Abstract: An aromatic polyamide porous film has a total number of branch points of pores in an area of 3 cubic micrometers obtained by three-dimensional structural analysis is 2,000 to 20,000, which ensures high rate characteristics and is also capable of suppressing deterioration of cycle characteristics and storage characteristics as well as abnormal heat generation, when used as a separator for battery, and also has excellent heat resistance; and a separator for battery and a battery, each including the aromatic polyamide porous film.

Abstract: A liquid composition comprising at least one aprotic organic solvent and at least one fluorinated ion exchange polymer which consists of recurring units derived from a chlorofluoroolefin of formula CF2?CCIY, wherein Y is F or CI, and from at least one fluorinated functional monomer selected among those of formula CF2?CF—O—(CF2CF(CF3)O)m—(CF2)nSO2X, wherein m is an integer equal to 0 or 1, n is an integer from 0 to 10 and X is chosen among halogens (CI, F, Br, I), —O?M+, wherein M+ is a cation selected among H+, NH4+, K+, Li+, Na+, or mixtures thereof is disclosed. The liquid composition is suitable for the preparation of ion exchange membranes, in particular composite membranes, for use in fuel cell applications.

Abstract: A method of operating a redox flow battery includes providing a redox flow battery including an anolyte storage tank configured for containing a quantity of anolyte and an anolyte headspace, a catholyte storage tank configured for containing a quantity of a catholyte and a catholyte headspace, and a gas management system comprising at least one open conduit interconnecting the anolyte headspace and the catholyte headspace for free gas exchange between the anolyte and catholyte headspaces, and a passive gas exchange device in gaseous fluid communication with the anolyte headspace, the passive gas exchange device configured to release gas from the anolyte headspace to an exterior battery environment when an interior battery pressure exceeds an exterior battery pressure by a predetermined amount, and operating the battery.

Abstract: An electroplating cell includes: an anode chamber in which an anode chamber solution is stored; and a separator that separates the anode chamber and a cathode. The electroplating cell undergoes a modification treatment of introducing a carboxylic acid group or a derivative thereof into a base material of the separator. The separator selectively allows permeation of metal ions contained in the anode chamber solution.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for splitting water. In the present method, first, prepared is a water splitting device comprising: cathode and anode containers in which first and second electrolyte solutions are stored respectively; a proton exchange membrane disposed therebetween; a cathode electrode in contact with the first electrolyte solution and comprises a metal or metal compound; and an anode electrode in contact with the second electrolyte solution and comprises a nitride semiconductor layer. Then, the anode electrode is irradiated with light to split water contained in the first electrolyte solution. The anode electrode comprises a cobalt oxide layer formed of Co3O4 as a main component on a surface of the nitride semiconductor layer; the surface of the nitride semiconductor layer being in contact with the second electrolyte solution. The cathode electrode is electrically connected to the anode electrode without an external power supply.

Abstract: Electrolytic acid or alkaline water having a NMR half line width using 170 of from about 45 to less than 51 Hz, and an oxide reduction potential of from ?1000 to +200 mV, or from +600 to +1300 mV, topical compositions that contain such water, uses for such water to hydrate skin, deliver drugs and treat various skin and mucosal conditions, and methods and apparatus for manufacturing the water.

Abstract: The prior arts generate bubbles with fixed characteristics of the gas in the bubbles. The invention proposes an apparatus of generating bubbles and a method thereof. The apparatus comprising: a first unit (10) configured to determine at least one characteristic of a gas in the bubbles; a second unit (12) configured to generate the bubbles, comprising: an electrolyzer (120) configured to electrolyze an electrolyte to generate the gas in the electrolyte, thereby generating bubbles; and a controller (14), configured to control the second unit to generate the bubbles according to the at least one characteristic of the gas. In embodiments of the invention, the generation is controllable with respect to the gas in the bubble based on the practical requirement of the gas, and is more flexible and with wide applicability.

Abstract: Provided is a wastewater treatment device that can reduce the fluoride ion concentration in industrial wastewater to improve the recovery rate of purified water. A wastewater treatment device (1) includes a biological treatment unit (3) that decomposes and eliminates organic matter in wastewater by means of microorganisms, and a desalinization unit (4) that is provided downstream of the biological treatment unit (3) and eliminates salt-forming ionic components from within the wastewater. A pretreatment unit (2), which removes components, such as heavy metals or oil contained in the wastewater, which inhibit the function of the biological treatment unit (3) or the desalinization unit (4), is provided upstream of the biological treatment unit (3), and the pretreatment unit (2) is provided with a fluoride concentration reduction unit that reduces the concentration of fluoride ions in the wastewater by eliminating the fluoride ions from within the wastewater.

