Abstract: A thermoelectric cooler utilizing superlattice and quantum-well materials may be deposited directly onto a die using thin-film deposition techniques. The materials may have a figure-of-merit of greater than one.

Abstract: A thermal evolving method and apparatus for a plasma display panel method that is adaptive for reducing a noise as well as a thickness of the plasma display panel. In the method and apparatus, at least one of a Peltier effect and a Thomson effect is used to refrigerate the plasma display panel.

Abstract: There is provided an automatic burner driven generator system for powering a load. The Generator system generally comprises a burner unit for generating a thermal energy; a thermoelectric converter unit operatively coupled to the burner unit for transducing at least a portion of the thermal energy to a first electric power signal; a rechargeable battery unit operable to generate an output power signal for powering the load; a charging unit operably coupled to the thermoelectric converter and rechargeable battery units; and, a controller for automatically controlling the actuation of the units in programmed manner. The charging unit is operable to adaptively convert the first electric power signal to a second electric power signal for charging the rechargeable battery unit. The controller includes a microprocessor unit programmable configured to selectively actuate the units in accordance with a plurality of predetermined operational states.

Abstract: An electronic module is provided having an integrated thermoelectric cooling assembly disposed therein coupled to the module's electronic device. The thermoelectric assembly includes one or more thermoelectric stages and a thermal space transformer, for example, disposed between a first thermoelectric stage and a second thermoelectric stage. The electronic device is mounted to a substrate with the thermoelectric assembly disposed in thermal contact with the electronic device and a thermally conductive cap is positioned over the thermoelectric assembly, and is also in thermal contact with the thermoelectric assembly. Power to the thermoelectric assembly can be provided using electrically conductive springs disposed between one or more stages of the assembly and pads on an upper surface of the substrate, which electrically connect to power planes disposed within the substrate.

Abstract: A device for generating electric power in a wellbore formed in an earth formation, the wellbore being provided with a conduit for passage of a stream of hydrocarbon fluid produced from the earth formation, the power generator comprising a mandrel adapted to be incorporated in the conduit, the mandrel being provided with a side pocket arranged to receive a thermoelectric power generator having a first wall in thermal contact with the stream of hydrocarbon fluid and a second wall in thermal contact with the earth formation surrounding the wellbore.

Abstract: A thermoelectric cooler utilizing superlattice and quantum-well materials may be deposited directly onto a die using thin-film deposition techniques. The materials may have a figure-of-merit of greater than one.

Abstract: A portable electronic device has a casing has an upper case body and a rear case cover both made of a thermally conductive material. A heat insulating member thermally insulates the rear case cover from the upper case body of the casing. A thermoelectric generator unit is disposed in the casing for generating an electromotive force based on the Seebeck effect. The thermoelectric generator unit has a heat radiating plate for transferring heat to the upper case body and a heat absorbing plate. A heat conductive spacer is made of a thermally conductive and elastically deformable sheet of material and has opposed main surfaces. One of the main surface is disposed in contact with the heat absorbing plate of the thermoelectric generator unit and the other main surface is disposed in contact with an inner side surface of the rear case cover for conducting heat from the rear case cover to the thermoelectric generator unit.

Abstract: The invention provides a solid-state cooler that provides counter-current electricity flow through a device that includes Peltier junctions interconnecting the opposing flow of current through the device. The combination of counter-current flow with the Thompson,Peltier, and Seebeck thermoelectric effects provides an apparatus having the advantages of high energy efficiency, very small size and the ability to reach very low temperatures (near liquid nitrogen temperatures) with minimal energy input. The cooling apparatus is suitable for use in variety of applications, including superconductive devices such a superconductive Quantum Interference Devices (SQUID's) used in medical imaging to increase the sensitivity and resolution of NMR techniques. It is also provides a useful tool for cryosurgery apllications without the risks associated with the use and storage of liquid nitrogen. In addition, the device can be operated in the reverse to generate current from small gradients of temperature.

