Abstract: The disclosure relates to an electrochemical treatment of liquids and production of gases. Increased operating efficiency of an electrochemical device is achieved through the combination of measures: (1) sealing of the device on an element-by-element basis; (2) transfer of the liquid and gaseous phase interface into a passive extension of an anode chamber; (3) utilization of a tubular cathode as an inner wall and a cylindrical anode with an external coating as an outer wall; (4) positioning of channels and determining their dimensions so as to maintain helicity of electrolyte movement combined with the increase of the production output; (5) positioning and design of terminals, which provide for the reduction of their heating; and (6) ability of the device to operate under the conditions, when its longitudinal axis deviates from the vertical line by an angle of ??85° and under pumping conditions.

Abstract: A unipolar liquid activation apparatus with an anode cell (40), a cathode cell (41), and a direct current power supply (43), the anode cell having an anode (46), a liquid inlet (50) and an anolyte outlet (51), the cathode cell having a cathode (47), a liquid inlet (52) and a catholyte outlet (53), means to electrically connect the anode and cathode respectively to the direct current power supply. The cells can also include connected solution electrodes (44, 49). Alternatively the anode and cathode can be compound electrodes (81, 83) with means to electrically connect the inner anode electrode and the inner cathode electrode. The anode cell and cathode cell may be adjacent to each other and electrically connected by an electronic membrane (104) in contact respectively with the anode and cathode and allowing flow of electrons only from the cathode to the anode.

Abstract: The invention relates to a diaphragm electrolytic cell, for the production of chlorine and caustic soda having superimposed modules, and a method for increasing the electrodic surface of a diaphragm electrolytic cell constituted by a module of interdigitated anodes and cathodes which foresees an additional cell module having the same geometry as that of the original cell. The additional module is hydraulically connected in series and electrically connected in parallel to the existing module.

Abstract: The invention relates to an electrolysis device for halogen gas production from an aqueous alkali halide solution in several plate-type electrolysis cells stacked and arranged side by side, with electrical contacts, each of the cells with a housing consisting of two half-shells made of electrically conductive material, said housing being equipped with devices for feeding electrolytic current and the electrolysis plant reactants and devices for discharging electrolytic current and discharging the electrolysis products, with anodic electrode, cathodic electrode and a membrane arranged therebetween, built-in components being fitted in at least one of the two half-shells and permitting a defined increase in the liquid level and thus minimizing the remaining gas volume accordingly.

Abstract: A modular electrochemical cell having two interchangeable assemblies each with a support structure defining a cylindrical recess and having a fitting for connecting a pipe to the assembly. A disc-shaped electrode is arranged inside each recess and the assemblies are arranged relative to each other so that their respective electrodes face each other. A modular insert is inserted between the assemblies to define an open space between the electrodes and to distribute fluid to a plurality of openings spaced from each other along an edge of this open space. Securing members secure together the two assemblies and the modular insert, and passages in the support structures convey fluid between the fittings and the modular insert.

Abstract: An electrochemical cell includes an anode, a cathode and a proton conductor. The anode includes a catalyst to reform a hydrocarbon to generate hydrogen at the anode. The proton conductor is in electrical contact with the anode and cathode to receive an applied voltage to cause protons to be transferred from the anode to the cathode to produce hydrogen at the cathode.

Abstract: Systems are described for the “on-site” production of substantial amounts of carbon dioxide and hydrogen. The systems include a stack of multiple electrochemical cells, which decompose organic carboxylated compounds into CO2 and H2 without leaving any residue. From a bench-top small generator, producing about 1 lb of CO2 per day to a large-scale generator producing 1 ton of CO2 per day, the process is essentially identical. Oxalic acid, either anhydrous or in its dihydrate form, is used to efficiently generate the gases. The energy required is less than 0.3 Kilowatt-hours per lb of CO2 generated. Individual cells operate at less than 1.2 volts at current densities in excess of 0.75 amps/cm2. CO2 production rates can be controlled either through voltage or current regulation. Metering is not required since the current sets the gas production rate. These systems can competitively replace conventional compressed CO2 gas cylinders.

Abstract: A composite proton exchange membrane and method of manufacturing the same. The composite proton exchange membrane comprises a proton exchange membrane which has been modified by replacing membrane protons in desired areas of the membrane with a cationic polymer. The cationic polymer is preferably formed by introducing a quaternary salt monomer into the membrane and then effecting the polymerization of the monomer. The modified areas of the proton exchange membrane exhibit increased strength, reduced water and gas permeability, reduced proton conductivity and reduced acidity. Accordingly, by modifying the periphery of the membrane, one can obtain an integral sealing edge for the membrane, and by modifying certain interior regions of the membrane, one can divide the membrane into a plurality of sealed segments.