Abstract: A process for reducing the amount of soluble polymeric fractions in a sulfonyl fluoride polymer. The process comprises contacting the sulfonyl fluoride polymer with a fluorinated fluid followed by separation of the polymer from the fluid. The fluorinated fluid is selected from hydrofluoroethers and hydrofluoropolyethers. The invention further relates to sulfonyl fluoride polymers obtainable by the process and having a heat of fusion not exceeding 4 J/g and containing less than 15% by weight of polymeric fractions having an average content of monomeric units comprising a sulfonyl functional group exceeding 24 mole %. The sulfonyl fluoride polymers so obtained are particularly suitable for the preparation of ionomeric membranes for use in electrochemical devices.

Abstract: An oxygen pump can produce high-purity high-pressure oxygen. Oxygen ions (O2?) are electrochemically pumped through a multi-stage electrolysis stack of cells. Each cell includes an oxygen-ion conducting solid-state electrolyte between cathode and anode sides. Oxygen dissociates into the ions at the cathode side. The ions migrate across the electrolyte and recombine at the anode side. An insulator is between adjacent cells to electrically isolate each individual cell. Each cell receives a similar volt potential. Recombined oxygen from a previous stage can diffuse through the insulator to reach the cathode side of the next stage. Each successive stage similarly incrementally pressurizes the oxygen to produce a final elevated pressure.

Abstract: An electrode assembly includes an electrode stack structure including a first electrode assembly sheet having flexibility and a second electrode assembly sheet having flexibility, where and the first and second electrode assemblies are alternately disposed one on another, and a binding unit which binds a portion of the electrode stack structure. The first electrode assembly sheet includes first and second separator films disposed to face each other, a first electrode sheet which is disposed between the first and second separator films and includes a first electrode collector and a first active material layer, and a first confining unit which restricts a movement of the first electrode sheet with respect to the first and second separator films.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an electrochemical cell (20) comprising a bipolar plate (26); an annular support next to the bipolar plate (26); a first electrode (22) separated from the bipolar plate (26) defining a first half-cell (10?) (cationic or anionic) together with the plate and the annular support. The cell also has a membrane (23) next to the first electrode (22); a second electrode (24) next to the membrane (23); and a closure element (21) defining a second half-cell (10?) (cationic or anionic depending on the nature of the second electrode) together with the second electrode (24). In the present invention the closure element (21) is housed within the annular support (25).

Abstract: The present application provides a method for characterizing reservoir micro pore structures, in particular structures smaller than 50 nm and a system therefore. The method can include fabricating a reservoir sheet; fabricating a reservoir sheet electrode using the reservoir sheet; depositing crystal substance in inner pores of the reservoir sheet of the reservoir sheet electrode using chemical deposition; obtaining the crystal substance by removing rock portions of the reservoir sheet in which the crystal substance is deposited; and scanning the shapes of the obtained crystal substance, the result of the scanning being the reservoir micro pore structure.

Abstract: A process for producing an ion exchange precursor resin membrane involves co-extruding an ion exchange precursor resin with an incompatible polymer to form a multilayer film having a layer of the ion exchange precursor resin supported on a layer of the incompatible polymer. The layer of incompatible polymer is then removed from the layer of ion exchange precursor resin to provide the ion exchange precursor resin membrane. The ion exchange precursor resin membrane may be converted to an ion exchange resin membrane by hydrolysis, and subsequent acidification if desired. Ion exchange resin membranes and ion exchange precursor resin membranes having a uniform thickness of 25 microns or less may be formed by the process.

Abstract: An apparatus comprises an anode formed of graphene oxide from an acidic pH; a cathode from a pH greater than the acidic pH of the anode; and charge collectors deposited on the anode and the cathode. The anode comprises graphene oxide, the graphene oxide comprising an ink and having a pH of about 1 to about 4.

