Abstract: A hybrid vegetable protein is described, comprising a guest protein having the structure of prolamine and glutelin, and a host protein having the structure of globulin and albumin, obtained from vegetable grains, such as corn and soybean, respectively. Likewise, a method for obtaining said hybrid vegetable protein is described, which comprises the steps of extracting the guest and host proteins, carrying out an acidification thereof, and further applying a magnetic field to provoke their attachment, and finally adding an alkali to the attached proteins to obtain a hybrid vegetable protein at its isoelectric point. The protein thus produced has a value higher than 0.97 according to the PDCAAS rating.

Abstract: To provide a ruthenium compound suitable for a chemical vapor deposition method (CVD method). A liquid cyclooctatetraenetricarbonyl ruthenium complex represented by the following Formula (1) is obtained by irradiating a solution mixture of dodecacarbonyl triruthenium and a cyclooctatetraene with light. A satisfactory ruthenium film or ruthenium oxide film can be easily obtained by a chemical vapor deposition method using the complex as a raw material.

Abstract: The invention relates generally to chemical reactions and processes, and in particular to a method for enhancing the rate of a chemical reaction and to apparatus for carrying out the method. The invention more particularly relates to methods and apparatus which utilize microwave and ultrasonic energy to enhance chemical reaction rates; and in specific instances, the invention relates to methods, processes and apparatus for the synthesis of biodiesel fuels. The methods, processes and apparatus of the invention are useful for the synthesis of biodiesel fuels; and also useful for production of reaction products of esterification and/or transesterification reactions including fatty acid alkyl esters.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a dye comprising a chromophore to which an acyloin group as anchoring group is attached, to a method of synthesis of such dye, to an electronic device comprising such dye and to the use of such dye.

Abstract: Methods for preparing and using a photocatalyst are described. The catalyst is prepared by oxidation of a metal salt which has been doped in situ to form a photocatalyst active in visible light. The photocatalyst is used for degrading toxic and irritating compounds and infectious agents.

Abstract: [Problems] The present invention is to provide a method of solubilizing a carbon nanomaterial, in which a carbon nanomaterial can be dissolved in a hydrophilic solvent easily and uniformly without structural deterioration of the carbon nanomaterial, the dispersibility can be maintained for a prolonged period of time, the solubilizing treatment can be performed at low cost, and the treatment can be easily controlled. [Means for Resolution] The method of solubilizing a carbon nanomaterial of the invention is characterized by mixing a carbon nanomaterial in a hydrophilic solvent, and performing streamer discharge in the hydrophilic solvent to dissolve the carbon nanomaterial in the hydrophilic solvent with the dispersed state thereof maintained stably.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention are directed to devices and methods for performing photoreactions of photo-reacting compounds in solution. The invention features a vessel and a light source. The vessel has at least one wall defining a chamber. The chamber, for performing photoreactions, has a chamber volume, a first window, an inlet and an outlet. The inlet and outlet are in fluid communication with a source of photo-reacting compounds in solution. The first window is transparent to light transmission and is placed in optical communication with a light source to receive photons. The chamber is for receiving a solution over time to define a dwell time. The solution potentially has one or more photo-reactive compounds having a concentration. The device further comprises a light source, in optical communication with the first window, for emitting photons which photons are received by the first window and transmitted into the chamber.

Abstract: Photolabile fragrance storage substances capable of photo-induced release of odorant aldehydes and odorant ketones are described in addition to a process for long-lasting fragrancing of surfaces and a process for producing said fragrance storage substances.

Abstract: There is described a processor for use in the microwave torrefaction of biomass material which comprises, a micronised biomass char material and a method of producing a biomass char material, and a method of producing L-glucosan.

Abstract: A process for producing vegan vitamin D3 from an algal waste processing stream by saponifying the waste stream to separate out and removing unsaponifiable cholesterol and converting it to vitamin D3 by ultraviolet irradiation, while precipitating out the saponified fatty acids, triglycerides and polysaccharides.