Abstract: Electrolysis cell comprises, in one embodiment, a proton exchange membrane (PEM), an anode positioned along one face of the PEM, and a cathode positioned along the other face of the PEM. A multi-layer metal screen for defining a first fluid cavity is placed in contact with the outer face of the anode, and an electrically-conductive, compressible, spring-like, porous pad for defining a second fluid cavity is placed in contact with the outer face of the cathode. The porous pad comprises a mat of carbon fibers bound together with one or more, preferably thermoplastic, resins, the mat having a density of about 0.2–1.5 g/cm3. Cell frames are placed in peripheral contact with the metal screen and the compression pad for peripherally containing fluids present therewithin. Electrically-conductive separators are placed in contact with the metal screen and the compression pad for axially containing fluids present therewithin.

Abstract: An improved apparatus for treating plate-like workpieces with a designated chemical solution, including printed circuit boards, includes: (1) a tray for holding the chemical solution, with the tray having an open top which is configured to receive a horizontally-oriented workpiece, with the tray having a top edge with a portion of the edge forming a dam over which the solution may flow and an opening in its lower portion where the solution can enter the tray, (2) a reservoir tank situated below the tray, (3) a feed line connecting the reservoir tank and tray opening, (4) a drain that returns the solution that overflows the tray top edge to the reservoir tank, and (5) a pump that circulates the solution from the tank to the tray and over the horizontally situated workpiece.

Abstract: A method of storage and redistribution of electrical energy comprising the steps of: producing hydrogen and oxygen through water electrolysis in an electrolyzer (1) operating under pressure; collecting the hydrogen and oxygen so obtained in respective pressurized tanks (3, 5); reconverting into water and electrical energy hydrogen and oxygen, through an electrochemical reaction of the latter in a fuel cell (9) fed from the tanks (3, 5), distinguishes itself by the fact that in the electrolyzer (1) and in the fuel cell (9) a same liquid phase is used and by the fact that the water produced in the fuel cell (9) by the hydrogen and oxygen reconversion step, is collected in the respective liquid phase and transferred together with the liquid phase to the electrolyzer (1) in order to undergo electrolysis.

Abstract: An energy storage system has a first pressurized tank for carrying water and hydrogen gas and a second pressurized tank for carrying water and oxygen gas. A first output line connects to the pressurized tank for carrying hydrogen gas from the tank. A second output line connects to the second pressurized tank for carrying oxygen gas from the second tank. The energy storage system has a differential-pressure relief valve connected to the output lines to maintain the gases within a defined pressure differential. A water line connects to both pressurized tanks for maintaining relative water levels in the tanks. An electrolyzer is maintained under pressure and receives water from at least one of the pressurized tanks and creates hydrogen gas and oxygen gas for storage in the pressurized tanks. An accumulator connects to the output lines and having a movable diaphragm that separates the gases and moves to adjust volume to equalize pressure.

Abstract: An oxygen-depolarized cathode for aqueous hydrochloric acid electrolysis membrane cells is described, the cathode being in contact with the membrane and capable of preventing the release of hydrogen into oxygen even at the highest current densities. Hydrochloric acid may also be of technical grade with a concentration limited to 15%, whereas the operating temperature must not exceed 60° C. The cathode contains a mixture of rhodium sulphide and a metal of the platinum group applied in a single layer or alternatively applied separately in two distinct layers.

Abstract: The invention provides an ion exchange membrane electrolyzer ensuring a satisfactory circulation of electrolyte, high electrolytic efficiency and great ridigity. An anode chamber partition in a flat sheet form is joined to a cathode chamber partition in a flat sheet form. An electrode retainer member in a sheet form is joined to at least one partition at a belt-like junction. A projecting strip with an electrode joined thereto is located between adjacent junctions. A space on an electrode surface side of the electrode retainer member defines a path through which a fluid goes up in the electrode chamber, and a space that spaces away from the space defines a path through which an electrolyte separated from a gas at a top portion of the electrode goes down.

Abstract: The invention provides an ion exchange membrane electrolyzer. An electric current is passed through at least one electrode while the electrode is in contact with a plurality of comb-like flat leaf spring tags extending at an angle from a flat leaf spring form of retainer member located on an electrode partition provided in an electrode chamber. Each pair of comb-like flat leaf spring tags are arranged in such a way that adjacent flat leaf spring tags extend in mutually opposite directions.

