Abstract: A retort heating apparatus for processing a feed material includes a heating chamber bounded at least in part by a side wall. A plurality of baffles are at least partially disposed within the heating chamber. Each baffle includes an elongated body having a top surface, at least a portion of the top surface being arched. The plurality of baffles are vertically and horizontally spaced apart so that substantially all of the feed material that vertically passes through the heating chamber is horizontally displaced as the feed material passes by the baffles. Systems are also provided for heating the feed material within the heating chamber.

Abstract: In a system for thermal cracking gaseous feedstocks, the system including a gas cracker for producing an effluent comprising olefins, at least one transfer line exchanger for the recovery of process energy from the effluent and a water quench tower system, a process for extending the range of system feedstocks to include liquid feedstocks that yield tar is provided. The process includes the steps of injecting a first quench fluid downstream of the at least one transfer line exchanger to quench the process effluent comprising olefins, separating in a separation vessel a cracked product and a first byproduct stream comprising tar from the quenched effluent, directing the separated cracked product to the water quench tower system and quenching the separated cracked product with a second quench fluid to produce a cracked gas effluent for recovery and a second byproduct stream comprising tar. An apparatus for cracking a liquid hydrocarbon feedstock that yield tar is also provided.

Abstract: A process and system for converting organic waste into reusable hydrocarbon is described wherein the process includes feeding an organic waste into a pyrocatalytic reactor which is essentially free of halogenated synthetic resinous material into a molten lead bath which is confined in a reactor in an substantially oxygen-free atmosphere which is admixed with a catalytic material comprising particulate aluminum oxide and aluminum powder. The waste is thermally and catalytically converted with at least 50% effectiveness to produce a reusable hydrocarbon.

Abstract: A coal reforming plant includes: a drying combustor for generating drying combustion gas; a dryer for drying low-grade coal introduced into an inside thereof with the combustion gas from the drying combustor being supplied to the inside thereof; a pyrolysis combustor for generating pyrolysis combustion gas; a pyrolyzer for pyrolyzing dried coal with the combustion gas from the pyrolysis combustor being supplied to an inside thereof; a circulating blower for supplying part of pyrolysis gas and pyrolysis oil in gaseous form generated in the pyrolyzer to the pyrolysis combustor; a cooling tower and the like for cooling the other part of the pyrolysis gas and the pyrolysis oil in gaseous form generated in the pyrolyzer, and thus separating the other part into the pyrolysis gas and the pyrolysis oil in liquid form; a circulating blower for supplying the pyrolysis gas separated from the pyrolysis oil in the cooling tower to the drying combustor; and the like.

Abstract: Recycling a metal/organic laminate continuously involves providing a reactor having a first chamber with a first rotary stirrer, a second chamber with a second rotary stirrer, each chamber containing particulate microwave absorbing material, introducing laminate and additional absorbing material into the first chamber under a reducing or inert atmosphere, stirring and applying microwave energy sufficiently to pyrolyze organic material, transferring a portion of the mixture to the second chamber where it is stirred and microwave energy applied to pyrolyze remaining organic material, delaminate or delaminated metal migrating toward and floating on the upper surface of the mixture, where the second stirrer rotates in a horizontal plane and fluidizes the mixture to give the upper surface of the mixture a radial profile biasing metal floating to migrate radially outwardly, and recovering metal from an exit.

Abstract: In a method and apparatus for thermal processing of catalytically active biomass, the biomass is subjected in a receiving tank to a cracking temperature to undergo a cracking reaction. The biomass is transferred to a mixer pump to produce a reaction mixture which is directed into an outgassing chamber of an intermediate tank to produce an outgassed fraction and a non-outgassed liquid fraction. The outgassed fraction to produce fuel is cooled down, and a first portion of the non-outgassed liquid fraction is returned and subjected again to the cracking temperature in the receiving tank. A second portion of the non-outgassed liquid fraction is conducted in a bypass to the outgassing chamber of the intermediate tank for outgassing while fresh biomass is added. Residual matter settling in the intermediate tank is periodically removed.

