Abstract: An exhaust-gas conduction component that is effective as a vibration decoupling element and can be installed in an exhaust-gas system for conducting the exhaust gases of a motor vehicle internal combustion engine. The exhaust-gas conduction component (1) has an outer pipe (2) with a corrugated metal tube section (3; 4) and an inner pipe (8) that is coaxial with the outer pipe (2) and separated from the latter by an annular gap. The outer pipe (2) also has a smooth central section (5), first and second corrugated metal tube sections (3; 4) and smooth first and second end sections (6; 7). The inner pipe (8) is permanently fixed to the outer pipe (2) by a continuous joint (9) extending around the central section (5) and the rectilinear exhaust-gas conduction component (1) is approximately axially symmetrical in relation to a central transverse axis (10). The exhaust-gas conduction component is especially suitable in utility vehicles for linking an emission control unit to an internal combustion engine.

Abstract: Ringed tubular sheath comprising two open shells (33, 37), termed the outer (33) and inner (37) shells, both of the same diameter (D), one of which, the outer shell (33), has an opening (E1) smaller than the diameter (D) so as to engage by elastic deformation over the inner shell (37) in a closed position. In the course of this engagement, the opening (E1) of the outer shell (33) becomes stretched until it passes a point corresponding to the diameter (D) of the inner shell (37) and, beyond this point, returns to the unstretched position. In the invention, the two shells (33, 37) are connected to a hinge (17) so as to engage by pivoting about the hinge (17), the opening (E1) of the outer shell (33), which is smaller than the diameter (D), extending from the hinge (17) to an opposite edge (34) of the shell.

Abstract: A hollow conduit, being primarily round, or having n sides wherein n is greater than or equal to three, and process for making the conduit is described herein. The hollow conduit is comprised of a polymer inner conduit having a pair of opposed ends and an interior and exterior surface. An overmolded corrugated polymer is bonded between at least a portion of the ends and at least a portion of the exterior surface of the inner conduit. The overmolded polymer has at least one flexible position retaining means at least partially embedded within. The flexible position retaining means within the overmolded polymer may be a metallic wire. The inner conduit may be a thermoset, and the overmolded corrugated plastic may be a thermoplastic.

Abstract: A pipeline for the transport of a pressurized flowable medium, consisting of a metal tube corrugated transversely to its longitudinal direction and of a hose which is arranged in the same and consists of plastic. In the position of use the hose bears against the inwardly pointing wave troughs of the metal tube, which hose has a multiplicity of holes separated from one another in the wall of the same over its entire axial length. The wave troughs of the metal tube penetrate slightly into the surface of the hose so as to fix the latter with respect to axial loads.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a corrugated foundation drain. The drain is comprised of a plurality of segments attached in an end to end fashion. Each segment has a first end and a second end, wherein the second end of one segment can be attached to the first end of an adjacent segment. The drain is corrugated. The drain has sections of corrugations separated by spacers for longitudinal stability. A web is provided within the interior of the drain segments. The web can be vertically centered. In the preferred embodiment, the web can be removed from the first end to provide clearance for receipt of the second end. The second end further can have cleats that interface with the corrugations in the first end.

Abstract: A hose used for extracting milk has an outer wall; an inner wall; at least two ribs formed on the outer wall; and at least one recess formed between said at least two ribs. A milk extraction system has a hose having an outer wall; an inner wall; a plurality of ribs formed on said outer wall, and the ribs extend beyond an outer perimeter of the outer wall.

Abstract: Provided is a flexible tube which is used to load fluid from a floating facility on the sea onto a tanker, which is suitable for transport of cryogenic fluid such as LNG, and which is capable of quickly and reliably detecting leakage of the fluid in the tube. Also provided is a structure for detecting leakage of fluid in a tube. A water impermeable and heat insulating layer is provided on the outer periphery of a heat insulating layer. The water impermeable and heat insulating layer, together with the heat insulating layer, thermally insulates LNG flowing through a corrugated tube from the outside of a flexible tube. Unlike the heat insulating layer, the water impermeable and heat insulating layer is poor in liquid permeability, and fluid such as LNG hardly permeates the water impermeable and heat insulating layer. That is, the water impermeable and heat insulating layer serves as a water impermeable layer between the inside and outside of the water impermeable and heat insulating layer.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a flexible tube with at least one folding bellows which has a plurality of convolutes which have been formed in the wall of the tube and which run across an external surface of the tube, where there is no separation between the convolutes in an axial longitudinal direction of the tube and the folding bellows has at least one convolute which has two opposite bending zones and two restricted elongation zones, where the arrangement has the restricted elongation zones between the opposite bending zones, and the height of the external surface of the convolutes in the restricted elongation zones is below the height of the external surface of the convolutes in the bending zones but still above external surface of the tube, and the wall thickness of the flexible tube in at least one restricted elongation zone in at least one convolute, preferably in all convolutes, of the restricted elongation zones of the tube is specifically greater than the wall thickness in the bending zones.