Abstract: The present invention provides an apparatus for preparing sterilizing water, which comprises an electrolyzer wherein an anode chamber (10) and a cathode chamber (20) partitioned by an ion exchange membrane (40) form a unit cell (A), being alternately arranged and successively equipped with close relation; water inlets (61, 62) and water outlets (71, 72) are provided on the end plate (60, 70) at both ends of the electrolyzer; said anode chamber (10) and cathode chamber (20) having circulative openings at the vicinity of each edge at both sides centered from anode plate (11) and cathode plate (21), of which two circulative openings of diagonal direction among them have plural passages of fan-shape, in order for water introduced through the openings to pass through the passages to rapidly go through each electrode; and a gap-control gasket (30) and a gasket for preventing leakage of electrolyte (31) having plural horizontal members are provided at the center to form an anode reaction chamber (13) and a cathode r

Abstract: A bipolar assembly for filter-press type electrolyzers is described comprising a single sheet, whose two faces work respectively as anodic and cathodic wall, characterised by a design of perimetral flanges which greatly simplifies its construction enhancing its reliability. The peripheral flanges are made of a first flange obtained by folding the peripheral portion of the single sheet and of a second flange formed by a rod or a tube with quadrangular section or, alternatively, the first and second flange are pre-formed by folding of adequate strips subsequently fixed to the single sheet. The electrolyser resulting from the assemblage of a multiplicity of assemblies of the invention is particularly suited to the process of electrolysis of hydrochloric acid solutions carried out with chlorine-evolving anodes and oxygen-consuming cathodes.

Abstract: The invention describes an electrochemical cell for the membrane electrolysis process for electrolyzers with single-element technology. The cell consists of at least of 2 half-shells (8, 10), which surround an anolyte chamber (16) and a cathode chamber (22) with a membrane (5) arranged in between, and an anode (6) in the anolyte chamber (16), with the cathode chamber (22) being provided with an oxygen-consuming cathode (4), with a plurality of pressure-compensated gas pockets (15) arranged one above the other, a catholyte gap (14) and optionally a back chamber (19), where electrically conducting supporting elements (7) are provided in the anolyte chamber (16) and supporting elements (3, 2, 1) are provided in the cathode chamber (22) at the same position opposite one another.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a thin film electrochemical apparatus is disclosed. A near net shape ceramic element is molded including a planar base region and a plurality of tubular regions. The planar base region is infiltrated with a non-conductive material. Each of the tubular regions is infiltrated with a porous conductive material. A porous catalytic electrode material is applied onto the infiltrated regions to form one of a cathodic and anodic surface. A ceramic electrolyte coating is deposited onto the porous catalytic electrode material. A porous catalytic electrode material is applied onto the deposited ceramic electrolyte coating. A porous conductive material is deposited onto the porous catalytic electrode to form the other of the cathodic and anodic surface.

Abstract: An electrolytic process and apparatus for oxidizing inorganic or organic species is disclosed. The process and apparatus includes contacting a solution containing the inorganic or organic species with an electrocatalytic material disposed in an electrolytic reactor. Also disclosed are processes for fabricating a catalyst material for use in the electrolytic reactors and processes.

Abstract: According to the present invention, there is provided an electrode plate for a water electrolysis device, which is formed from a metal plate having such a thickness as to be capable of being press-formed, and which comprises a flat plate portion, and a peripheral edge portion positioned on the outer side of the flat plate portion and bent so that recesses and protrusions are alternately arrayed along an outer peripheral edge thereof.

Abstract: Tools having mounting modules with registration systems are disclosed. The mounting module includes positioning elements for precisely locating a processing chamber and a transport system that moves workpieces to and from the processing chamber. The relative positions between positioning elements of the module are fixed so that the transport system does not need to be recalibrated when the processing chamber is removed and replaced with another processing chamber. The processing chamber includes a paddle device for agitating processing liquid at a process surface of the workpiece. The paddle device, the processing chamber, and electrodes within the processing chamber are configured to reduce the likelihood for electrical shadowing created by the paddles at the surface of the workpiece, and to account for three-dimensional effects on the electrical field as the paddles reciprocate relative to the workpiece.

Abstract: An electrolysis unit having a plurality of membrane electrolytic cells connected in series suitable for use in a service station for supplying a motor vehicle with hydrogen as fuel. Each of the membrane electrolytic cells has a membrane provided on both sides with an appertaining contacting disk, especially a support mat made up of a large number of metal wires laid over each other and pressed together. In a service station, a gas cleaning unit is installed on the inlet side upstream from such an electrolysis unit.