Abstract: A hydrogen/bromine reduction-oxidation flow battery system includes a bromine electrode, a hydrogen electrode, a membrane, a first catalyst, and a second catalyst. The membrane is positioned between the bromine electrode and the hydrogen electrode. The first catalyst is associated with the bromine electrode. The second catalyst is associated with the hydrogen electrode and at least partially formed from a subsurface alloy configured (i) to promote facile dissociation of H2, and (ii) to prevent bromide from adsorbing onto the hydrogen electrode.

Abstract: A reference half-cell for application in an electrochemical sensor, comprising a housing, in which a chamber containing a reference electrolyte is formed, wherein the reference electrolyte (5, 105) is in contact with a medium surrounding the housing via a liquid junction arranged in a wall of the housing, wherein the liquid junction comprises a porous diaphragm, especially a porous ceramic diaphragm, and wherein the diaphragm has, at least partially, a coating, which comprises at least one metal.

Abstract: An apparatus for treating contaminated water includes an electrolytic cell and a flow directing device. The electrolytic cell includes an anode chamber, a cathode chamber, an anode, a cathode, and a membrane. The anode is in the anode chamber and the cathode is in the cathode chamber. The membrane is positioned in the electrolytic cell to maintain a pH difference between the anode chamber and cathode chamber when a voltage is applied between the anode and cathode. The contaminated water for treatment is provided with hydrogen ions at the anode and with hydroxyl ions at the cathode when the voltage is applied. The flow directing device is connected to direct the water from the anode chamber to the cathode chamber.

Abstract: A method for producing an electrolyte emulsion, the method including: Step (1) in which an ethylenic fluoromonomer and a fluorovinyl compound having an SO2Z1 group, wherein Z1 is a halogen element, are copolymerized at a polymerization temperature of 0° C. or higher and 40° C. or lower to provide a precursor emulsion containing a fluoropolymer electrolyte precursor; and Step (2) in which a basic reactive liquid is added to the precursor emulsion and the fluoropolymer electrolyte precursor is chemically treated, whereby an electrolyte emulsion with a fluoropolymer electrolyte dispersed therein is provided, wherein the electrolyte emulsion has an equivalent weight (EW) of 250 or more and 700 or less.

Abstract: An electrolytic bath for manufacturing acidic water capable of ensuring sufficient conductivity through wide surfaces of electrodes and stability of the surfaces of the electrodes to electrolyze tap water as well as RO water or DI water, especially, by coupling electrodes having the same polarity as one to apply a power source to the electrodes having the same polarity at the same time without using an additional catalytic agent or ion exchange resin, and use of the acidic water are provided. In particular, an electrolytic bath for manufacturing acidic water capable of obtaining a high concentration of acidic water by further forming mesh electrodes having a polarity different from the plurality of electrodes on a surface of an ion exchange membrane to widen an area of the electrodes and minimize a distance between the electrodes, thereby further facilitating a redox reaction, and use of the acidic water are provided.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a catalyst for a PtxMy-based PEMFC, M being a transition metal, including the steps of: depositing PtxMy nanostructures on a support; annealing the nanostructures; depositing a PtxMy layer at the surface of the nanostructures thus formed; and chemically leaching metal M. It also aims at the catalyst obtained with this method.

Abstract: A membrane module and method of making are provided. Exemplarily, the membrane module is adapted for use with an electrochemical apparatus. The membrane comprises a fabric made from a synthetic fiber such as nylon, where the nylon is woven into ripstop nylon fabric. The membrane module includes the membrane around which is formed a frame, comprising exemplarily, high-density polyethylene (HDPE) or polypropylene, which frame provides support to the membrane as well as support and structure to internal electrodes.

Abstract: An electrochemical cell is disclosed comprising, a first flow structure, a second flow structure, and a membrane electrode assembly disposed between the first and second flow structures. The electrochemical cell further comprises a pair of bipolar plates, wherein the first flow structure, the second flow structure, and the membrane electrode assembly are positioned between the pair of bipolar plates. The electrochemical cell also includes a spring mechanism, wherein the spring mechanism is disposed between the first flow structure and the bipolar plate adjacent to the first flow structure, and applies a pressure on the first flow structure in a direction substantially toward the membrane electrode assembly.