Abstract: This invention, in one embodiment, is drawn to a process for forming olefin product by contacting an oxygenate with an olefin-forming catalyst under supercritical conditions to form an olefin product. This invention also relates to methods for activating molecular sieve catalyst, regenerating molecular sieve catalyst, and forming and/or disposing a co-catalyst within a molecular sieve catalyst, each under supercritical conditions.

Abstract: A process for API GRAVITY enrichment and the reduction of naphthenic acidity of petroleum, heavy petroleum, extra-heavy oil and oil mixtures and their fractions in the presence of microwave-absorbing materials, preferentially those which absorb radiation in localized sites forming nanoreactors, pure or in mixtures such as spent hydrotreatment catalysts. The process is characterized by causing an increase in the API GRAVITY of the petroleum or its mixtures, performing the cracking of the heavier fractions present in the petroleum and reducing the concentration of naphthenic acids present in the processed petroleum. This process is also characterized by operating at a relatively low temperature and pressure with an operating range that enables a simplified union of the microwave source with a petroleum enrichment industrial reactor.

Abstract: The present invention relates generally to methods and compositions comprising macrocycles. In some embodiments, the present invention provides methods for modifying macrocycles comprising a pendant group. In some cases, the pendent group comprises a hydrolyzable group. The present invention also provides methods for metallating a macrocycle using microwave energy, in some embodiments.

Abstract: A method of accelerating the hydrogenation of organic compounds is provided. The method includes positioning an microwave transparent reaction vessel containing at least one reactant suitable for hydrogenation in a microwave cavity, purging the reaction vessel, charging the reaction vessel with hydrogen gas, and applying a continuous single mode of microwave radiation within the cavity and to the vessel and its contents for a time sufficient to effect a chemical change in the reactants.

Abstract: A process for converting organic waste materials into usable products and products thereof is disclosed. According to the process, organic waste materials are contacted with an oxidant to form a product and then an amount of the oxidant is removed from the product to form a reactor-ready feedstock. The oxidant is removed by various means, including washing, photolysis, catalytic means, oxidation of the oxidant, reduction of the oxidant, and heat. The reactor-ready feedstock may then be introduced into a reactor, such as a digester or incubator, and the reactor-ready feedstock is converted by microorganisms into biofuel or other products.

Abstract: A method for treatment of oils and fats having a high saturated fatty acid content whose treatment has previously been difficult, especially waste oils and fats and discharged oils and fats, characterized in that the oils and fats just prior to hydrolysis is subjected to ozone treatment and light irradiation treatment.

Abstract: Transesterification, esterification, and esterification-transesterification (both one-step and two-step) for producing biofuels. The process may be enhanced by one or more of the following: 1) applying microwave or RF energy; 2) passing reactants over a heterogeneous catalyst at sufficiently high velocity to achieve high shear conditions; 3) emulsifying reactants with a homogeneous catalyst; or 4) maintaining the reaction at a pressure at or above autogeneous pressure. Enhanced processes using one or more of these steps can result in higher process rates, higher conversion levels, or both.

Abstract: A system including nanostructure arrays for converting carbon dioxide to an organic compound, e.g., methanol, which does so, for example, without any external electric energy. In one embodiment, the system for converting carbon dioxide to an organic compound includes an array of nanotubes, which include nanoparticles of an electron mediator, e.g. palladium, dispersed on a surface of the nanotubes, and an electrically conductive fluid. The array of nanotubes is at least partially immersed in the electrically conductive fluid. The system further includes a light source that irradiates the array of nanotubes, a source of carbon dioxide, and an inlet for delivering the carbon dioxide to the electrically conductive fluid whereat at least a portion of the carbon dioxide is converted to a different organic compound, such as methanol, via contact with an irradiated array of nanotubes. In one example, the array is an ordered array of titania nanotubes.

Abstract: The present invention provides novel compositions suitable for use in an intermolecular photodeprotection reaction scheme. Such compositions include a chromophore compound and a second compound having a photocleavable group bonded to a protected functional group. Novel compounds which can used in intramolecular photodeprotection are also provided. These compounds have a chromophore moiety bonded to a photocleavable group, which itself is bonded to a protected group. The compounds and compositions disclosed herein can be used in two-photon and multi-photon excitation.