Abstract: Temperature control in a rectangular array of reaction vessels such as a thermal cycler such as is used for PCR procedures is achieved by use of a temperature block that is in contact with a combination of Peltier effect thermoelectric modules and wire heating elements embedded along the edges of the block. The elements can be energized in such a manner as to achieve a constant temperature throughout the array or a temperature gradient. Further control over the temperature and prevention of condensation in the individual reaction vessels is achieved by the use of a glass (or other transparent material) plate positioned above the vessels, with an electrically conductive coating on the upper surface of the glass plate to provide resistance heating.

Abstract: A power generating block is provided with a thermoelectric generator unit 180 containing one or more of electrothermic elements 140, further, including a 1st thermally conductive plate 120 constituting a heat absorbing plate and including a 2nd thermally conductive plate constituting a heat radiating plate. A thermal conductive body 244 made of a thermally conductive material is arranged to be brought into contact with the 2nd thermally conductive plate 170. The power generating block with a thermoelectric generator unit is provided with a step-up circuit block 240 including a step-up circuit 410 for boosting electromotive force generated by the thermoelectric generator unit 180 and a power supply operation control circuit 416 for controlling operation of storing the electromotive force generated by the thermoelectric generator unit 180 and controlling operation of the step-up circuit 410.

Abstract: A heat transfer and electric-power-generating component is disclosed that utilizes microstructural architecture for enhanced heat transfer. The component includes a heat source, a microstructural heat sink; and a thermoelectric device disposed between the heat source and the microstructural heat sink. During operation, heat flows from the heat source to the heat sink through the thermoelectric device such that the thermoelectric device can convert a portion of the heat flow into electric power. In some of the preferred aspects of the invention, the heat sink is an ultra thin film desorber combustor, and the heat source is a microchannel combustor. The microstructural architecture can provide high rates of thermal transfer through the thermoelectric device, allowing for surprisingly high thermoelectric power generation from a compact and light weight component.

Abstract: A semiconductor component comprising a layer of semiconductor material that is doped region-by-region in alternating fashion for positive and negative electrical conductivities. This layer is arranged perpendicular to layer surfaces between thermally conductive layers in such a way that the junctions between two successive regions having different electrical conductivities are electrically insulated outwardly, and are alternately in thermal contact with one of the thermally conductive layers and are thermally insulated from the respective other thermally conductive layer.

Abstract: A combustion heat powered portable electronic device. At least one thermoelectric module is sandwiched between a hot block heated by a combustion heat source and a cold-side heat sink and provides electric power to a portable electronic device from the temperature difference. An electric circuit provides power for purposes of operating the portable electronic device either directly or indirectly by charging a rechargeable battery which in turn provides power to the electronic device. In a preferred embodiment the combustion heat source is a catalytic combustion unit. The hot block and/or cold side heat sink can be integrated into a single unit with the thermoelectric module. In a preferred embodiment the cold side heat sink is cooled by fins cooled by air driven by a forced air fan powered by the thermoelectric module.

Abstract: A new device is provided for controlling and maintaining the ambient air temperature within a remote telecommunications battery enclosure. A thermoelectric device located in intimate contact with heat exchangers and fans configured such that at least one heat exchanger is positioned within or spaced in thermal communication with the interior of the battery enclosure, and at least one heat exchanger is positioned outside of or spaced in thermal communication with a thermal dissipation arrangement exterior to the battery enclosure. The system further has a sensor or microprocessor connected to the thermoelectric device and configured to control the system to heat or cool the battery enclosure by responsively reversing polarity of the thermoelectric device as indicated by ambient air temperature or battery temperature to maintain the air temperature within predetermined limitations. A hydrogen vent is provided to maintain sub lower explosive levels of hydrogen gas within the battery enclosure.