Abstract: A method of producing electrode active materials includes generating a source material of titanium (Ti) and a source material of iron (Fe) from an ilmenite, and performing a operation to the source material of Fe and the source material of Ti. The operation includes determining a content of Fe or Ti in the source material of Fe or Ti, preparing an intermediate mixture having the source material of Fe or Ti and other required source materials, ball-milling and drying the intermediate mixture, and sintering the intermediate mixture to form the electrode active materials.

Abstract: The invention relates to a device comprising a casing and a biomimetic artificial membrane arranged within the casing to form two distinct chambers, wherein each chamber is provided for enclosing a liquid of a given composition, and wherein the biomimetic artificial membrane comprises a semi-permeable membrane for supporting a lipid membrane, the lipid membrane comprising a plurality of lipid molecules arranged in a layer and including at least a transport protein, the transport protein being adapted for transport of ions and/or molecules of the liquids between the two chambers.

Abstract: Disclosed is a solid electrolyte including particles comprising Li(1+x)Ti(2-x)Alx(PO4)3 (0?x?1) having a true density of about 2.20 to about 2.50 g/cm3.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a solid electrolyte material is an oxide represented by ABO3, wherein an A-site includes Li and vacancies. A cubic root V1/3 of a unit cell volume is within a range of 386 pm?V1/3?397 pm. A peak top ?top of an absorption peak in an infrared absorption spectrum satisfies Expression (1) ?top (cm?1)=4.7×V1/3 (pm)?b ??(1), provided that 1220?b?1240.

Abstract: In at least certain embodiments, the present invention provides a diffusion media and fuel cells and systems employing the diffusion media. In at least one embodiment, the diffusion media comprises a porous matrix having an outer surface and a hydrophilic polymeric coating on at least a portion of the porous matrix with the hydrophilic coating comprising the cured product of a formulation comprising a hydrophilic monomer.

Abstract: Provided is a non-aqueous electrolyte battery including: a power-generating element; and a battery container configured to house the power-generating element. The power-generating element includes: a positive electrode; a negative electrode; a separator interposed between the positive and negative electrodes; and a non-aqueous electrolyte. The battery container includes: a battery case having an opening; a sealing plate configured to close the opening; and a gasket interposed between the battery case and the sealing plate. The gasket includes a PFA resin being a copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether, and at least a part of the PFA resin has undergone a melting treatment 2 to 20 times to be a first component. The melting treatment includes heating the PFA resin to a melting temperature of 310° C. to 450° C. for melting and then cooling the PFA resin back to a solid.

Abstract: Provided are an electrolyte for a sodium secondary battery, and a sodium secondary battery employing the same, and more particularly, a sodium secondary battery including an anode containing sodium, a cathode containing a transition metal, and a sodium ion conductive solid electrolyte provided between the anode and the cathode. The cathode is impregnated with a mixed salt electrolyte containing a molten sodium salt and an electrolyte additive, and the electrolyte additive contains a non-halogen sodium salt and a metal halide compound simultaneously.

Abstract: An electrode assembly includes a porous polymer layer, a conductive layer on each of a first and a second surface of the porous polymer layer, and an active material layer on each of the first and second surfaces of the porous polymer layer.

Abstract: An ion-exchange membrane method electrolytic cell comprising a coil cushion arranged between a conductive plate and a cathode in a cathode chamber, and further an ion-exchange membrane arranged in contact with the cathode. The conductive plate is not perforated, and the coil cushion is arranged so that its axial direction is in agreement with the vertical direction of electrolytic cell. Preferably the coil cushion is made of a metal coil and has an impact resilience of 7-17 kPa. The cathode preferably has supported electrode catalyst and is made of an expanded metal with strands of 0.1-1.0 mm width and 0.1-1.0 mm thickness, and having SW of 0.5-5.0 mm and LW of 1.0-10 mm, and 48-60% open area. The electrolytic cell is energy-saving, and damage thereof can be avoided over a long period, and elevation of voltage and reduction of current efficiency with time can be minimized.

Abstract: Flexible electrical devices are provided that include a coated inner carbon nanotube electrode that has an exterior surface, an outer carbon nanotube electrode disposed on the exterior surface of the coated inner carbon nanotube electrode, and an overlap region in which the coated inner carbon nanotube electrode and the outer carbon nanotube electrode overlap one another, in which the device has a fiber-like geometry and first and second electrode ends. Methods are provided for fabricating an electrical component that includes a flexible electrical component having a fiber-like geometry and includes carbon nanotube electrodes.