Abstract: Transparent monolithic aerogels based on silica, the bioderived polymer chitosan, and coordinated ions are employed to serve as a three-dimensional scaffold decorated with metal ions such as Au, Pt and Pd ions. It has also been found that the metal aerogels, such as Au(III) aerogels, can be imaged photolytically to produce nanoparticles.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a method of forming, producing or manufacturing functionalized nanomaterials, and, specifically, soluble functionalized nanomaterials. The presently described invention also relates to nanomaterial-based composites consisting of a target material, which can include ceramic, polymer, or metallic matrices incorporated into or grown on nanomaterials, as well as a method or synthesis technique for the formation, production, or manufacture of nanomaterial-based composites through microwave-induced reaction.

Abstract: The present invention relates to systems and methods for producing fuels. In an embodiment, the invention includes a method of producing a diesel-equivalent fuel, including pyrolyzing biomass to form a pyrolysis oil and contacting the pyrolysis oil and an alcohol with a metal oxide catalyst at a temperature of greater than about 60 degrees Celsius. In an embodiment, the invention includes a method of refining pyrolysis oil including contacting pyrolysis oil and an alcohol with a metal oxide catalyst at a temperature of greater than about 60 degrees Celsius.

Abstract: A curable composition comprising magnetically active elastic microspheres that are filled with a curing agent. The elastomeric microspheres are predispersed throughout the curable resin and are magnetostrictive. Cure of the adhesive is initiated when an external magnetic field is applied that physically distorts or ruptures the magnetic microspheres due to a magnetostrictive effect from the magnetic field.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are methods for functionalizing metal oxides, including tin dioxide. The methods comprise contacting at least one linker precursor comprising a first functional group to a metal oxide and exposing the linker precursor to UV light. The first functional group covalently binds to the metal oxide via a UV light induced reaction. The linker precursor may be an alkene having a vinyl group or an alkyne having an ethynyl group. Other molecules, such as biomolecules and dye molecules, may be bound to the linker precursors. The functionalized metal oxides may be used alone or as coatings on a substrate and find use in a variety of devices, including biosensors and dye sensitized solar cells.

Abstract: Provided are a method of forming pores in a graphitic carbon nanomaterial and a method of introducing an oxygen-containing group into the pores, in which the rate of pore formation in the wall of a graphitic carbon nanomaterial can be heightened and the amount of the oxygen-containing group, especially the carboxyl group to be introduced can be significantly increased. The method of forming pores in a graphitic carbon nanomaterial of the invention is characterized by forming pores in the wall of a graphitic carbon nanomaterial in the presence of an oxidizing agent while the nanomaterial is irradiated with a light from a light source including a light having a wavelength at which the oxidizing agent is activated.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the use of a R—N2+ diazonium salt carrying an aromatic group R, for grafting of the aromatic group onto insulating, semiconductor, binary or ternary compound or composite material surfaces, the diazonium salt being present at a concentration close to its solubility limit, notably at a concentration higher than 0.05 M, and preferably varying between approximately 0.5 M to approximately 4 M.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of forming an Al—C covalent bond between aluminum and a carbon material by applying an electric arc to a mixture of the aluminum and the carbon material under vacuum, heated and pressurized conditions. In order to enhance the reactivity of the carbon material, the method may include the step of introducing defects in the carbon material and thus functionalizing the carbon material by treating the carbon material with acid, a microwave, or plasma.

Abstract: The easy-to-tear stretched aliphatic polyester film of the present invention is characterized in that the edge tear strength in the longitudinal direction and the transverse direction is not more than 22 N. The easy-to-tear stretched aliphatic polyester film of the present invention is produced by a method of irradiation of actinic rays on an aliphatic polyester film or a method of film-forming a film obtained by laminating aliphatic polyesters having different melting points in three layers of A/B/A under particular film-forming conditions.