Abstract: A method for collecting biomass, such as straw, and for producing a pyrolysis liquid, such as oil or tar, from the biomass, includes the step of collecting the biomass from a growth site, e.g. a field, by means of a mobile unit. The biomass is continuously fed into a pyrolysis apparatus accommodated by the mobile unit, as the mobile unit is moved across the growth site. While the biomass is processed in the pyrolysis apparatus, further biomass is simultaneously being collected. The pyrolysis apparatus may be a flash pyrolysis or fast pyrolysis apparatus relying on centrifugal forces for forcing biomass towards a reactive surface in a pyrolysis reactor. The mobile unit may be self-propelled.

Abstract: A fast pyrolysis apparatus (200) for producing pyrolysis liquid, such as oil or tar, char and pyrolysis gas from biomass, such as straw, comprises a centrifuge chamber (204) and a rotor (210) arranged to impart rotation on the biomass in the centrifuge chamber to force the biomass outwardly under the action of centrifugal forces. A furnace (206) arranged coaxially around the centrifuge chamber (204) maintains the temperature at an outer reactive wall of the centrifuge chamber at an elevated temperature to effect the pyrolysis process at or near the reactive wall. The apparatus comprises a condenser (218) arranged coaxially with and surrounded by the centrifuge chamber (204). The apparatus may be accommodated by a mobile unit for simultaneously collecting biomass from a field and processing the biomass in the apparatus.

Abstract: Disclosed are an apparatus and a method for recovering styrene monomer using an auxiliary solvent, more particularly an apparatus and a method for recovering styrene monomer through pyrolysis of waste polystyrene capable of improving recovery ratio of styrene monomer using an auxiliary solvent such as steam, preventing repolymerization of pyrolyzed styrene monomer and effectively preventing production of unwanted high molecular weight materials.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for pyrolysing a solid organic feed material are disclosed. Solid organic material is moved through a reaction chamber and exposed to a temperature profile within the chamber that dries and pyrolyses the organic material and releases water vapour and a volatile products gas phase. The water vapour phase and the volatile products gas phase are moved counter-current to the solid organic material so that the water vapour phase and condensable components of the volatile products gas phase condense in cooler upstream sections of the chamber and form a liquid water product and a separate liquid oil product. The liquid water product is discharged via an outlet along the length of the chamber and a dried and pyrolysed solid product is discharged from a downstream outlet in the chamber.

Abstract: The invention described herein generally pertains to utilization of high power density microwave energy to reduce organic compounds to carbon and their constituents, primarily in a gaseous state. The process includes, but is not limited to, scrap tires, plastics, asphalt roofing shingles, computer waste, medical waste, municipal solid waste, construction waste, shale oil, and PCB/PAH/HCB-laden materials. The process includes the steps of feeding organic material into a microwave applicator and exposing the material to microwave energy fed from at least two linear polarized sources in non-parallel alignment to each other, and collecting the material. The at least two sources of microwave energy are from a bifurcated waveguide assembly, whose outputs are perpendicular to each other and fed through waveguide of proper impedance, such that the microwave sources are physically and electrically 90° out of phase to each other. The microwave frequency is between 894 and 1000 MHz, preferably approximately 915 MHz.

Abstract: A biofuel production method, catalyst and system. The method may include combining a feedstock comprising a carbonaceous material with a consumable catalyst to produce a feedstock/catalyst mixture, and subjecting the feedstock/catalyst mixture to a vacuum pyrolytic gasification and liquefaction process to produce one or more biofuels. The catalyst includes effective amounts of various catalyst constituents, which may include some or all of kaolin, zeolite, amorphous silica, alumina aluminum phosphate and rare earth elements. The system may include apparatus for heating the feedstock/catalyst mixture under selected temperature and vacuum pressure conditions to produce a gaseous effluent comprising one or more hydrocarbon fractions, and additional distillation and condensation apparatus to produce one or more liquid and gaseous fuels.