Abstract: The invention relates to a tube (1) for guiding gas and/or liquid, particularly on an internal combustion engine, comprising a supporting body (2) and a skin (3). The supporting body (2) consists of a relatively stiff first plastic and has a number o recesses (6), which pass through the supporting body (2) and are arranged in such a manner that the supporting body (2) is flexible in a longitudinal section provided with the recesses (6) and resists pressure forces. The skin (3) consists of a relatively supple second plastic and is placed on the supporting body (2) in such a manner as to close the recesses (6) in a tight manner and transfers pressure forces acting thereupon to the supporting body (2).

Abstract: A corrugated tube which can easily bend a wiring harness in one direction and can make the wiring harness hardly bend in another direction crossing the one direction at right angles. The wiring harness is made so that it can hardly bend in the other direction, so that the slack of the wiring harness for use in supplying electric power to a slide door can be effectively prevented from occurring. The corrugated tube includes: dented grooves and projecting strips formed on an outer periphery of the corrugated tube and arranged alternately in a longitudinal direction of the corrugated tube; and a reinforcing rib formed projecting from an outer peripheral surface of the dented groove and extending beyond an outer peripheral surface of the projecting strip, the reinforcing rib being formed in the longitudinal direction of the corrugated tube.

Abstract: A flexible hose for conveying fluids and suitable for high temperature environments, in one embodiment the hose assembly comprises a thermal paint coated nipple, a core tube, a thermal insulating layer surrounding the core tube, a cover layer surrounding the thermal insulating layer, and a vented jacket surrounding the cover layer. The thermal insulating layer may be a fibrous material such as a silica fiber. The cover layer may be thermally stable up to 750° F. or higher. The vented jacket may be a wire braid having interstices therein and formed from a corrosion resistant material.

Abstract: A battery assembly may include a cooling system assembly having first and second battery modules and a coolant manifold in fluid communication therewith. The first battery module may include a first coolant flow path and the second battery module may include a second coolant flow path. The coolant manifold may include first and second ports and a main body portion to provide expansion and contraction between the first and second ports. The first port may be in communication with the first flow path and the second port may be in communication with the second flow path.

Abstract: A corrugated hose 10 for carrying a fluid includes, but is not limited to a hose body for carrying the fluid. Furthermore, the corrugated hose includes, but is not limited to at least one circumferential bellows pocket extending radially to the outside in order to make possible movement compensation of the hose body. The hose body in flow direction merges with the bellows pocket via a sharp-edged tear-off edge for detaching the flow from the hose body. By detaching the flow in the tear-off edge it is prevented that the flow flows into the bellows pocket, as a result of which a corrugated hose that is simple to produce and has a low flow resistance is created.

Abstract: A method for securing a component to a tank includes forming the tank having a wall of multiple layers of polymer material with an opening in the wall, outer layers of polymer, and an inner layer of polymer having an inner surface whose color is dark relative to a natural color of the outer layers. The component is formed with a mounting surface of polymer. The tube wall opening is used to install the component in the tank such that the mounting surface contacts the inner surface. Energy is transmitted onto an area of a surface of the tank wall where the mounting surface contacts the inner surface. The transmitted energy is use to produce a weld between the mounting surface and the tank wall.

Abstract: A twin-wall pipe comprises an internal pipe and an external pipe. The external pipe is corrugated, having elevations and troughs. The twin-wall pipe is further provided with a socket. In a transition portion towards the twin-wall pipe and the socket, provision is made for at least one overflow passage which interconnects the clearance between the external pipe and internal pipe in the vicinity of the transition portion and an adjacent elevation. a?b refers to the radial height b of the overflow passage relative to its width a in the circumferential direction.

