Abstract: A flexible vibration stabilizer and method for reducing vibration in a tube in a shell and tube heat exchanger wherein the stabilizer is an elongated flexible cable or chain which may have a plurality of rigid members loosely or fixedly mounted thereon. A plug may be used for simultaneously mounting the stabilizer to the tube and for sealing same.

Abstract: A steam generator for transferring the heat carried by a liquid metal to a water - steam circuit. It comprises a drainage tank directly suspended at the lower end of the envelope. A drainage tube connected to the bottom of the envelope is disposed within the tank and carries a burster disk at its end. This disk is placed behind a detachable observation window, fixed to the drainage tank and permitting the replacement thereof.

Abstract: Heat exchanger comprising a bundle (35) with straight vertical tubes, whose inner wall serves as the entry duct (46) for the fluid to be heated. This inner wall consists of a first shell (45) having a vertical axis, welded to the lower tube plate (39), a second shell (46) coaxial with the first and similarly fixed to the tube plate (39) and a third shell (47) fixed to the upper tube plate (40) and extended downwards between the two plates (39 and 40). The three shells are joined to the upper part of the exchanger so as to form two chambers (54 and 55) filled with inert gas. The inner shell (45) is joined to an entry duct (48) for the fluid to be heated. The invention applies, in particular, to intermediate heat exchangers of fast neutron nuclear reactors of an integrated type.

Abstract: A liquid level detector for low pressure boilers. A boiler tank, from which apor, such as steam, normally exits via a main vent, is provided with a vertical side tube connected to the tank at the desired low liquid level. When the liquid level falls to the level of the side tube vapor escapes therethrough causing heating of a temperature sensitive device located in the side tube, which, for example, may activate a liquid supply means for adding liquid to the boiler tank. High liquid level in the boiler tank blocks entry of vapor into the side tube, allowing the temperature sensitive device to cool, for example, to ambient temperature.

Abstract: A vapor generator which utilizes a primary fluid to vaporize a secondary fluid is provided with an open flow channel and elevated discharge nozzle for the introduction of secondary fluid. The discharge nozzle is positioned above a portion of the inlet line such that a vertical section of inlet line is filled with secondary fluid prior to discharge into the open channel. In and around the open channel, incoming secondary fluid mixes with recirculated fluid before being discharged through the top of the channel and passed through a tube bundle where it is vaporized.

Abstract: A method for fabricating a steam generator and a steam generator wherein primary coolant tubes are sleeved in and in the vicinity of a tubesheet. A smooth transition region is formed between stock primary coolant tubes and sleeved portions thereof in such a manner that no sites for accelerated corrosion are formed. In addition, an adequate volume of material is provided in the transition region to withstand thermal and mechanical stresses and chemical attack. The sleeved tube is preferably thermally treated for improved corrosion resistance.

Abstract: A steam generator is provided which contains a manifold with a plurality of nozzles for breaking up and washing away sludge which has formed on the upper surface of its tube sheet. The manifold is rigidly attached to the upper surface of the tube sheet and remains in place during conventional operation of the steam generator. The portions of the present invention which are contained within the steam generator do not contain any moving parts and, thus, does not require human intervention in close proximity to components of the steam generator which may be possibly radioactive. High velocity streams of water are used to break up and remove sludge from the upper surface of the tube sheet and openings are provided through the wall of the steam generator for removal of the slurry in which the sludge is entrained.

Abstract: A tank contains water heated by a heat pump having a heat exchanger part in a waste-water reservoir or in a waste air conduit and a further heat exchanger part in the water of the tank, heat being picked up in the reservoir or conduit and delivered to the water in the tank. The latter is a closed tank and the space above the water is connected to the inlet of a motor-driven centrifugal turbine. The lower pressure thus formed above the level of the water by the turbine inlet causes evaporation of the water and the turbine compresses this vapor into pressurized steam.