Abstract: Useful byproducts are recovered through the pyrolytic processing of biomass material such as vegetation, paper, or worn tires. The process is conducted in a sealed enclosure under vacuum or other controlled atmosphere. The biomass material is ablated and burned by crunching between counter-rotating rollers whose inner walls have been exposed to a highly heated fluid. The biomass material is preheated by injecting into the feeding duct super-heated dry steam. A condenser within the enclosure reduces resulting vapors into oils that can be drained from the enclosure pan. Solid combustion residue is abstracted from the enclosure by an Archimedes screw.

Abstract: A system and apparatus for pyrolyzing solid wastes to recover there-from useful hydrocarbon distillates, carbon black, and other potentially commercially valuable by-products. Pyrolysis and distillation may be performed substantially continuously, rather than by batch processing. The pyrolysis unit including a distillation array featuring two or more parallel, heated, conveyors, arranged in alternative switch-backs, through which a feedstock is moved during pyrolysis. The feedstock moves from conveyor to conveyor, and thus may pass through zones of different temperature to optimize the distillation of various constituents from the feedstock. Friction-reducing components, such as rollers, are situated between adjacent pairs of conveyors so that temperature differentials, and the resulting contract or expansion of system components, are accommodated and associated stresses ameliorated.

Abstract: In a method and apparatus for thermal processing of slurry, the slurry is combined with a bio-mass to produce a mixture which is then subjected to a cracking temperature in a receiving tank, thereby liquefying and allowing the mixture to catalytically undergo a cracking reaction. The cracking reaction which the liquefied mixture undergoes is continued in a mixer pump to thereby produce a reaction mixture. The reaction mixture is outgased in an intermediate tank to separate an outgased fraction from a non-outgased fraction. Subsequently, the outgased fraction is allowed to cool down, thereby producing fuel, while the non-outgased fraction is returned to the receiving tank and subjected again to the cracking temperature. Residual matter of the non-outgased fraction settles in the intermediate tank and is periodically removed.

Abstract: A method for producing char and fuel gas includes degasifying a carbonaceous material with oxygen-containing gases in a fluidized bed reactor at a temperature of more than about 1000° C. and at a pressure of from about 1 bar to about 40 bar. A supply of oxygen within the fluidized bed reactor is adjusted so as to recover more than 60% of fixed carbon in the carbonaceous material in a char product, and an oxygen availability in a lower or bottom region of the fluidized bed reactor is less than 80% of an oxygen availability in an upper region of the fluidized bed reactor.

Abstract: In a method and apparatus for thermal processing of slurry, slurry is combined with a bio-mass to produce a mixture. The mixture is subjected in a heated mixer pump to a cracking temperature, thereby allowing the mixture to catalytically undergo a cracking reaction to produce a reaction mixture which is directly outgased in the mixer pump to produce an outgased portion and a solid portion. The outgased portion and the solid portion are separately discharged from the mixer pump; with the low boiling fraction of the outgased portion allowed to cool down for further processing, and the solid portion collected in a residual matter container for further processing.

Abstract: Described is a thermal decomposition treatment system and method of using the thermal decomposition treatment system wherein flammable waste is inputted into a trash burner which is shielded from air or gas and the waste is thermally decomposed and carbonized. The thermal decomposition treatment chamber includes a plurality of heating tubes wherein the flammable waste is inputted into the chambers while hot air is passed through the heating tubes which indirectly heats the flammable waste in an anaerobic environment the resulting gases are purified, recovered and reused.

Abstract: A coke oven offtake piping system including a pipe assembly for conveying coke oven gases from a coke oven to a collecting main, at least one spraying nozzle in pipe assembly, and a discharge section with a discharge pipe having a discharge orifice, where a gate member cooperates with the discharge orifice and is movable along the discharge orifice in order to present a closing surface to the extremity thereof, whereby the opening area of said discharge orifice can be varied for controlling the flow rate to the collecting main.