Abstract: The present invention provides an ozone generation and delivery system that lends itself to small scale applications and requires very low maintenance. The system preferably includes an anode reservoir and a cathode phase separator each having a hydrophobic membrane to allow phase separation of produced gases from water. The hydrogen gas, ozone gas and water containing ozone may be delivered under pressure.

Abstract: This invention relates to modifying a process cell that needs periodic replacement such as the electrolysis cell shown to enable quick connect/disconnect with minimal process downtime. The claimed invention not only modifies the design of the cell but also proposes a housing with a separate compartment for the cell to isolate this from the other components of the system making it easier to replace the cell without the need to disturb the other components.

Abstract: Disclosed are methods and systems for generating hydrogen gas at pressures high enough to fill a hydrogen storage cylinder for stationary and transportation applications. The hydrogen output of an electrochemical hydrogen gas generating device, a hydrogen-producing reactor, or a diluted hydrogen stream is integrated with an electrochemical hydrogen compressor operating in a high-differential-pressure mode. The compressor brings the hydrogen produced by the hydrogen generating device to the high pressure required to fill the storage cylinder.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for purifying aqueous effluent streams to reduce chemical oxygen demand thereof, where the method comprises direct oxidation of water-soluble organic material in an electrochemical cell that incorporates stainless steel electrodes, whose stability and lifetime are enhanced by inclusion of circulating metal chips.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the design and manufacture of single cell units for planar, thin-film, ceramic electrochemical devices such as solid oxide fuel cells, electrochemical oxygen generators, gas separation membranes, and membrane modules and stacks and the fabrication of multi-cell stacks and modules of the single cell units. The design is based upon a single cell wherein manufacturing all layers of the device into an integral unit produces a monolithic structure. The design produces a gas-tight single cell that is easily assembled into multi-cell stacks and modules without external seals or sealing mechanisms. The design may use standard ceramic and metallurgical production techniques. The design of the present invention enhances device performance since the single cell units are inherently sealed for gas tightness and have reduced interfacial electrical resistances.

Abstract: This invention relates to modifying a process cell that needs periodic replacement such as the electrolysis cell shown to enable quick connect/disconnect with minimal process downtime. The claimed invention not only modifies the design of the cell but also proposes a housing with a separate compartment for the cell to isolate this from the other components of the system making it easier to replace the cell without the need to disturb the other components.

Abstract: The activity of catalysts used in promoting the oxidation of certain oxidizable species in fluids can be enhanced via electrochemical methods, e.g., NEMCA. In particular, the activity of catalysts used in the selective oxidation of carbon monoxide can be enhanced. A purification system that exploits this effect is useful in purifying reformate supplied as fuel to a solid polymer electrolyte fuel cell stack. The purification system comprises an electrolytic cell with fluid diffusion electrodes. The activity of catalyst incorporated in the cell anode is enhanced.

Abstract: Electrochemical cell comprises, in one embodiment, a proton exchange membrane (PEM), an anode positioned along one face of the PEM, and a cathode positioned along the other face of the PEM. To enhance electrolysis, platinum catalysts are present between the anode and the PEM and between the cathode and the PEM. A multi-layer metal screen for defining a first fluid cavity is placed in contact with the outer face of the anode, and an electrically-conductive, spring-like, porous pad for defining a second fluid cavity is placed in contact with the outer face of the cathode. The porous pad comprises a mat of carbon fibers having a density of about 0.2-0.55 g/cm3. Cell frames are placed in peripheral contact with the metal screen and the compression pad for peripherally containing fluids present therewithin. Electrically-conductive separators are placed in contact with the metal screen and the compression pad for axially containing fluids present therewithin.

Abstract: A system for generating and consuming borohydride ions comprising two electrochemical cells. At least one of the cells is configured for installation on a vehicle that is propelled by electricity.

Abstract: The invention relates to an electrolytic cell, and a method for manufacturing such cell. The cell comprises an anode and a cathode compartment, a separator partitioning the compartments, gas diffusion electrode members arranged to the separator with a space between adjacent electrode members in the vertical direction, and current collector members electrically connected to the electrode members. The current collector members comprise resilient means arranged to homogenise the contact between the electrode members, the current collector and the separator. The invention also relates to the use of the electrolytic cell for production of e.g. alkali metal hydroxide.