Abstract: A hybrid preheat/recirculating steam generator is provided with a divided downcomer such that cold feedwater is preheated by being mixed with recirculating water and the mixture is introduced on the cold leg side of the tube bundle by natural circulation. A partition plate between the hot leg and cold leg sides of the tube bundle keeps the mixture on the cold leg side from mixing with the remainder of the recirculating water which enters on the hot leg side of the bundle in the usual manner.

Abstract: Device for producing steam by heat exchange between a heat-transfer liquid metal and feed water, comprising a cylindrical casing (31) receiving liquid metal in its upper part through at least one nozzle (35, 36). The liquid metal enters in a space bounded by a central sleeve (38), a lower perforated distribution plate (40) and a first perforated plate (45). A second perforated plate (46) parallel to the latter is separated therefrom by perforated crosspieces (47). The perforated plates (45 and 46) are disposed between the sleeve (38) and a peripheral sleeve (39). The three plates (40, 45 and 46) have identical perforations which are aligned in the vertical direction. The distribution plate (40) is provided with stiffening ribs (44) ensuring the distribution of the liquid metal thereon. The invention applies, in particular, to fast breeder nuclear reactor steam generators cooled by liquid sodium.

Abstract: A tube and shell heat exchanger with annular distributor has openings in the shell extending to the tube sheet and an annular distributor extending beyond the tube sheet.

Abstract: The synthesis gas cooler is provided with a movable platform in the space between the inner and outer flue. The platform may be constructed in segments with separate cable and winch means provided for raising and lowering of the platform segments via suspension structures. The suspension structures may also be secured in a raised position by bars which pass through fittings at the upper end of the suspension structures and which are supported in a partition above the movable platform.

Abstract: A superheater has a pressure vessel containing upper and lower steam chambers for primary steam between which extends a nest of tubes arranged around a central volume. The volume between the nest of tubes and the pressure vessel is divided into lower and upper volumes by a wall which forces the secondary fluid to be superheated first to pass the nest of tubes radially inwardly into the central volume and thereafter radially outwardly. Primary steam is supplied to the upper steam chamber tangentially and flows under condensation through the tubes to the lower steam chamber where the condensate is discharged. Between the steam chambers a centrally located return conduit can be provided. The rotation of the steam within the upper steam chamber induces a pressure distribution with decreasing pressure from the periphery towards the center which pressure distribution is used for the recirculation of excess primary steam through the return conduit.

Abstract: A liquid boiler, particularly a utility water boiler, has internal walls dividing the interior of a tank into auxiliary spaces communicating with each other and with the rest of the inner space of the tank, a heat exchanger is in one of the auxiliary spaces, the auxiliary spaces and the heat exchanger being arranged such that liquid removed from the tank and recirculated to the auxiliary space without the heat exchanger will then flow through the auxiliary space with the heat exchanger and then return to the inner space of the tank.

Abstract: A method of controlling the heating effect of high temperature gases such as gases obtained in the partial oxidation of oil asphalt, oil shale or coal and the like which are to be used for the heating of another media such as for superheating steam comprises passing the high temperature gases into a space on the way to the heating of the media and circulating a heat absorbing media such as water into the space in quantities to have a selected heat exchange with the high temperature gases and control the temperature thereof on its way to its use in a heat exchanger or superheater. The apparatus include a vessel which is connected between a superheater and a steam producing gas cooler which has an inlet for the high temperature gases which are circulated through the vessel through tubes on its way to the superheater which is disposed over the vessel and advantageously connected to it.

Abstract: Apparatus for the production of steam by heat-exchange between a heat-transfer liquid metal and feed-water, comprising an envelope (1) containing a tube bundle (8) which occupies only part of the internal volume of the envelope with the bundle (8) in which the feed water is passed in. At least two superposed compartments (18, 28), in communication with the internal volume of the envelope (1) by their lower part, are located inside the envelope (1). Each of the compartments (18, 28) communicates with the compartment located thereabove by means of a first tube (23), and with the compartment located therebelow by means of a second tube (21). The compartment (28a) located at the lowest level is fed with inert gas through the establishment of liquid/inert gas interfaces in each of the compartments (18, 28). The invention applies particularly to the steam generators of fast neutron nuclear reactors, in which it is desired to avoid the harmful effects of pressure waves in case of a sodium/water reaction.