Abstract: The present invention relates to systems and methods for producing fuels. In an embodiment, the invention includes a method of producing a diesel-equivalent fuel, including pyrolyzing biomass to form a pyrolysis oil and contacting the pyrolysis oil and an alcohol with a metal oxide catalyst at a temperature of greater than about 60 degrees Celsius. In an embodiment, the invention includes a method of refining pyrolysis oil including contacting pyrolysis oil and an alcohol with a metal oxide catalyst at a temperature of greater than about 60 degrees Celsius.

Abstract: A biocoke producing apparatus that realizes efficient mass production of biocoke; and a process therefor. There is disclosed a biocoke producing apparatus capable of pressure molding of a moisture-regulated pulverized biomass while heating the same in a reaction vessel (1) to thereby obtain biocoke. In the reaction vessel (1), there are preset the temperature range and pressure range for, without carbonizing of the pulverized biomass, inducing a pyrolytic or thermal curing reaction of lignin and hemicellulose thereof. The reaction vessel (1) has pressurization means for pressurizing to the pressure range, heating means for heating to the temperature range in the state of the pressurization and cooling means for cooling after maintaining of the above state. Multiple reaction vessels (1) are provided. A pulverization delivery conveyor (20) is provided superior to these reaction vessels, and each of the multiple reaction vessels is connected via a connection tube (4) to the conveyor.

Abstract: A system for treating a feedstock for the purposes of waste destruction, energy generation, or the production of useful chemicals is disclosed and includes a reactor vessel. A heating lance is configured to outflow the products of a partial oxidation reaction into a reaction chamber in the vessel. The hot reaction products heat and pyrolyze the feedstock in the chamber generating a process effluent which typically includes gases (e.g. syn-gas) and carbon solids. Glasses and metals in the feedstock accumulate in the chamber in a molten state. The molten materials store thermal energy and provide thermal stability to the treatment system. A recycle loop uses carbon solids from the process effluent as an input to the lance for reaction with an oxidant therein.

Abstract: An apparatus and process for producing biocoke usable as a substitute fuel for coal coke from biomass as a raw material. The apparatus comprises pulverizing means for pulverizing a biomass raw material attributed to photosynthesis; heating means for heating to the temperature range in which the hemicellulose of the pulverized biomass raw material is pyrolyzed so as to exhibit bonding effects; pressurization means for, in the state of the heating, pressurizing to the pressure range in which the lignin of the pulverized biomass exhibits a thermal curing reaction and maintaining the pressure; and cooling means for cooling after maintaining the state of the pressurization. The apparatus further comprises temperature detecting means provided at the exit end of the region being heated by the heating means and regulation means for judging a reaction terminal point in accordance with the result of the temperature detection and regulating the timing for transfer from heating to cooling.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an ablative thermolysis reactor (12) comprising a reaction vessel (20), and inlet (14) into the reaction vessel (20) for receiving feedstock, and an outlet from the reaction vessel (20) for discharging thermolysis product. Within the reaction vessel (20), is provided an ablative surface (20a) defining the periphery of a cylinder, and heating means (22) are arranged to heat the ablative surface (20a) to an elevated temperature. In addition at least one rotatable surface (28) having an axis of rotation coincident with the longitudinal axis of said cylinder. The rotatable surface (28) is provided relative to the ablative surface (20a) such that feedstock is pressed between a part of the rotatable surface (28) and said ablative surface (20a) and moved along the ablative surface (20a) by the rotatable surface (28), whereby to thermolyse said feedstock.