Abstract: A thermoelectric generating electronic device has a heat insulating drum with a hollow portion extending in a vertical direction, a rear cover covering a lower end side of the hollow portion, a glass on an upper end side of the hollow portion, a bezel connected to the heat insulating drum, and a heat radiating drum thermally connected with the bezel. A thermoelectric generator has a heat receiving portion and a heat radiating portion for generating electric energy in accordance with a temperature difference between the heat receiving portion and the heat radiating portion. The heat radiating portion is thermally connected to the bezel and the heat receiving portion is thermally connected to the rear cover. A heat accumulating material is disposed generally parallel to the thermoelectric generator for accumulating heat and in the hollow portion, so that heat is conducted to the heat receiving portion.

Abstract: A thermoelectric chip with exposed surfaces of N-type and P-type semiconductor elements on its top and bottom surfaces is prepared by arranging the semiconductor elements in a matrix manner such that each of the N-type semiconductor elements is disposed adjacent to the P-type semiconductor element through a space, and filling the space with a first resin material having electrical insulation. A metal layer is formed on each of the exposed surfaces of the semiconductor elements. Then, first electrodes are formed on the top surface according to a first circuit pattern. Similarly, second electrodes are formed on the bottom surface according to a second circuit pattern different from the first circuit pattern. An electrical insulation sheet of a second resin material containing a ceramic powder with high thermal conductivity is bonded to the top and bottom surfaces to obtain the thermoelectric module.

Abstract: A semiconductor processing system and method, which uses heat energy typically wasted in most common semiconductor processing systems, to generate power. The present invention includes a heat management system, which uses the waste heat and/or the excess heat generated by a thermal-processing chamber, to generate a current from a first thermoelectric device. The current from the first thermoelectric device is then delivered to a second thermoelectric device. The second thermoelectric device, driven by the current from the first thermoelectric device, can be used to remove heat from a cooling chamber or else add heat to another processing chamber.

Abstract: Thermoelectric devices having enhanced thermal characteristics are fabricated using multilayer ceramic (MLC) technology methods. Aluminum nitride faceplates with embedded electrical connections provide the electrical series configuration for alternating dissimilar semiconducting materials. Embedded electrical connections are formed by vias and lines in the faceplate. Methods for forming tunnels through lamination and etching are employed. A portion of the dissimilar materials are then melted within the tunnels to form a bond. Thermal conductivity of the faceplate is enhanced by adding electrically isolated vias to one surface, filled with high thermal conductivity metal paste. A low thermal conductivity material is also introduced between the two high thermal conductivity material faceplates. Alternating semiconducting materials are introduced within the varying thermal conductivity layers by punching vias within greensheets of predetermined thermal conductivity and filling with n-type and p-type paste.

Abstract: Embedded electronics (102) are operated under normal operating conditions, with power being supplied to embedded electronics via a power source (205). Heat is generated via the normal operation of the embedded electronics (102), and a voltage (117) is generated via thermionic emission from the heat. The voltage (117) that is generated is supplied to the power source (205) to help power the embedded electronics (102).

Abstract: A self-diagnostic thermocouple (10) having a first (12), a second (14) and a reference (16) thermoelement enclosed in a sheath (20) filled with an insulator (18) separating the thermoelectric elements from each other and the sheath. The three thermoelements (12,14,16) are joined at a common location to form three separate thermocouple junctions (22) having three distinct electrical outputs as a function of temperature. The reference thermoelement (16) is made from a pure metal or alloy which has stable thermoelectric characteristics. Deterioration of the electrical output of the self-diagnostic thermocouple (10) is capable of being detected by a programed microprocessor (100).