Abstract: A water boiler which has a tank with a cylindrical circumferential wall, a cover and a convexly outwardly curved bottom, and at least one heat exchanger is in the tank, the heat exchanger being formed by at least one pipe coil of spiral or meandering development, the turns of which lie in a plane parallel to or in the direction of the axis of the tank, and the circumferential wall has at least one connection socket which is closed by a plate with the forward and return runs of the heat exchanger extending in sealed fashion through said plate.

Abstract: An upright apparatus for cooling high pressure gases with a high dust component includes a radiation/convection cooler with longitudinally extending heat exchanger elements and a convection cooler follows the radiation/convection cooler on the gas side. As distinguished from known devices for the cooling of high pressure gases, the apparatus provides a largely uniform distribution of the gas at the cooling elements and hence a uniform thermal load of the individual elements in the radiation/convection cooler. A uniform cleaning of these cooling elements and easy removal of the dust from the cooling surfaces of these cooling elements is made possible, in order thereby to ensure a good heat transfer. The radiation/convection cooler heat exchanger elements are combined in finned tube walls forming lanes between them, which walls extend from one inner wall section to the opposite inner wall section.

Abstract: A nuclear steam generator having a feedwater ring disposed in the upper portion of the steam generator above the tubes, the feedwater header having a plurality of J-shaped discharge nozzles, some of which are in fluid communication with the upper portion of the feedwater ring header and others being in fluid communication with the lower portion of the feedwater ring header, those in fluid communication with the lower portion of the feedwater ring header having a discharge elevation lower than those in fluid communication with the upper portion of the feedwater header so that during low feedwater flow operation feedwater is fed from the lower portion of the feedwater header removing cold water therefrom and promoting mixing of the feedwater in the header in order to reduce stratification of feedwater therein.

Abstract: The invention relates to a superheated steam generator comprising a bank of U-tubes.It comprises a water drum (1) and a secondary casing (14) which are welded one on each side of the tube plate (5) and a bank of tubes (6) fixed on the tube plate (5) and contained in a casing (12) disposed inside the secondary casing (14) and forming an annular space (15) lying between the casings (12 and 14). Above the tube bank casing (12) a free space (25) is provided inside the secondary casing (14). This free space (25) constitutes a reserve of feed water in communication with the annular space (18). The water capacity thus constituted can be fed by at least one supply means (26).The invention is particularly applicable to pressurized-water nuclear reactors.

Abstract: Water heaters are provided which exhibit improved efficiency and emissions performance over conventional water heaters, comprising condensing heat exchanger means and infrared fiber matrix burner means to achieve said improved performance.

Abstract: In the casing of a steam generator there are provided a vertically extending manifold having a first chamber for admitting a heat carrier of the primary circuit and a second chamber for removing the heat carrier of the primary circuit, said chambers being isolated from one another, bundles of tubes for conveying the heat carrier of the primary circuit, said tubes defining a heat dispersing surface, a horizontally extending annular manifold for admitting feed water to the intertube space, a steam separator provided upstream the heat dispersing surface in the steam flow direction, the steam separator being secured to the casing, and a means for returning recirculation water back to the intertube space, said means being connected to the steam separator. The annular manifold extends concentrically with the vertically extending manifold and communicates with a pipe for supplying feed water.