Abstract: An apparatus for converting a process material such as powdered plastic to usable fossil fuel. A hollow cylinder having a piston slidably mounted therein is externally heated to produce an internal temperature of approximately 500.degree. C. The powdered plastic is injected into the heated cylinder utilizing an inert gas, thereby vaporizing the powdered plastic and forming a volatile gas. An electric motor rotates a crankshaft to slide the piston and expel the volatile gas from the cylinder. A condenser receives the volatile gas and condenses the gas into the usable fossil fuel. A first stage condenser condenses oil, and a secondary stage condenses Diesel fuel, kerosene, toluene, gasoline, or natural gas.

Abstract: Disclosed is a system for recycling waste tires, which are industrial wastes, so as to protect our environment against pollution and promote recycling of industrial material.

Abstract: The present development is a multistage process for converting solid hydrocarbon resources into synthetic oil. The process comprises a raw hydrocarbon material treatment stage, followed by a pyrolysis stage, and then a synthetic liquid upgrading stage. Throughout the process, heat is transferred to the hydrocarbon resources via recyclable ceramic spheres.

Abstract: A system for pyrocatalytic conversion of non-halogenated synthetic resinous material is reacted in a molten lead bath in an oxygen free environment, wherein the non-halogenated resinous material is mixed with a particulate catalyst in the lead bath which is at a temperature in the range from about 450° C. to 55° C., wherein the non-halogenated resinous waste is thermally and catalytically converted with at least 60% effectiveness into reusable hydrocarbons which are removed as vapor form the molten lead bath and recovered as useable hydrocarbons.

Abstract: Pyrolysis systems and methods of recovering bio-oil product of are disclosed. An illustrative embodiment of a pyrolysis system, among others, includes: a pyrolysis reactor that produces a first bio-oil stream; an injection spray system for receiving the first bio-oil stream, wherein the injection spray system is configured to spray a solvent liquid onto the first bio-oil stream to produce a second bio-oil stream, wherein the injection spray system is configured to control the removal of heat from the first bio-oil stream; and a post injection spray system that is configured to receive the second bio-oil stream.

Abstract: A separation apparatus for removing particulate material from a flash zone gas oil stream produced in a delayed coking unit. The apparatus of the invention employs cyclonic separation to remove particulate material from the flash zone gas oil stream. The stream can then be further processed, for example by passing the stream to a fixed bed catalytic hydroprocessing unit and then to a fluidized bed catalytic cracking unit, or to other processing units, thereby enhancing the value of the flash zone gas oil stream.

Abstract: A method for the pyrolosis of biomass with the aid of a heating element and a feed for guiding the biomass. During pyrolysis, the heating element and the biomass are pressed against each other at a pressure of 5 bars-80 bars. A device for pyrolysing biomasses, comprises a material supply and a pyrolysing station. The material supply comprises elements for generating a pressure of between 5 bars and 200 bars, pressing the raw material which is to be pyrolysed against the pyrolysing station. The pyrolysing station comprises a heating element which is heated to a temperature of between 300° C. and 1000° C. in an operational state.

Abstract: This invention provides a carbonizing apparatus for easily carbonizing a material to a desired state of carbonization, which apparatus requires a reduced installation space, and lowers concentration of harmful gases contained in an exhaust gas. The interior of a cylindrical furnace body 82 having a vertical axis is divided by a partition wall 83 into an upper furnace body acting as a combustion section 80 and a lower furnace body acting as a carbonization section 6. The partition wall 83 defines a through hole for supplying distillation gas to the combustion section 80. The carbonization section 6 has a vertical structure, with a supply part 33 disposed in an upper portion for supplying a material under treatment 1, and a carbide take-out part 35 and a first blowoff part 36 of spontaneous combustion air disposed in a lower portion, so that the material under treatment 1 is movable by gravity toward the take-out part 35. An agitating device 39 includes agitating members 43 revolvable about a vertical axis.

Abstract: Disclosed relates to an apparatus for producing tire oil from waste tires, which does not incinerate the waste tires but produce tire oil from the waste tires. The apparatus of the invention pyrolyzes waste tires at comparatively low temperature by supplying oxygen of small quantity. Accordingly, the apparatus for producing tire oil from waste tires does not contaminate environment but utilizes the waste tires efficiently.