Abstract: In order to optimally control supply of electric power to a load means and efficiently utilize generated energy of a thermoelectric power generator in consideration of influence of the Peltier effect against generated voltage of the thermoelectric power generator, a thermoelectric system is structured by connecting a load means (20) utilizing the generated power of the thermoelectric power generator (10), and a controller (30) for measuring the generated voltage (V1) of the thermoelectric power generator (10) and controlling power supply and suspension of the power supply to the load means (20) in accordance with the measured result to the thermoelectric power generator (10) provided with a plurality of thermocouples electrically in series, and a compensating means to perform measurement with compensating for the generated voltage when power is supplied from the thermoelectric power generator (10) to the load means (20) continuously for more than a predetermined period of time, is provided to the controller.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for controlling the temperature of a thermionic reactor over a wide range of operating power, including a thermionic reactor having a plurality of integral cesium reservoirs, a honeycomb material disposed about the reactor which has a plurality of separated cavities, a solid sheath disposed about the honeycomb material and having an opening therein communicating with the honeycomb material and cavities thereof, and a shell disposed about the sheath for creating a coolant annulus therewith so that the coolant in the annulus may fill the cavities and permit nucleate boiling during the operation of the reactor.

Abstract: A wrist-portable device improves the radiation efficiency of the radiation section of a thermoelectric generator and minimizes a temperature difference between the radiation section and the outside air. In order to prevent a radiation section of a thermoelectrically powered watch from increasing its temperature due to a hand or a high-temperature substance unexpectedly touching the surface of the radiation section, the surface of the radiation section is detachably covered with a radiation guard cover having meshes or striped holes formed therein.

Abstract: A system and method which will generate power from waste heat in a data processing system in such a way that system waste heat is reduced within, and no additional power is drawn from, the data processing system. The system includes a thermoelectric regenerator having a hot junction formed between a first material and a second material and a cold junction formed between the first material and the second material; the hot junction located at a hot junction position defined by a hot junction horizontal location and a hot junction vertical location defined relative to a point on a heat source; and the cold junction located at a cold junction position defined by a cold junction horizontal location and a cold junction vertical location defined relative to the point on the heat source such that the difference between the hot junction horizontal location and the cold junction horizontal location yields a non-zero horizontal location difference.

Abstract: An effective temperature control system comprising a thermoelectric cooling module which can be reversibly attached to a device to be cooled. The power supply for the cooling module is controlled by a feedback controller which is coupled to a thermosensor. The thermosensor for temperature monitoring is also adapted for reversible attachment to the device to be cooled. The cooling module comprises a hot junction and a cold junction. During operation, heat is transferred from the cold junction to the hot junction. An interface panel is provided at the cold junction to insure good contact with the device to be cooled.

Abstract: Electric energy conversion system (4) with heat recovery which converts a first voltage applied to input terminals (11, 12) from an energy supply network, to a second direct voltage which is applied to at least one electronic circuit (2), moreover comprising thermoelectric means (3), which transform the generated heat into electric energy during the normal operation of a first electronic device of the conversion system (4) and the electronic circuit (2), the thermoelectric means (3) generating at their output a third direct voltage, which is applied to the electronic circuit (2).

Abstract: A .pi.-type thermoelectric conversion component detects and controls temperature and at the same time exhibits a cooling performance inherently possessed by the thermoelectric conversion component without the need for mounting a discrete temperature detecting unit. To achieve this, a temperature detecting unit, such as a thin film thermistor or doped semiconductor region, is directly integrated on a surface of a substrate forming the thermoelectric component. In one embodiment, a monocrystalline silicon wafer is used as at least one of the opposing substrates of the thermoelectric conversion component, a temperature detecting unit having a diffused resistor is formed therein. An electrode of the temperature detecting unit is connected to an electrode formed on the opposing substrate to reduce the thermal load.

Abstract: The present invention provides an ionic and electronic insulator interposed between a BASE tube and a tube mounting member in an AMTEC cell for preventing shunt currents from forming between BASE tube electrodes. In a first embodiment of the invention, an insulator is formed integral with the BASE tube by leaching out an alkali metal ion component of the BASE tube at a desired location. In a second embodiment of the present invention, an alpha alumina ring is brazed to the end of the BASE tube. In a third embodiment of the present invention, a glass material seal is formed between the BASE tube and the mounting member.