Abstract: A gas cooler and process are provided for the efficient extraction of heat from a hot raw gas stream containing entrained matter from the partial oxidation of a hydrocarbonaceous or carbonaceous fuel, and the simultaneous production of a separate stream of superheated steam. The gas cooler comprises a closed vertical pressure vessel with an upper central outlet through which the superheated steam is removed. A refractory lined hot gas inlet chamber is attached to the bottom of the pressure vessel. A plurality of bundles of helical tubes through which the hot gas flows are spaced in the vessel. The hot gas enters at the bottom of the vessel and the cooled gas leaves at the bottom of the helical coil. A portion of the vessel is filled with boiler feed water so that the bundles of helical tubes are partially submerged. Concurrent and countercurrent indirect heat exchange between boiler feed water and the gas stream takes place in the evaporator section to produce saturated steam.

Abstract: The heat exchanger includes a cylindrical pressure vessel in which a faller column having heat exchange surfaces and at least one riser column having further heat exchange surfaces are mounted. The riser column walls extend around the walls of the faller column. The top part of the pressure vessel is connected to a bottom part in a dis-connectable manner with the riser column walls being suspended in the bottom part. The walls of the faller column with all the heating surfaces disposed therein can be withdrawn from the space around which the riser column walls extend for servicing.

Abstract: An evaporator for producing wet steam in a cogeneration plant wherein the evaporator is a multiple pass unit having continuous in-tube flow paths from inlet to outlet. The evaporator is a shell and tube type with the clean steam on the shell side and water in the tubes. The evaporator is particularly useful in a cogeneration plant used in a secondary recovery process using contaminated wet steam.

Abstract: A liquid, in heat transfer contact with a surface heated to a temperature well above the vaporization temperature of the liquid, will undergo a multiphase (liquid-vapor) transformation from 0% vapor to 100% vapor. During this transition, the temperature driving force or heat flux and the coefficients of heat transfer across the fluid-solid interface, and the vapor percentage influence the type of heating of the fluid--starting as "feedwater" heating where no vapors are present, progressing to "nucleate" heating where vaporization begins and some vapors are present, and concluding with "film" heating where only vapors are present. Unstable heating between nucleate and film heating can occur, accompanied by possibly large and rapid temperature shifts in the structures.

Abstract: A header for a large heat transfer tube bundle having verticle U-bends. The header provides a four pass system employing the upper ends of the tubes for the first and third passes and the lower ends for the second and fourth passes. The header is arranged with a central divider and two boxes, one on either side of the divider. The boxes separate portions of the tubes from the main header cavities for the third and fourth passes. Condensate is removed after both the second and fourth passes. The first pass includes an inverted U-shaped configuration of tubes to increase available tube side heat to the outer sides of the tube bundle. The boxes include a gasket arrangement for separating portions of the tube bundle into various passes. A diffuser is also employed to better distribute incoming flow to the inverted U-shaped configuration of the first pass tubes.

Abstract: The invention relates to an emergency shut-off device, in the case of leakage, of a tube of a steam generator where the heat of vaporization is contributed by a liquid metal circulating in contact with the outer surface of the tube. The device includes on the terminal portion of the tube connected to the water supply device a tubular bush interposed in the path of the feed water. The bush contains a valve connected to the bush by a rupture part. The breakage of the part under the effect of an increased flow of water, in the case of a leakage, enables the closing of the outlet of the bush. The device includes also, in the terminal portion of the tube connected to the steam collector a bush containing a free valve enabling the steam outlet to be closed in the case of a leakage in the tube. The invention is applied in particular to steam generators of fast breeder nuclear reactors cooled by liquid sodium.

Abstract: A gas cooler and process are provided for extracting heat from the hot raw gas stream from the partial oxidation of a hydrocarbonaceous or carbonaceous fuel, and the simultaneous production of a separate stream of saturated or superheated steam, or separate streams of both. The gas cooler comprises a vertical pressure vessel with an upper central outlet through which saturated steam may be removed and a closed bottom. A refractory lined hot gas inlet chamber is attached to the bottom of the pressure vessel. A coaxial vertical water-tight cylindrically shaped central chamber is supported within the vessel and defines an annular elongated passage with the inside walls of the vessel. A plurality of bundles of helical tubes through which the hot gas flows are spaced in the annular passage and are serially connected to a helical bundle of gas tubes that is supported in the central chamber.