Abstract: A length of flexible corrugated hose of polymeric material inserted as a connector in a fluid or air-line to transmit liquids or air at a consistent flow from an intake source to an outtake receptor, while the intake and outtake ends are located at a variety of angles up to 180° to each other.

Abstract: A corrugated hose pipe assembly has a corrugated pipe that is surrounded by an elastomeric high-pressure hose. The ends of the high-pressure hose are grasped and fixed by connectors. The connectors each have a pipe piece (210, 220) which is fitted with a circumferential, radially projecting stationary nipple stop (211, 221) at the axial end thereof facing the corrugated pipe. A hose nipple (310, 320), which is positively mounted on each pipe piece (210, 220), is provided with a radially protruding, circumferential hose stop (311, 321) at the end of the hose nipple (310, 320).

Abstract: The invention relates to a bellows hose, which is capable of being used without leakage, and which has a longer length and/or diameter than has been previously achievable. A bellows hose comprises an inner tubular bellows and an outer tubular bellows. An insulation layer is provided between the bellows. An armoured layer is provided around the outer bellows, to improve the insulation further. The hose can have length above 30 m and a diameter above 400 mm. A method of, and apparatus for, making the hose are also described, which involves the use of a non-metallic mandrel.

Abstract: The present invention refers to a fuel line for conveying fuel from and/or into a fuel tank. To suggest a fuel line for conveying fuel from and/or into a fuel tank (tank line), which can be processed easily and shows good mechanical properties and also a high chemical resistance, it is provided according to the invention that the fuel line consists essentially of F-TPV.

Abstract: A corrugated pipe having a non circular in cross section profile and at least one generally elongate wall section is improved by using a variable height corrugation in the length of the elongate wall segment. The variable height corrugation is of a greatest height at a center portion thereof and decreases in height towards the end points of the elongate wall segment. A spanning type truss arrangement is formed that opposes inward deflection of the straight wall segment.

Abstract: A guiding device for a metal bellows (3), which on at least one bellows end (37) comprises an end body (39) movable along the wall of a housing (10) during the expansion and contraction of the bellows (3), a guiding element being provided between said end body and the housing (10), is characterized in that the guiding element is formed by a plurality of separate guiding bodies (49) that are disposed in intervals from each other on the circumference of the end body (39).

Abstract: A seamless convoluted hose assembly. The assembly includes: a tubular inner liner having an outer surface, an inner surface, and an inner liner wall therebetween which defines a passageway. The assembly further includes a helical coil or a plurality of annular loops which produce convolutions in the outer surface of the tubular liner when the tubular inner liner is forced through the helical coil or plurality of loops under heat and pressure.

Abstract: A flexible collapsible corrugated drain pipe has a corrugation structure that permits a tight bending radius and relatively facile collapsing and expansion of corrugations, thereby permitting convenient manipulation and installation of drain pipe and packaging, display, storage and transportation of the collapsed pipe sections.

Abstract: A piping element (1) comprises at least one flow pipe (4), an insulator (3) arranged outside it and a corrugated outer sheath (2) arranged outside the insulator (3) in such a way that the piping element (1) is bendable in its entirety. The outer diameter of the insulator (3) is reduced before conducting it to a corrugator (13) inside the outer sheath (2). In the corrugator (13), the insulator (3) reverts towards its larger outer diameter. The free outer diameter of the insulator layer is formed larger than the smallest inner diameter of the outer sheath (2).

Abstract: For connection of pipelines which are subject to vibration, for example pipelines in vehicle exhaust systems, a liquid-tight decoupling element is used which includes a, e.g. multi-layer wound, metal hose and a tube accommodated in coaxial relationship inside or outside of the metal hose. A first axial fitting firmly secures one end of the tube. The tube is sized to protrude into a second axial fitting, regardless whether the metal hose is completely compressed or completely stretched, to allow movement of the tube in axial and torsional directions in relation to the second axial fitting.