Abstract: A system for the conversion of carbonaceous feedstocks into useful sources for energy, chemicals, or other materials includes a reactor chamber for receiving dried carbonaceous feedstock and heat carrier for processing of the feedstock in the generation of useful sources for energy, chemicals, or other materials, a char separation and recovery mechanism linked to the reactor chamber for separating char produced as a result of processing of feedstock within the reactor chamber from heat carrier and a condenser in communication with the reactor chamber for receiving gas and vapor from the reactor chamber. A furnace is linked to the char separation and recovery mechanism providing energy for operation of the system.

Abstract: A system for the conversion of carbonaceous feedstocks into useful sources for energy, chemicals, or other material includes a dryer into which the carbonaceous feedstock is placed and a reactor chamber in communication with the dryer for receiving dried feedstock and heat carrier for further processing of the feedstock in the generation of useful sources for energy, chemicals, or other material. The system also includes a char separation and recovery mechanism linked to the reactor chamber for separating char produced as a result of processing of feedstock within the reactor chamber from heat carrier, a condenser in communication with the reactor chamber for receiving gas and vapor from the reactor chamber to recover a liquid product, and a furnace linked to the char separation and recovery mechanism for burning char as needed for operation of the present system.

Abstract: Useful byproducts are recovered through the pyrolytic processing of biomass material such as vegetation, paper, or worn tires. The process is conducted in a sealed enclosure under vacuum or other controlled atmosphere. The biomass material is ablated and burned by crunching between counter-rotating rollers whose inner walls have been exposed to a highly heated fluid. The biomass material is preheated by injecting into the feeding duct super-heated: dry steam. A condenser within the enclosure reduces resulting vapors into oils that can be drained from the enclosure pan. Solid combustion residue is abstracted from the enclosure by an Archimedes screw.

Abstract: An improved process and apparatus for the destructive distillation or pyrolysis of rubber, such as used rubber tires, to produce liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons and a solid carbonaceous char. A heat transfer gas circulating in a circulation loop is used to cool the hot char produced in the distillation chamber of a distillation oven, the circulation loop having some means for removing the heat transferred to the heat transfer gas from the hot char. In one embodiment, two distillation ovens are operated in off-set, batchwise distillation cycles. The distillation cycles in the two ovens are coordinated so that a fresh charge of rubber feed is introduced into the distillation chamber of one of the ovens as the distillation of rubber in the other oven is concluded.

Abstract: A method for processing organic material including heating the organic material to a temperature exceeding 100° C. in an atmosphere including at least one of superheated steam, a hot inert gas, hot air and hot process gases, and subsequently cooling the heated organic material in an atmosphere including at least one of superheated steam and an inert gas. Also described are processing apparatus for use in performing the method.

Abstract: The present invention provides for an apparatus for converting an organic liquor into a mixture of hydrocarbons and carbon solids, comprising: a heater for heating the organic liquor, thereby producing a mixture of liquid and vaporized oil; a reactor for converting the mixture of liquid and vaporized oil into carbon solids, and a mixture of hydrocarbons and gases; a first cooler for accepting the carbon solids; and a second cooler for accepting the mixture of hydrocarbons and gases. The apparatus of the present invention finds application in the processing of waste and low-value products to produce useful materials in reliable purities and compositions, at acceptable cost, without producing malodorous emissions, and with high energy efficiency.

Abstract: A coke oven and a method of operating the same, capable not only of achieving a uniform combustion temperature heightwise within a combustion chamber when a rich gas or a lean gas is burnt, but also of reducing NOx content in the waste gas, while eliminating localized high-temperature combustion. The combustion chamber of the coke oven comprises a rich-gas port 2 located near an oven wall 6 bordering a carbonization chamber in the bottom 5 of combustion chamber, and the midpoint P3, connecting the center P2 of a lean-gas port 7 and the center P of an air port 3, is on the side opposite to the rich-gas port 2 relative to the center line CL of the combustion chamber. (See FIG.