Abstract: Steam generator of the sodium-water type comprising a primary circuit constituted by an elongated vessel filled with liquid sodium, an inlet zone of the elongated vessel into which the liquid sodium is introduced, an outlet zone of the elongated vessel from which the liquid sodium is removed, and a secondary circuit constituted by a plurality of water circulation tubes extending to the inside of the elongated vessel. Inside the elongated vessel is arranged a tank open only downwards, immersed in the sodium contained in the vessel, and at least partly filled with an inert gas, so as to constitute in the vessel, at the level of the outlet zone of the sodium, an expansion tank for limiting the propagation of a pressure wave resulting from chemical reaction between the sodium and the water. The generator is particularly useful in nuclear power stations.

Abstract: Steam generator, preferably for use in nuclear energy plants, which comprises several coiled tube bundles (5) which are arranged in series and disposed in a common container (1), in which steam is generated and superheated thereafter. The individual tube bundles are separated from each other by interspaces (16) in which straight connecting tubes are arranged. Points which require inspection, and are possibly in danger of springing leaks, for example, the welded connections between the individual tube lengths, are positioned in these interspaces for easier accessibility. Furthermore in the same container are also tube bundles (21) arranged in which the steam is superheated. In the middle of the container a central tube (4) is arranged, in which the feedwater supply (6) is conducted, and which in operation closed by a blow-out disc (15), and which, if necessary can discharge the products of a liquid metal-water reaction.

Abstract: Superheated steam generator comprising an outer ferrule having at its opposite ends a chamber for the intake of water to be vaporized and superheated and a steam outflow chamber and a group of tubes connecting said chambers in which circulates the water to be vaporized and superheated by heat exchange with a hotter fluid circulating in counterflow around the tubes within the outer ferrule, wherein the steam outflow chamber comprises an outer wall surrounded by a coil linked with said chamber, in such a way that part of the superheated steam introduced into the outflow chamber circulates in the coil.The invention is intended more particularly for use in superheated steam generators by heat exchange with liquid sodium in power stations based on a fast breeder reactor.

Abstract: In a first evaporator liquid to be evaporated, i.g., water or a refrigerant is heated by hot water or hot gas to generate a liquid-vapor mixture which is admitted into a second evaporator to separate liquid from the vapor. In the second evaporator the separated vapor is evaporated by the hot water or hot gas, and the vapor in the second evaporator is supplied to a steam turbine coupled to an electric generator.

Abstract: In a reactor pressure vessel for a boiling-water reactor having a feedwater inlet nozzle, the combination includes a heat protective pipe received in the nozzle and having an extension projecting therefrom, a feedwater sparger ring disposed in a given plane, and means for connecting the feedwater sparger ring to the heat protective pipe, the connecting means includes an elbow extending angularly from the given plane and connecting the feedwater sparger ring to the extension of the heat protective pipe.

Abstract: In a non-contact heat exchanger such as a heat recovery steam generator, the performance efficiency is dependent upon full utilization of the available hot gas flow. In a heat recovery steam generator, hot gas is channeled past fluid carrying tubes whereby the tube-side fluid (water) is heated into steam. It has been discovered that gas flow along the heat exchanger sidewalls results in an unacceptable heat loss and that this loss may be corrected by the use of sidewall baffles so constructed as to obviate any alignment difficulty.

Abstract: A heating chamber is provided for receiving well effluent therein including oil, water and gas and a heated chamber is also provided for containing a heat exchange liquid to be heated. Liquid heat exchange coils are disposed in the chambers and are serially connected in a closed loop flow path with gas pressure operated pump structure operatively associated with the closed loop flow path for pumping liquid therethrough. Gas fired heating structure is operatively associated with the heated chamber for heating liquid therein and a gas outlet from the heating chamber comprises a source of well gas under pressure directed through supply structure supplying well gas to the pump and burner structures. The supply structure includes a gas flow line, in which the pump structure is serially disposed, extending from the gas source to the pump structure and thereafter to the burner structure.