Abstract: A pressureless pipe and polymer composition for making such a pipe as well as the use of the polymer composition for pressureless pipes and supplementary parts, are disclosed. The polymer composition is characterized in that the polymer comprises a multimodal ethylene polymer including a copolymer of ethylene and a C4-C10 &agr; -olefin comonomer; the ethylene polymer has a total density of 953-958 kg/m3 and a MFR5 of 0.2-2.0 g/10 min; the ethylene polymer has a modulus of elasticity, determined according to ISO 178 of 1300-1700 MPa; the ethylene polymer has a resistance to slow crack growth, determined according to ASTM F 1473 of more than 1.5 hrs.

Abstract: A hose construction adapted for efficiently conveying fluids while extended, but capable of neatly contracting to a fraction of its extended length for storage or transportation, while integrally incorporating lines for electrical requirements. Storage may be within an outer hose and may be triggered via closure of a valve within a nozzle so that negative pressure causes contraction of the folds of the hose. The contracted hose has a length that is a fraction of its normal extended length. The hose construction incorporates a wire reinforcing member which may bias the hose for self-extension and may also function as part of the electrical system. The electrical lines may comprise stranded copper wires to conduct power and/or serve as a remote activation circuit. The hose configuration may have a cover with external folds, which maximizes flow and provides a cushioning outer diameter to prevent damage to the hose.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a member for guiding and supporting elongated flexible members such as wires, cables and other flexible lines that can introduce services and utilities into a residential, commercial or similar building structures. The guiding and support members receive and support at least one of the elongated flexible members so that it can be pulled around a corner without being damaged. Additionally, the guiding and support members can be used when the elongated member is only being pulled in a straight run or to organize elongated members that have already been run. Sweeps, including roller sweeps and cradles, can be secured to the guiding and supporting members to maintain a predetermined radius in the flexible members and reduce the amount of friction on the flexible member as it is pulled. This reduction in friction results in a smoother pull of the flexible member and a reduction in the amount of force needed to pull the flexible member.

Abstract: A flexible hose for conveying fluids and suitable for high temperature environments, the hose comprising a core tube, a thermal insulating layer surrounding the core tube, a metal layer surrounding the thermal insulating layer, and a vented jacket surrounding the cover layer. The thermal insulating layer may be a fibrous material such as a silica fiber. The metal layer may also be a chemical resistant layer and be thermally stable up to at least about 550° F. The vented jacket may be a wire braid having interstices therein and formed from a corrosion resistant material.

Abstract: Provided are a connection structure for connecting corrugated synthetic resin pipes and a corrugated synthetic resin pipe used in the connection structure. The pipe is lightweight, low cost, and simply structured with a small number of components, having sufficient resistance to water and pressure, and excellent sealing performance without the use of robust material or requiring high precision, and capable of being easily connected and manufactured. A first corrugated synthetic resin pipe 1A is provided at an end 10 with a cylindrical insert end 3 formed by adhering a synthetic resin layer 5 to the outer surface of the end 10 so as to fill at least corrugated recesses a. A second corrugated synthetic resin pipe 1B is provided at an end 11 with a socket 4 formed by adhering synthetic resin to the outer surface of the end 11 and cylindrically extending the resin outwardly in the axial direction.

Abstract: A problem solved by this invention is to enable prevention of damage to a connector in a fluid transfer tube that is made by mounting a connector to an end of a tube, even when an outside air temperature falls below freezing point. The problem is solved as follows. In a fluid transfer tube that is made by mounting pipe joints to ends of a tube that has elasticity, tube connecting portions of the pipe joints and sections of the tube in the vicinity of the tube connecting portions are covered with heat radiation preventing covers to thereby delay freezing of a fluid inside the tube sections that are covered by the heat radiation preventing covers.

Abstract: In a method for repairing a drainage pipe, a resin pipe can be placed in an existing drainage pipe connected between connection bodies such as manholes while being buried in the ground, without causing an elongation. The method involves supplying a corrugated resin pipe 5, which is made by forming, spirally or in a ring shape, ridge portions 5c of a hard resin on the outer wall of a soft resin pipe 5d, 5e in which a reinforcement material 5f that restricts an elongation in the pipe axis direction has been embedded, into the existing drainage pipe through the upper opening of either of the connection bodies; inserting the head of the corrugated resin pipe 5 thus supplied from a drainage pipe opening connected to either of the connection bodies; pulling the corrugated resin pipe 5 thus inserted into the drainage pipe from the other side of the connection body; and laying the corrugated resin pipe 5 over the entire length of the drainage pipe.