Abstract: A method for creating a foam product using microwaves and alcohol useful for various industrial applications. The method of creating polymeric foam includes 2-butanol used in conjunction with microwaves to create a polymer foam material.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of producing a liquid crystal material. The inventive method is characterised in that it comprises the following steps consisting in: applying a first treatment to a liquid crystal mixture having a helical structure comprising a first non-photoreactive liquid crystal (A) and a second photoreactive liquid crystal (B), said first treatment modifying a handedness of the helix of the mixture; and applying a second treatment to the mixture such that the second liquid crystal (B) forms a polymer network, said second treatment being performed during all or part of the first treatment such that the liquid crystal material retains a memory of the modifications to the helix and the entire volume of the material has both a right-handed and left-handed helical structure.

Abstract: Ionized irradiation can be used to improve the properties of fluoropolymers. In particular, elasticity, strain hardening, and melt strength of a fluoropolymer can be increased by LIP to an order of magnitude by exposure to controlled amounts of radiation; while polymer foams may be thermoformed and crosslinked by irradiation to provide a solvent resistance polymer foams having wide range of densities with good mechanical integrity at elevated temperature.

Abstract: Chemical compositions may be selectively or preferentially excited by the application of scores comprising a series of energy inputs.

Abstract: In the photochemical synthetic process in semi-continuous mode according to the invention, a reactor comprising two zones is used, the radiating portion of the lamp(s) being totally immersed in a first zone which is completely filled with reaction medium and spills off via an overflow into a second zone whose volume is sufficient to contain the volume of reaction medium originating from the first zone and corresponding substantially to the volume of the reagent(s) gradually introduced.

Abstract: Disclosed are methods for microwave-based recovery of hydrocarbons from fossil fuels, plastics, tires, drilling fluids, and other carbon-containing compositions. Also disclosed are associated apparatuses.

Abstract: Polymer particles are irradiated with radiation from a high energy source to increase the water or other fluid absorbency of the particles. Products manufactured using the activated particles include protective undergarments, bandages, kitty litter, and spill clean up materials.

Abstract: A method of polymerizing by a free radical polymerization mechanism, product formed thereby, and apparatus for performing this method, are disclosed. The composition to be polymerized by the free radical polymerization mechanism is irradiated by a substantially constant radiation, the radiation being substantially without pulsation. The use of the substantially constant radiation without pulsation reduces premature termination of the polymerization. The substantially constant radiation can be the output of a lamp powered by a constant current, direct current power supply.

Abstract: A process for the catalytic reaction of organic compounds, in which the organic compounds are contacted with a catalyst comprising an interstitial metal hydride, having a reaction surface, to produce a catalyst-organic compound mixture, energy is applied, monatomic hydrogen is produced at the reaction surface of the interstitial metal hydride, and the organic compounds are reacted with the monatomic hydrogen. Reactions accomplished by this process include petroleum hydrocracking and hydrotreating processes. The method's performance can be further enhanced using radio frequency (RF) or microwave energy.

Abstract: A 1,4-di-substituted diacetylene polymer that is soluble in organic solvent, is composed of a repeating unit represented by the general formula ?CR—C?C—CR?? (wherein, R and R? represent identical or different monovalent organic substituents), and has an average degree of polymerization of 4 to 200 and a ratio (Mw/Mn) of weight average molecular weight (Mw) to number average molecular weight corresponding to said average degree of polymerization (Mn) of 1.1 to 5.0, and a process for producing the 1,4-di-substituted diacetylene polymer by irradiating a solution of the soluble 1,4-di-substituted diacetylene polymer with laser light having a wavelength within the range of 250 to 1,200 nm, and preferably 550 to 900 nm, to cause a photodegradation reaction of said polymer, or heating a solution of the soluble 1,4-di-substituted diacetylene polymer to a temperature of 100 to 300° C.

Abstract: Transparent monolithic aerogels based on silica, the bioderived polymer chitosan, and coordinated ions are employed to serve as a three-dimensional scaffold decorated with metal ions such as Au, Pt and Pd ions. It has also been found that the metal aerogels, such as Au(III) aerogels, can be imaged photolytically to produce nanoparticles.