Abstract: A heat exchanger comprising an outer casing closed at its hot and cool ends by two tube plates, a cluster of tubes which is connected to the tube plates to discharge into inlet and outlet collectors of a fluid flowing inside the tubes, and inlet and outlet tubings of a liquid flowing in the casing and around the tubes, wherein the exchanger comprises at its hot end a device for protecting the tube plate, such device comprising two plates united by a casing to define a first zone filled with such liquid in the static state forming a thermal screen, such plates being substantially parallel with the tube plate and a first one of such plates being disposed adjacent the tube plate, the protective device also comprising passages extending through such zone from one plate to another, and means for setting up a negative pressure between such first plate and the tube plates, to ensure that such liquid flows towards the tube plate inside such passages.

Abstract: A boiler for generating steam by the recovery of heat from a hot gas stream including an enclosed pressure vessel, a baffle dividing the interior of the vessel into upper and lower compartments, one or more upper headers in the upper compartment, a bundle of water tubes supported from the upper headers and extending into the lower compartment, one or more lower headers supported by the lower ends of the water tubes, and a shroud structure in the lower compartment of the boiler extending about the perimeter of the bundle of water tubes.

Abstract: A method of evaporating a pure liquid (4) by indirect heat exchange between it and a hotter fluid, said liquid flowing under the effect of gravity along a heat exchange surface (1). The vapor formed flows in the same direction (6) as the liquid (4) and the liquid flow speed is adjusted as a function of the heat exchanged via the heat exchange surface so that at least half of the liquid has evaporated by the time the remaining liquid reaches the bottom of the heat exchange surface.Application to heat exchanges using a liquid of which only a small volume is available.

Abstract: A boiler for vaporizing liquid hydrogen fluoride has a heat transfer surface arranged to be covered increasingly by the liquid as the liquid level rises so that the heat supplied to the boiler can be adjusted to maintain a constant level of liquid in the boiler and thereby equate the feed rate of liquid hydrogen fluoride to that vaporized. Thus by metering and controlling the feed rate of the liquid the feed rate of the vapor can be metered and controlled.

Abstract: Heat exchanger comprising a first enclosure in which heat is supplied, in thermal contact with at least one second enclosure at the top of which arrives a cold heat transfer fluid in the liquid state and at least one pipe, placed in the second enclosure, via which the fluid is discharged in the form of vapor or a liquid-vapor mixture, wherein the second enclosure incorporates a filling making it possible to regulate the outflow of fluid to the bottom of the second container and the partial transformation of said fluid into vapor which can escape by means of the pipe which, for this purpose, has holes arranged over its entire height.

Abstract: An apparatus for heating a confined liquid medium having a closed vessel with a heat transfer liquid therein, a burner housing within the vessel submerged in the heat transfer liquid, a burner having a fuel inlet and combustion air inlet, the burner having a flame outlet communicating with the interior of the burner housing, a flue conduit connected to the burner housing at a point spaced from the burner flame outlet and extending through the vessel wall and communicating with the atmosphere, a liquid medium heat exchanger supported within the vessel above the burner housing including an inlet and outlet conduit passing through the wall of the vessel and a transfer liquid heat exchanger within the burner housing intermediate the burner flame outlet and the flue conduit including means for passing the heat transfer liquid therethrough.