Abstract: A composite hose with a corrugated metal tube has a hose body having a corrugated metal tube and an outer layer. The corrugated metal tube includes a non-corrugated straight-walled portion on an end portion thereof, and a rigid insert pipe is inserted in the straight-walled portion. A socket fitting is fitted on the hose body by being swaged thereon radially inwardly, and an inner circumferential end portion of the collar portion and an outer circumferential surface of the insert pipe compress an extending portion of the straight-walled portion to fix the straight-walled portion onto the insert pipe and provide a seal between the outer circumferential surface of the insert pipe and an inner circumferential surface of the straight-walled portion. A fracture preventing mechanism is provided on a hose end portion for preventing fracture of the straight-walled portion.

Abstract: A flexible conduit pipe for transporting fluids is specified, which consists of two corrugated metallic tubes, an inner tube (1) and an outer tube (2), which are arranged concentrically to one another and are separated from one another by an encircling annular space in which a spacing means is arranged. The spacing means consists of a plurality of rings (4,5) which bear with a basic body (6) against inner tube (1) and outer tube (2) and are arranged at an axial distance from one another in the annular space (3). The rings (4,5) have on their inner circumferential surface a rib (7) which extends in the circumferential direction, corresponds to the corrugation of the inner tube (1) and engages in a respective corrugation trough of the inner tube (1).

Abstract: A multi-walled tubing assembly includes an outer corrugated tube and an inner tube received in the outer tube, and may receive an insert. The inner tube is made from a resilient material. The outer tube is structurally rigid. The insert may be plain and used in conjunction with one or more adhesives. The insert may include a section with barbs or teeth which, once inserted into the inner tube, engage with the corrugations of the outer tube. Some embodiments result in a good seal and mechanically fix the tubing assembly.

Abstract: A bellows includes a flexible section including a series of convolutions extending between a first end and a second end. The convolutions are formed of a nano-grained aluminum alloy.

Abstract: A flexible collapsible corrugated drain pipe has a corrugation structure that permits a tight bending radius and relatively facile collapsing and expansion of corrugations, thereby permitting convenient manipulation and installation of drain pipe and packaging, display, storage and transportation of the collapsed pipe sections.

Abstract: A functional pressure hose for a water-carrying system, particularly for connecting movable sanitary fittings or for connecting parts of the water-carrying system with one another, has an inner hose made of plastic and an outer jacket made of a braided material. At least one hose end is provided with a connector piece having a tubular connector, onto which the hose end is pressed. The inner hose is formed by a corrugated hose, and the tubular connector has circumferential ring beads that are adapted to the inner contour of the corrugated hose. At least some of the ring beads are provided with notches that run axially. The hose demonstrates great flexibility while maintaining the required pressure strength, but at the same time guarantees great bending protection.

Abstract: The subject matter of the invention is a fabric layer of a bellows, e.g., of a connection between two hinge-linked vehicles or of an aircraft passenger bridge, the fabric layer being plastically deformed by a force acting on the fabric.

Abstract: A fluid line includes at least one corrugated section having wave peaks and wave troughs and at least one tie rod arranged in at least one portion of the corrugated section and being coupled to plural wave peaks. A method of making the fluid line includes forming at least one corrugated section at an end area or beginning area of a generally cylindrical section of the fluid line.

Abstract: The invention relates to corrugated pipe hose assemblies which are not provided with fixtures and which are used to transport preferably gaseous media in high-pressure applications, wherein a mount (3) is provided in order to receive an open end of the corrugated pipe (6) of the corrugated pipe assembly (2) and which is pressed therewith in order to form a metallic seal. The seal is obtained by means of a sealing bushing (25) between the inner wall (18) of one part (16) of the mount and the ribs (8) of the corrugated pipe (6). Another part (17) of the mount (3) firmly holds a section (27) of the covering (11) of the corrugated pipe hose assembly (2) in an axial direction and also with respect to tilting movements such that pivoting movements of the corrugated pipe hose assembly (2) do not result in a relative movement between the corrugated pipe (6) and the mount (3), especially with regard to one part (16).

Abstract: A piece of corrugated pipe cut from a longer length of pipe is provided with a pipe coupling part by subjecting one or more of the corrugation crests on the pipe to heat and pressure. This reshapes the one or more corrugations to form a seal receiving recessed spigot on the piece of pipe.