Abstract: Polymer particles are irradiated with radiation from a high energy source to increase the water or other fluid absorbency of the particles. Products manufactured using the activated particles include protective undergarments, bandages, kitty litter, and spill clean up materials.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the depolymerization of glycosaminoglycanes characterized by the use of high-energy radiation in the presence of an organic compound selected from the group consisting of ethers, alcohols, aldehydes, amides and formic acid. The invention also relates to intermediate depolymerized heparin having a molecular weight of between 1,000 and 5,500, absorbance at 400 nm below 0.300 and ratio SO3?/COO?equal to or higher than in the starting heparin. The intermediate depolymerized heparin can be dissolved in a buffer solution and fractionated by gel permeation for obtaining the desired molecular weight.

Abstract: Ascorbic acid and/or ascorbic acid salt is made to act together with oxygen on an organic compound. Alternatively, light radiation is applied during chemical action with oxygen so as to improve a composition efficiency of an organic compound and obtain a preferable decomposition amount. This reduces the load caused by an organic compound decomposition on the environment.

Abstract: A method of polymerizing by a free radical polymerization mechanism, product formed thereby, and apparatus for performing this method, are disclosed. The composition to be polymerized by the free radical polymerization mechanism is irradiated by a substantially constant radiation, the radiation being substantially without pulsation. The use of the substantially constant radiation without pulsation reduces premature termination of the polymerization. The substantially constant radiation can be the output of a lamp powered by a constant current, direct current power supply.

Abstract: A polymeric material is produced by atomizing into droplets a composition containing addition-polymerizable material and reacting the addition polymerizable material in the droplets to produce the particulate product. The polymeric product may be, for example, a powder coating composition.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method and apparatus for maintaining the active life of a catalyst in organic feed processing by applying a series of electromagnetic radiation pulses to the catalyst in a reactor. The pulsing of the catalyst selectively heats and cools the catalyst and can regulate the relative internal pressure of the catalyst particles to stimulate the acceleration of oil macromolecules mass-exchange through the catalyst pores and surface. This allows for the removal of cracked oil molecules from the particles. The application of electromagnetic pulses also regulates the activity of the catalyst. The electromagnetic radiation reduces the formation of coke on the catalyst and increases the life of the catalyst in the reactor. Further, the present invention provides a method and apparatus for removing water and salt from an organic feed. Water and salt is removed by applying a series of electromagnetic radiation pulses to the organic feed.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of regenerating hydrogenated and/or oxygenated alkyl anthraquinones and/or alkyl anthrahydroquinones to alkyl anthraquinones and/or alkyl anthrahydroquinones, wherein the reaction is carried out in the presence of a catalyst under electromagnetic irradiation.

Abstract: A method of polymerizing by a free radical polymerization mechanism, product formed thereby, and apparatus for performing this method, are disclosed. The composition to be polymerized by the free radical polymerization mechanism is irradiated by a substantially constant radiation, the radiation being substantially without pulsation. The use of the substantially constant radiation without pulsation reduces premature termination of the polymerization. The substantially constant radiation can be the output of a lamp powered by a constant current, direct current power supply.

Abstract: A method of decomposing a fluorine-containing organic material, which includes irradiating a mixture of an aqueous phase containing a photocatalyst with the fluorine-containing organic material with light in the presence of an oxygen source. The fluorine-containing organic material may be contained in a carbon dioxide phase such that the aqueous phase and the carbon dioxide phase are mixed with each other with stirring to form a mixed phase which is irradiated with the light.

Abstract: The present invention relates to methods of hydrolyzing a protein (or peptide) by treating a protein (or peptide)-containing sample with a laser and associated apparatus for effectuating the hydrolysis.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for carrying out microwave assisted chemical reactions. The method includes the steps of placing reactants in a microwave-transparent vessel, placing the vessel and its contents into a microwave cavity, applying microwave radiation within the cavity and to the vessel and its contents while concurrently externally cooling the vessel conductively.