Abstract: A method of controlling the equilibrium conditions and of simultaneously producing steam under high pressure in the production of methanol by a reaction of oxides of carbon and of hydrogen-containing gases at temperatures of 200.degree. to 300.degree. C. under a pressure of 20 to 100 bars at a copper-containing catalyst, which is contained within the reactor in tubes, which are indirectly cooled by boiling water under pressure, wherein the resulting steam is withdrawn together with circulating water and is separated from the water, the water is recycled and the evaporated water is replaced by feed water. According to the invention the process is carried out in such a manner that a perforated thin intermediate bottom plate is provided in the reactor spaced 20 to 150 cm over the lower tube plate, the reactor is fed with the circulating water above that intermediate bottom and with feed water below that intermediate bottom, the gaseous reaction mixture is cooled by 20.degree. to 50.degree. C.

Abstract: Heat exchanger for a nuclear reactor of the type in which the main vessel is sealed by an upper slab, comprises a plurality of substantially straight exchange tubes mounted between on the one hand an upper annular tube plate associated with a secondary fluid discharge chamber and on the other a lower annular tube plate associated with a supply chamber, a ferrule surrounding the said tubes and provided with a discharge orifice for the primary fluid, a central shaft which communicates with the supply chamber, and a supply manifold and a discharge manifold for the secondary fluid, wherein it comprises a supporting ferrule fixed to the periphery of the upper tube plate and sealed at its upper end by a dome, said ferrule having on its outer periphery a supporting flange by the said slab, the manifolds being superimposed in the supporting ferrule and fixed to a horizontal plate, which is itself fixed to the supporting ferrule, the supply manifold being connected by at least one pipe to the upper end of the shaft, t

Abstract: A steam generator having cold branch and hot branch zones defined, inside the secondary envelope, by vertical partitions separating the cold limbs from the hot limbs, and outside the secondary envelope by a skirt surrounding a portion of the latter on the cold branch side, forming therewith a space closed on its sides and at its lower portion while leaving a passage to the cold branch zone from the inside of the envelope. The space is open at the top so that recycled water can return to the bundle of U-tubes through both zones, but secondary feed water circulates for the most part in the cold branch zone. Recycled water may be distributed between the cold and hot branch zones, and the pressure in these zones may be balanced at the level of a horizontal, perforated tubular plate.

Abstract: A system for producing superheated steam includes a waste heat boiler, a steam drum and a superheater. A process stream is utilized to provide the heat necessary to produce the steam and superheated steam. A floating head design is employed in both the waste heat boiler and the superheater.

Abstract: A boiler for vaporizing liquid hydrogen fluoride has a heat transfer surface arranged to be covered increasingly by the liquid as the liquid level rises so that the heat supplied to the boiler can be adjusted to maintain a constant level of liquid in the boiler and thereby equate the feed rate of liquid hydrogen fluoride to that vaporized. Thus by metering and controlling the feed rate of the liquid the feed rate of the vapor can be metered and controlled.

Abstract: A counterflow heat exchanger comprises facing parallelly coaxially extending upper and lower tube plates wherebetween extends a tube nest including a plurality of tubes. The tubes, which are distributed substantially in a polar symmetry arrangement, have at one end an S-like bent portion and the thermal exchange zone defining rectilinear portion of the tube nest is enclosed within an annular interspace defined between an inner jacket and an outer shroud fixed to the tube plates.

Abstract: A counterflow heat exchanger comprises two upper and lower parallely and coaxially facing tube plates wherebetween extends a tube nest incuding a plurality of tubes connected to the tube plates. Each tube has at one end an U bent over portion and the rectilinear portion of the tube nest, substantially constituting the heat exchange region, is included with an even distribution within an annular interspace defined between an inner jacket and an outer shroud affixed to the tube plates.

Abstract: A heat exchange assembly which utilizes a central source of a heated fluid, such as steam, and serves as a hot fluid distribution center for a plurality of satellite chambers removably disposed on a supporting rack around the source. Each satellite chamber, arranged in series with the others, receives the hot fluid at one end from the central source and discharges condensate at the other end. Longitudinal pipes in the satellite chamber of the cluster carry the fluid to be processed through the chambers. The series piping permits flow to be reversed in the satellite chambers to even out the deterioration of each chamber.