Abstract: A thermoelectric power generator module having a plurality of thermoelectric elements is provided to a heat conduction wall of a heat-exchanger for recovering waste heat of an incinerator and so on so as to perform a power generation. An insulator positioned at a hot side of the thermoelectric power generator module is faced to a hot fluid, and an insulator positioned at a cold side of the thermoelectric power generator module is faced to a cold fluid, so that a large temperature difference over 200.degree. C. can be obtained.

Abstract: The present invention provides an alkali metal thermal to electric conversion (AMTEC) cell of the type employing an alkali metal flowing between a high-pressure zone and low-pressure zone in the cell through a solid electrolyte structure. The cell preferably includes a condenser communicating with the low-pressure zone for condensing alkali metal vapor migrating through the low-pressure zone from the solid electrolyte structure. An artery is coupled to the condenser for directing condensed alkali metal from the condenser toward a hot end of the cell. An evaporator for evaporating the condensed alkali metal is coupled to the artery channel and communicates with the high-pressure zone. The artery and evaporator combine to form a return channel which preferably includes a graded pore size capillary structure for creating a region having a large pore size transitioning in any predetermined manner to a region having a relatively smaller pore size.

Abstract: The present invention provides an alkali metal thermal to electric conversion cell having radially projecting beta-alumina type solid electrolyte elements and a central heat input region.

Abstract: The present invention provides an alkali metal thermal to electric conversion (AMTEC) cell of the type employing an alkali metal flowing between a high-pressure zone and low-pressure zone in the cell through a solid electrolyte structure. According to the invention, the cell preferably includes a condenser communicating with the low-pressure zone for condensing alkali metal vapor migrating through the low-pressure zone from the solid electrolyte structure. A return channel is coupled to the condenser for directing condensed alkali metal from the condenser toward a hot end of the cell. An evaporator is coupled to the return channel for evaporating the condensed alkali metal and communicates with the high-pressure zone. The evaporator includes means for controlling an evaporation front position of the alkali metal in response to variations in the temperature gradient within the cell as caused by load changes on the cell.

Abstract: The present invention provides an AMTEC cell having a more robust power conductance path (conduction, radiation, convection, and latent heat transfer) from the heat input surface of the cell to the working fluid, evaporation surface, and SES. More particularly, one embodiment of the present invention includes collars, post and/or bridges extending between the SES support plate and the heat input surface. In another embodiment, a plurality of channels or conduits extend between the heat input surface and SES support plate. These embodiments simultaneously increase the thermal conductance path between the heat input surface of the cell and the evaporation surface as well as between the heat input surface of the cell and the SES, and enables superheating of the working fluid.

Abstract: A thermoelectric radiator for generating a direct current while providing at least a portion of the necessary cooling is formed with a first and second plurality of interdigitated thermoelectric lamella which are electrically joined and are connected to the positive and negative portions of the electrical system. The result is direct current flow when a heated coolant is passed over the lamella.

Abstract: A power supply includes a fuel cell stack, a thermoelectric module and a burner module. The fuel cell stack generates a primary source of electricity and secondary source of heat. The thermoelectric module generates a secondary source of electricity. The burner module is juxtaposed to the fuel cell stack and the thermoelectric module, to provide primary heat to the system and to generate a temperature differential across the thermoelectric module, and to pre-heat a fuel and an oxidant for the fuel cell stack. The burner module is regulated to maintain a given system temperature, or when needed by the thermoelectric generator for secondary power generation.

Abstract: A thermoelectric module includes a switching circuit for switching the connection between a first thermoelectric element and a second thermoelectric element between series connection and parallel connection, a voltage detecting circuit for controlling the switching circuit by detecting the voltage of the second thermoelectric element, and a storage battery circuit for storing electricity utilizing the voltages generated by the first thermoelectric element and the second thermoelectric element connected by the switching circuit. A voltage generated from an applied temperature difference is detected by the voltage detecting circuit. If there is a sufficient temperature difference, the first thermoelectric element and second thermoelectric element are connected in parallel by the switching circuit to charge the electricity in the storage battery circuit using the doubled current.