Abstract: A pyrophosphate-containing bath for the cyanide-free deposition of copper alloys on substrate surfaces, comprising a reaction product of a secondary monoamine with a diglycidyl ether, is described. The electrolyte bath is suitable for the galvanic deposition of glossy white, even and uniform copper-tin alloy coatings.

Abstract: An oxygen pump can produce high-purity high-pressure oxygen. Oxygen ions (O2?) are electrochemically pumped through a multi-stage electrolysis stack of cells. Each cell includes an oxygen-ion conducting solid-state electrolyte between cathode and anode sides. Oxygen dissociates into the ions at the cathode side. The ions migrate across the electrolyte and recombine at the anode side. An insulator is between adjacent cells to electrically isolate each individual cell. Each cell receives a similar volt potential. Recombined oxygen from a previous stage can diffuse through the insulator to reach the cathode side of the next stage. Each successive stage similarly incrementally pressurizes the oxygen to produce a final elevated pressure.

Abstract: The invention relates to a catalytic material which is used as an optofluidic reactor, and also a method for production thereof. In this case, first a reticulated plastic foam can be fabricated which then is coated with at least one first metal or metal alloy layer. Subsequently, a photocatalytic substrate is then applied to the metal or metal alloy layer. The photocatalytic substrate eliminates bacteria, viruses and other harmful substances, as well as fine dust or fungal spores, when the optofluidic reactor is used.

Abstract: There is provided oligomers comprising a highly fluorinated sulfinate oligomers.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for regenerating a plating composition which is suitable for depositing at least one first metal on a substrate where the plating rate in the plating composition is very low, where the concentration of the at least one first metal in the plating composition cannot be easily set at a constant level, and where plating-out of the at least one first metal from the plating composition takes place. The method and apparatus for regenerating a plating composition is suitable for depositing at least one first metal on a substrate at a sufficiently high plating rate, while offering the opportunity to easily adjust the concentration of the at least one first metal in the plating composition at a constant level and to provide the plating composition with sufficient stability against decomposition thereof in order to safeguard the regeneration cell from plated-out first metal.

Abstract: The invention relates to a conductor track unit, in particular for a motor vehicle. The conductor track unit is provided with conductor tracks which are embedded in an electrically insulating material. The conductor tracks are, in particular completely, surrounded by the electrically insulating material and are therefore not accessible from the outside. Electrical connections are electrically connected to the conductor tracks. The electrical connections are accessible from the outside, and therefore can be electrically connected to electrical contacts of electrical or electronic components such as a switch, detector, electronic radio component, integrated circuit, electronic chip, electronic control device or motor, for example by soldering. The conductor tracks and electrical connections are different components which are therefore initially independent of one another and can be produced independently dependently of one another.

Abstract: A three-chamber electrochemical cell comprises a central chamber, first and second chambers, and a central part for conveying a fluid solution into and out from the central chamber, the central part being symmetric with respect to a mid-plane of the cell. First and second electrodes of the cell are in surface contact with, respectively, first and second membranes. The first and second electrodes are produced from a porous electrically conductive material that absorbs mechanical stresses due to a first pressure differences between the first side chamber and the central chamber, and a second pressure difference between the second side chamber and the central chamber. The first and second electrodes are produced from a material including micrometer-sized metal beads compacted with one another leaving interstices between the beads, which form the pores of said electrodes.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for producing an alcohol using a device for reducing carbon dioxide by light energy. In this device, a cathode electrode includes copper or a copper compound, and an anode electrode includes a region including a nitride semiconductor layer in which an AlxGa1-xN layer (0<x?1) and a GaN layer are laminated. A first electrolytic solution consisting of an aqueous potassium chloride solution (aqueous KCl solution) is contained in a cathode chamber in which the cathode electrode is placed. A second electrolytic solution including an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (aqueous NaOH solution) is contained in an anode chamber in which the anode electrode is placed.

Abstract: Process for electrolysis of alkali metal chlorides with oxygen-consuming electrodes having specific operating conditions for startup and shutdown, which prevents damage to constituents of the electrolysis cell.

Abstract: A method and apparatus is provided for the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide to formate and formic acid. One embodiment features a three-compartment reactor which houses: a gas compartment; a catholyte compartment, which contains a porous cathode having a tin-based catalyst; and an anolyte compartment, which contains an anode having a mixed metal oxide catalyst. Further embodiments include a method for depositing tin onto a porous cathode, tin-zinc cathodes, a reaction method using an acidic anolyte, and pulsed polarization to extend reactor runtimes.