Abstract: A low-energy input process for the pyrolytic conversion of biomass to charcoal or carbonized charcoal is provided. The biomass is sealed in a container, pressurized with air and heated to ignition. Control of pressure by input of air and release of gases to maintain successively lower pressure levels results in a typical time for the conversion of less than 30 minutes.

Abstract: The invention provides a process for the production of charcoal, fuel gas, and potassium from a biomass gassifier.

Abstract: A method of producing petroleum coke in a petroleum coking system comprising the steps of (a) adding a fluid to a live coking drum while warming a second drum so that additional vapor is provided in the live drum and (b) reducing pressure loss in the live drum by regulating the addition of the fluid based upon a target pressure for the live drum and by regulating the flow of warm-up vapor from the live drum to the second drum based upon a target pressure for the second drum. The flow of warm-up vapor from the live drum to the second drum is preferably conducted via a conduit system having a total length of less than 100 feet.

Abstract: The present invention concerns a processing furnace used by the oil industry to heat feedstocks that are to be treated thermally, which is provided with bi-pivotal support columns to carry the radiation exchange tubes which form the coil of radiation exchange tubes. The support columns are provided with a lower bearing and an upper bearing means, which pivot, respectively, on a lower support and an upper guide, in such a way that all the stresses from the support and the radiation exchange tubes are transmitted to the base, causing no thermal stress from bending momentum to be transmitted to the base of the furnace.

Abstract: Element for heat exchanging between fluids, where the flowing canals for the fluids consist of slits on either side of a thin, folded sheet material (1), and that the ratio between the slit width (24) of the canals and depths (25) in the slits is less than 0.15 times the thickness of the sheet material.

Abstract: An improved method and apparatus is disclosed for reclaiming volatile products and non-volatile residue through the pyrolysis of a polymeric material comprising placing the polymeric material in a reactor and establishing an oxygen deficient atmosphere in a reactor. The polymeric material is simultaneously compressed and heated to a temperature sufficient to pyrolyze the polymeric material to produce volatile products and non-volatile residue. The volatile products and non-volatile residue are subsequently removed from the reactor and collected.

Abstract: A cracking furnace for the pyrolysis heating of an organic feedstock includes a heating section and at least one convection section. In one embodiment the furnace includes first and second convection sections positioned along opposite sides of the heating section. The openings for admitting flue gas to the convection sections can be at the top or the bottom of the heating section. In another embodiment the furnace includes a plurality of passageways for the communication of flue gas from the heating section to the convection section. The passageways can be positioned at the top or the bottom of the heating section. The passageways provide a more even flow of flue gas through the heating section by preventing recirculation of the flue gas within the heating chamber.

Abstract: An improved method is disclosed for reclaiming volatile products and non-volatile residue through the pyrolysis of a polymeric material comprising placing the polymeric material in a reactor and establishing an oxygen deficient atmosphere in a reactor. The polymeric material is simultaneously compressed and heated to a temperature sufficient to pyrolyze the polymeric material to produce volatile products and non-volatile residue. The volatile products and non-volatile residue are subsequently removed from the reactor and collected.

Abstract: Cracker apparatus, comprising

Abstract: The invention provides a method and apparatus for decreasing gas flow rates in a sole flue gas system for a coke oven during at least an initial coking operation after charging a coking oven with coal. The method includes providing a duct system between a first coke oven having a first coking chamber and a second coke oven having a second coking chamber to direct at least a portion of gas from a gas space in first coking chamber to the second coke oven thereby reducing a gas flow rate in the first sole flue gas system of the first coke oven. Reduction in sole flue gas flow rates has a beneficial effect on product throughput, the life of the coke oven and environmental control of volatile emissions from coke ovens.