Abstract: A thermowell apparatus for a Petrochemical Application where a temperature sensing probe is used for a high temperature cracking furnace. The sensing probe is mounted on a flow line of the furnace fired processing unit. The tip member of the probe extends into the cross-section of the pipe. The probe member has a tear shaped design in transverse cross-section which is arranged with a leading edge surface to deflect the fluid flow and thereby increase the life expectancy of the tip member.

Abstract: A reversible thermoelectric converter includes first and second quantum well diodes and an electrical connection between the first and second quantum well diodes without a thermal barrier between them. Each quantum well diode includes first and second electrodes wherein electrons are quantized in discrete energy levels and a dielectric layer providing a potential barrier between the first and second electrodes. When electrons in the first quantum well diode have a higher temperature than the electrons in the second quantum well diode, electric voltage fluctuations resulting from transitions of the electrons between the energy levels in the first quantum well diode are coupled from the first quantum well diode to the second quantum well diode. The reversible thermoelectric converter can be operated for power conversion of thermal energy to electric energy, as a heat pump or a refrigerator, or as an amplifier.

Abstract: The invention encompasses a torus formed by heated and cooled junctions of dissimilar metals such as copper and nickel to generate a low voltage current and form an electrical path of greatly enhanced conductivity wherein a greater current flow may be induced to form a stronger magnetic field. Current at higher voltage may be incrementally removed by magnetic field arrangements to act as magnetic variable switches while at the same time the magnetic field is contained and current also flows through the torus.

Abstract: A thermoelectric apparatus (10) is provided that is compatible with multiple power sources (12) each providing a different voltage. The present apparatus (10) includes a thermoelectric assembly (14) having a plurality of thermoelectric devices (18 & 20) and control circuitry (16) coupled between the thermoelectric assembly (14) and a power source (12). The control circuitry (16) can sense the voltage provided by the power source (12) and electrically configure the thermoelectric devices (18 & 20) in the thermoelectric assembly (14) between parallel and serial electrical configuration in response to the sensed voltage. The control circuitry (16) also couples the thermoelectric devices (18 & 20) to the power source (12).

Abstract: An apparatus and method for recovering power dissipated by a semiconductor integrated circuit includes a thermoelectric generator which converts the heat generated by the integrated circuit into electrical energy. The electrical energy is used to drive a fan or other airflow generating device to cause heated air to be moved away from the integrated circuit and cooler air to be drawn to the integrated circuit to absorb further heat from the integrated circuit. In the described embodiment, the thermoelectric generator is a Peltier cooler positioned between the integrated circuit and a heatsink. The Peltier cooler is operated in the Seebeck mode to generate power in response to the temperature differential between the integrated circuit and the heatsink.

Abstract: A low voltage high amperage thermopile generating and electron storage unit is disclosed wherein current is formed by heating and cooling alternate junctions of dissimilar metals arranged in a circular fashion and may be enhanced with an electrical flux pump. Current may be withdrawn using an ultra fast thermopile type switch to connect to an electrical load source.

Abstract: A high-voltage electrical insulator (21) for electrically insulating a thermoelectric module (17) in a spacecraft from a niobium-1% zirconium alloy wall (11) of a heat exchanger (13) filled with liquid lithium (16) while providing good thermal conductivity between the heat exchanger and the thermoelectric module. The insulator (21) has a single crystal alumina layer (SxAl.sub.2 O.sub.3, sapphire) with a niobium foil layer (32) bonded thereto on the surface of the alumina crystal (26) facing the heat exchanger wall (11), and a molybdenum layer (31) bonded to the niobium layer (32) to act as an oxygen permeation barrier to preclude the oxygen depleting effects of the lithium from causing undesirable niobium-aluminum intermetallic layers near the alumina-niobium interface.

