. Respective axial lines of the coating roll and the doctor are inclined with a prescribed angle with respect to the horizontal plane and a coating liquid supply device is provided at the highest position thereof. The coating liquid supplied at the highest end of the coating roll adheres to the surface of the coating roll. The quantity thereof is controlled by the doctor. The coating liquid flows downward on the surface of the coating roll due to its weight and rotation of the coating roll. Accordingly, the coating liquid on the surface of the coating roll is constantly renewed and no irregularities occur to the density of the liquid.

Abstract: A varnish scraper is fitted to a varnish applicator roller to scrape off extra varnish which has remained after the varnish has been supplied to a blanket drum. The scraped extra varnish is circulated to a varnish vessel for re-using.

Abstract: A machine for applying adhesive on one side of an elongate sheet material, and comprising an adhesive containing trough (19), an adhesive application roller (20) and a driven pressure roller (21). The sheet material (15) is being passed through the nip between said rollers and the width of the rollers surpasses the width of the sheet material. The contact surface of the pressure roller (21) upon the sheet (15), consists of an endless belt (23). The belt (23) runs via at least one guide roller (24) through a trough (25), containing rinsing fluid (25). In said trough the belt (23) runs past at least one further guide roller (27), and past a brush roller (29) which is mounted in the trough (25), adjacent the outer side of the endless belt loop (23). The brush roller is being driven in counter rotation to the direction of movement of the belt.

Abstract: An apparatus for coating a magnetic coating material onto a substrate by using a gravure roll and a back up roll confronting with each other. The gravure roll has an internal space where at least two magnetic members are movably provided. Each of the magnetic members are connected to position adjusting means, so that positions of the magnetic members are controlled independent of each other. The position adjusting means has a portion extending within the internal space and a remaining portion extending out of the gravure roll. At the external portion of the position adjusting means, clamp members are provided for changing relative angular positions of the magnetic members.

Abstract: In a device for the application of flowable substances (6) on a laminar substrate by means of a magnetically pressed applicator roller (4), the device generating the magnetic contact force (1, 14) and also the applicator roller (4) are arranged at an angle, deviating from the vertical direction and a device (5) for the feeding of the substance (6) to be applied is assigned to the applicator roller (4).

Abstract: Apparatus for applying a thin coating to a web in which the outer end of a die assembly is moved into interfering relationship with the outer elastomeric position of a backing roll so that coating material supplied to said die assembly pocket of coating material covering a discharge orifice in the outer end of the die assembly.

Abstract: A novel combined hot melt and other fluid preferably slot nozzle-roller coater assembly and technique enabling elimination of streaks and other aberrations caused by undissolved particles or dust and the like in the fluid, and adapted for multi-fluid mixing, if desired.

Abstract: A gumming device for applying adhesive on to cardboard blanks on a packing machine, on which the blanks are fed crosswise in relation to their longer axis by a suction roller the surface of which presents transverse projections which cause the blanks to flex in such a manner as to expose only given portions requiring adhesive to the action of a gumming element substantially tangent to the aforementioned suction roller.

Abstract: A soldering machine for simultaneously applying liquid solder to opposite sides of the leads of a lead frame having I.C. devices thereon. The machine has sidewardly spaced rolls which define a vertically extending narrow nip therebetween through which the lead frame passes. A solder bath is disposed below the rolls so that the lower portions of the rolls dip into the bath and carry a solder film to the nip for application to opposite sides of the leads. A passage extends upwardly in isolation from the bath for permitting the lead frame to be fed vertically through the nip.

Abstract: An apparatus for feeding, coating, varnishing, plasticizing, laminating and cutting sheet materials including those used in the manufacture of cartons and boxes wherein a positive guide or feed assembly is used to sequentially deliver varying sizes of sheet materials regardless of any openings therein to a conveyor system which passes the materials to a coating, gluing or plasticizing assembly which includes spaced cylinders wherein the material is selectively coated on one or both sides and after which the material may have a second sheet material laminated thereto. The invention further incorporates a cutter assembly for severing treated and laminated materials to preselected lengths.

Abstract: A varnishing apparatus for a printed sheet includes: a metering roller, to a peripheral surface of which a varnish from a varnish duct is transferred; a form roller which is brought into contact with a downstream side of the metering roller and is rotated in the same direction as that of the metering roller to allow transfer of the varnish from the metering roller; and a rubber blanket cylinder which is brought into contact with a downstream side of the form roller and is rotated in a direction opposite to that of the form roller to allow transfer of the varnish from the form roller, the rubber blanket cylinder having a notch on its outer peripheral portion and transferring the varnish onto a sheet which is in contact with its peripheral surface. The surface of the metering roller is formed of an elastic material having a roughened surface.

Abstract: A coating apparatus is disclosed for applying a coating material to the surface of a paper web. The coating apparatus includes a backing roll and an applicator roll which cooperates with the backing roll for defining therebetween a gap for the passage therethrough of the web. The backing roll and applicator roll counter-rotate at given speeds and a nip roll movably cooperates with the backing roll for defining therebetween a nip section. The nip section is disposed downstream relative to the gap such that the web extends progressively through the gap and through the nip section so that the coating material is applied to the surface of the web during passage of the web through the gap and nip section.

Abstract: A coater for an offset printing press in which the last printing station, i.e., the blanket cylinder roller with its associated sheet-handling grippers, is converted to coating service, such that a pick-up roller, after an ascending arcuate path not exceeding 80.degree., transfers a liquid coating to an applicator roller rotating in an opposing direction to the blanket cylinder surface which coats the individual imprinted sheets and the liquid coating itself serves as a lubricant permitting said opposing directions of rotation and grippers of said blanket cylinder roller maintain proper handling control of the sheets during the coating thereof. Limiting the arcuate path of 80.degree. obviates reverse flow of the liquid coating on the pick-up roller.

Abstract: This process is directed to the coloration of envelope and stationery grades of white paper stocks with a water based ink coating. Characteristics of the flexographic process include both press and ink specifications. Critical mechanical or material characteristics are associated with each of the fountain roll, the anilox roll, the plate roll and the impression roll of a flexographic printing system. Used in conjunction with the critical combination of press characteristics is a unique, water-based ink formulation for rapidly coloring an entire web side with a colored ink to simulate the appearance of a colored paper stock.

Abstract: A highly compact machine for applying an attractive protective coating to a paper web that passes through a printing press is located between the last press stand and the dryer of the printing press, and to enable the machine to receive the web, the printing press is provided with an apparatus for directing the web back to the print stands and the machine after the web passes through the dryer. The machine includes upper and lower blanket cylinders, a plate cylinder contacting the lower blanket cylinder, and an oscillating cylinder below the plate cylinder. In addition the coating machine includes a pan containing a coating fluid and a pan roller, the surface of which rotates through the fluid in the pan to lift it out of the pan. A metering roller revolves close to the pan roller to remove excess fluid from the pan roller which thereupon transfers the fluid to a form roller. That form roller runs against the oscillating cylinder and transfers the fluid to the oscillating cylinder.

Abstract: An apparatus for dyeing leather has an application roller and a backup device defining a gap therebetween. The application roller has recesses, and dye is supplied to it to fill the recesses. Sheet articles, e.g. leather pieces, are fed through the gap. The apparatus is operated so that a uniform coating of dye is continuously spread over one surface of the article by the application roller. The dye can have a low viscosity comparable to that of water.