Abstract: An Alkaline Electrolyzer Cell Configuration (AECC) has a hydrogen half cell; an oxygen half cell; a GSM (Gas Separation Membrane); two inner hydrogen half cell spacer screens; an outer hydrogen half cell spacer screen; a hydrogen electrode; two inner oxygen half cell spacer screens; an outer oxygen half cell spacer screen; and an oxygen electrode. The hydrogen half cell includes the hydrogen electrode which is located between said two inner hydrogen half cell spacer screens and said outer hydrogen half cell spacer screen. The oxygen half cell includes the oxygen electrode which is located between said two inner oxygen half cell spacer screens and said outer oxygen half cell spacer screen. The GSM is provided between said two inner hydrogen half cell spacer screens of the hydrogen half cell and said two inner oxygen half cell spacer screens of the oxygen half cell to from the electrolyzer.

Abstract: This invention provides a redox fuel cell comprising an anode and a cathode separated by an ion selective polymer electrolyte membrane; means for supplying a fuel to the anode region of the cell; means for supplying an oxidant to the cathode region of the cell; means for providing an electrical circuit between the anode and the cathode; a non-volatile catholyte solution flowing in fluid communication with the cathode, the catholyte solution comprising a redox mediator which is at least partially reduced at the cathode in operation of the cell, and at least partially regenerated by, optionally indirect, reaction with the oxidant after such reduction at the cathode, and a transition metal complex of a multidentate N-donor ligand as a redox catalyst catalyzing the regeneration of the mediator.

Abstract: In a method for manufacturing a resin-framed membrane electrode assembly for a fuel cell, a membrane electrode assembly structure is held between a first framed diffusion layer and a second framed diffusion layer while the membrane electrode assembly structure is housed in a recess provided in at least one of a first resin frame component and a second resin frame component. The first resin frame component and the second resin frame component are joined to each other to integrate the first framed diffusion layer and the second framed diffusion layer. The first and second resin frame components are located outside an outer peripheral portion of the membrane electrode assembly structure.

Abstract: A membrane electrode assembly includes an anode including a hydrogen oxidation catalyst; a cathode; a membrane disposed between the anode and the cathode; and a peroxide decomposition catalyst positioned in at least one position selected from the group consisting of a layer between the anode and the membrane and a layer between the cathode and the membrane wherein the peroxide decomposition catalyst has selectivity when exposed to hydrogen peroxide toward reactions which form benign products from the hydrogen peroxide. The peroxide decomposition catalyst can also be positioned within the membrane. Also disclosed is a power-generating fuel cell system including such a membrane electrode assembly, and a process for operating such a fuel cell system. The assembly components contain ionomer material which can be perfluorinated or non-perfluorinated, high temperature, hydrocarbon, and the like.

Abstract: The invention relates to a salt solution electrodialysis cell for production of the relevant acids and bases by means of a process with reduced or nil consumption of electrical energy. The cell comprises an anodic chamber fed with hydrogen and a cathodic chamber fed with oxygen or air, provided with the relevant gas-diffusion electrodes; the driving power of the electrodialysis process is given by the oxidation and reduction chemical potentials of hydrogen and oxygen fed to the two chambers.

Abstract: An electrolyzing system for electrolyzing a brine solution of water and an alkali salt to produce acidic electrolyzed water and alkaline electrolyzed water is provided. The system includes an internal chamber for receiving the brine solution and two electrolyzer cells immersed in a brine bath. Each electrolyzer cell includes an electrode, at least one ion permeable membrane supported relative to the electrode to define a space communicating between a fresh water supply and a chemical outlet into which brine enters only through the membrane. One of the electrodes is coupled to a positive charging electrical supply and the other to a negative charging electrical supply.

Abstract: An electrode for a fuel cell element including a hydrophobic graphite support layer; a semi-hydrophobic electro-catalyst layer including an electro-catalytically active material in a carbon substrate and a polytretrofluorethylene (PTFE) content having a first concentration; and a hydrophilic electro-catalyst layer including an electro-catalytically active material in a carbon substrate and having a PTFE content having a second concentration that is less than the first concentration.