Abstract: An improvement in the method for preparing diffusion resistant clad thermocouple cable by placing the thermocouple wires in MgO powder or pellets on a strip of metal cladding material and longitudinally bending the strip of cladding material around the thermocouple wire and the MgO and welding the resulting seam closed is achieved when the resulting composite cable is placed on a second metal cladding strip such that when the second strip is bent longitudinally around the composite cable the resulting seam is displaced from the welded seam of the first cladding strip.

Abstract: A thermocouple assembly and method of making it wherein a pair of wires formed of dissimilar metals extend through electrical insulating material in a thin flexible stainless steel sheath. A forward portion of the sheath containing the wires is snugly received in a nickel alloy casing which is then bent to form an opening to receive a screw therethrough to accurately secure the forward end of the thermocouple assembly in place. The casing is made strong enough to maintain the circular shape and bending the sheath and casing together securely retains the sheath in the casing.

Abstract: Thermoelectric device having a number of thermoelectric elements electrically connected in series and thermally connected in parallel. Each element is provided with two element halves, electrically connected in series and thermally connected in parallel, of opposite conductivity types. Each element half has two semiconducting end pieces and an electrically conducting intermediate piece which are electrically connected in series.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and an apparatus for measuring temperature, using a thermocouple such as a ceramic thermocouple which has no compensating lead wire or has only such a compensating lead wire that is difficult to manufacture. More specifically, the invention is intended to provide a method and an apparatus for accurately measuring temperature even if a temperature difference exists between both cold junctions of the main thermocouple. An auxiliary thermocouple is connected to one leg of the main thermocouple to provide cold junction compensation. Extension lead are connected to both cold junctions to take thermo emf from the thermocouple. The leads are made from a material having a thermo-electromotive characteristic agreeing with the thermo-electromotive characteristic of the other leg at low temperatures at which the cold junction compensation is provided. The invention also provides a converter used to convert the thermo emf of the above-described composite thermocouple into temperature.

Abstract: A mineral-insulated metal sheathed cable comprising at least one type K thermoelement and characterized in that the sheath alloy consists essentially of up to about 40 weight-% chromium, up to about 10 weight-% niobium, about 0.5 to about 5.0 weight-% silicon, up to about 0.5 weight-% magnesium, up to about 0.3 weight-% cerium, and the balance nickel.

Abstract: A dual temperature sensing device has a twin well thermowell, for installation through a penetration in a pipe wall, and which has head, shank and tip portions. The shank portion has a first part of substantially the same outer dimensions as the penetration and the head portion is of greater outer dimensions so as to define an annular ledge which overlies the exterior surface of the pipe wall, for welding same thereto. The first part of the shank portion is of greater axial length than the pipe wall thickness and a second part thereof is tapered and elongated, for disposing the tip portion within the interior of the pipe. A pair of bores extend from the outer surface of the head portion at angularly inclined and converging relationship to closely spaced, but physically separated, positions in the tip portion. The head is counter-bored relative to the first bores, to define sockets for receiving the lower ends of pipe nipples, the upper ends of which are closed by pipe unions.

Abstract: To make a jacketed thermoelement, two metal wires, one of which is pure platinum, preferably of at least 99.9, and even higher purity, and the other being a platinum/rhodium alloy are included in a ceramic element. The wires are first threaded into capillary openings of a cylindrical ceramic element which is jacketed by a jacket of platinum-rhodium alloy or INCONEL (TM). The initial assembly is hammered, thereby crashing the ceramic, and drawn to reduce the outer diameter of the metal jacket tube to fit the inner diameter of an auxiliary tube, for example of a copper-tin alloy which is fitted over the metal jacket tube. The thus formed composite is then passed through a sequence of drawing dies, preferably in a single drawing pull, in which each die reduces the cross-section by about 9-10%, until the desired outer diameter of the metal jacket tube (4) is reached; this diameter may be in the order of 0.3 mm, after starting with an outer diameter of just under 5 mm.