Abstract: The present invention refers to a flexible conduit element for an exhaust system of a combustion engine vehicle, comprising a helically or annularly corrugated metal bellows member, an outer flexible member disposed around the bellows member and the resilient member biasing the flexible outer member towards the metal bellows member. In order to improve the absorption of vibrations of a combustion engine, the outer flexible member comprises a reticulated structure.

Abstract: The invention relates to a fluid duct (10), especially for use in motor vehicles to feed liquid in order to wipe windows or headlights of said motor vehicle. Said fluid duct (10) comprises a flexible pipe (12) with at least one corrugated pipe section (22) and at least one plain pipe section (24) that adjoins the corrugated pipe section (22), at least one pipe joint (16, 20) with a pipe connecting section (26) which is inserted into a plain pipe section (24), and a support sleeve (36) for each pipe joint (16, 20). The support sleeve (36) surrounds the plain pipe section (24) receiving the pipe connecting section (26) and presses the plain pipe section (24) against the pipe connecting section (26).

Abstract: A piping element having at least two longitudinal components, such as flow pipes (4), outside of which there is an insulator (3), outside of which there is a corrugated outer sheath (2). The piping element is bendable. Fastening means are arranged to the longitudinal components to prevent the longitudinal movement of the longitudinal components in relation to each other.

Abstract: A metallic tubular structure having an inner surface providing a passage for conveying fluid or vapor, an outer surface, a multi-layer, strength-enhanced first end segment, a multi-layer, strength-enhanced second end segment, and a flexible segment intermediate the multi-layer, strength-enhanced first end segment and the multi-layer, strength-enhanced second end segment, the metallic tubular structure comprising: a first inner metallic tubular member, the inner surface thereof providing a fluid- or vapor-conveying passage for conveying fluid or vapor therethrough, the first inner metallic tubular member longitudinally extending the entire length of the metallic tubular structure, the first inner metallic tubular member comprising one or more metallic layers; a second metallic tubular member circumferentially disposed on the outer surface of a first end of the first inner metallic tubular member, the second metallic tubular member longitudinally extending a predetermined distance on the first inner metallic tu

Abstract: A flexible conduit for routing cable between a source and destination is provided herein. The flexible conduit may have a corrugated cover portion and a generally flat attachment portion for attaching the flexible conduit to an attachment surface or nearby structure. It is contemplated that the flexible conduit may flex in the lateral and/or vertical direction such that the flexible conduit may be intricately routed between the source and destination. It is also contemplated that the attachment portion may be directly attached (e.g., pressure sensitive adhesive, hooks and loops, etc.) to the attachment surface to allow ease of installation without the use of tools. It is also contemplated that the elongate hollow body of the conduit may exhibit a slit opening opposite the attachment portion of the conduit to facilitate non-destructive installation and removal of the cables. It is also contemplated that the attachment portion may be attached to the attachment surface with screws.

Abstract: A flexible collapsible corrugated sewer hose has a collapsible and expandable corrugated section providing durability, a tight bend radius and a relatively small collapse ratio. An expansion of the corrugations permits convenient manipulation and installation of the sewer hose having a self supporting structure and crush resistance without helical reinforcement.

Abstract: A problem solved by this invention is to enable prevention of damage to a connector in a fluid transfer tube that is made by mounting a connector to an end of a tube, even when an outside air temperature falls below freezing point. The problem is solved as follows. In a fluid transfer tube that is made by mounting pipe joints to ends of a tube that has elasticity, tube connecting portions of the pipe joints and sections of the tube in the vicinity of the tube connecting portions are covered with heat radiation preventing covers to thereby delay freezing of a fluid inside the tube sections that are covered by the heat radiation preventing covers.

Abstract: A multi-branch overwrap for protecting elongated items is disclosed. The overwrap is formed from a flexible, resilient substrate. Interengageable attachments are positioned on opposite sides of the substrate for releasably attaching one surface of the substrate to the other. The substrate may be biased to form a plurality of interconnected tubes or reverse folded to form channels that receive the elongated items. Biasing or folding brings the opposite sides of the substrate into overlapping relation. The overwrap may be formed from a unitary blank or assembled from component parts. Preferred materials for the substrate include polyester felt, and preferred attachments include hook and loop fasteners distributed on the surface of the substrate.