Abstract: A continuous electrocoat apparatus is provided for applying a coating onto a substantially flat substrate, e.g., an electroconductive substrate in coil or blank form. In one embodiment, the apparatus includes a first electrocoat tank having a coating region and a non-conductive conveyor extending at least partially into the first electrocoat tank and defining a conveyor path. A plurality of electrically conductive supports are carried on the conveyor. A connecting system is configured to selectively place at least a portion of the supports in electrical contact with an electrical power source when the selected supports are in the coating region of the first electrocoat tank.

Abstract: An electrochemical cell system includes a hydrogen electrode; an oxygen electrode; a membrane disposed between the hydrogen electrode and the oxygen electrode; and a compartmentalized storage tank. The compartmentalized storage tank has a first fluid storage section and a second fluid storage section separated by a movable divider. The compartmentalized storage tank is in fluid communication with the electrochemical cell. Further, an electrochemical cell includes a hydrogen electrode; an oxygen electrode; an electrolyte membrane disposed between and in intimate contact with the hydrogen electrode and said oxygen electrode; an oxygen flow field disposed adjacent to and in intimate contact with the oxygen electrode; a hydrogen flow field disposed adjacent to and in intimate contact with the hydrogen electrode; a water flow field disposed in fluid communication with the oxygen flow field; and a media divider disposed between the oxygen flow field and the water flow field.

Abstract: Electrically-conductive compression pad suitable for use in an electrolysis cell stack. In a preferred embodiment, the electrically-conductive compression pad comprises a single sheet of electrically-conductive material, such as a metal. The electrically-conductive sheet has a top surface and a bottom surface and is bent upwardly and downwardly in a step-wise fashion to form an alternating pattern of parallel ribs and channels, the alternating pattern extending across the entirety of the sheet and being reversed on the bottom surface of the sheet. The pad also comprises a plurality of elastomeric strips, each strip being positioned within a corresponding channel and being secured to the sheet by an adhesive. The strips are preferably dimensioned and made of an appropriately compressible material so that, when the pad is compressed, the strips expand laterally to fill their respective channels and lie flush with their adjacent ribs.

Abstract: A cup type plating apparatus in which plating is carried out by supplying plating solution to a wafer placed on an opening at a top of a plating tank while an anode and the wafer connected to a cathode provided in the plating tank are electrically connected, and the anode and the cathode are separated by a diaphragm provided in the plating tank, provided with a division wall between the anode and the wafer formed in a shape capable of separating the anode and the wafer from each other and having a plurality of openings covered with a diaphragm. The concentration of the plating solution supplied to the plating tank separated by the division wall is made to be appropriately controllable. Further, a unit for stirring is provided capable of forcibly altering the flow of plating solution at the target surface of plating.

Abstract: The invention describes a method for the direct connection of fuel cells to electrolyzers of electrochemical plants producing hydrogen as a by-product. The by-product hydrogen is fed to the fuel cells and the electric energy thereby produced is transferred to the electrolyzers, with the consequent saving of the overall energy consumption. The direct coupling avoids the need for DC/AC converters or voltage adjusters and may be effected either in series or in parallel. In the latter case the fuel cell are assembled in modules, the number and voltage of which is regulated by means of interrupters activated by a computerised control and supervision system. As an alternative, the voltage of the modules may be varied by varying the pressure of the air fed to the fuel cells.

Abstract: The present invention relates to electrochemical cells and electrochemical systems using a one piece or unitary electrode plate hereinafter also referred to as a double electrode plate (DEP) which serves to electrically connect two adjacent cell compartments and wherein the current flow in the electrodes is parallel to the working face of the electrode. In the cell designs disclosed herein the cells are assembled as a contiguous stack of cells (cell stack) appearing similar to a filter press where the electrical connections between adjacent cells are made using the double electrode plate. In one aspect of the invention there is provided a single stack electrolyser (SSE) utilizing a folded double electrode plate to connect adjacent cells in a single stack. An insulating wall separates compartments of adjacent electrode pair assemblies connected by the double electrode plate in the SSE.

Abstract: A reversible electrochemical system adapted to operate between a fuel cell mode, an electrolysis mode, and a mode alternating between electrolysis mode and fuel cell mode, also referred to as an energy storage mode, operating on a fuel gas mixture and an oxygen-containing gas mixture. While in the fuel cell mode, a current of electrons are delivered to an oxygen electrode where their charge is transferred to a plurality of oxygen ions and the oxygen ions are passed through an electrolyte to a fuel electrode where the charge is transferred back to the electrode. While in the electrolysis mode, a current of electrons are sent to a fuel electrode where the charge is transferred to a plurality of oxygen ions that are formed by the decomposition of steam, and the oxygen ions are passed through an electrolyte to an oxygen electrode where the charge is transferred back to the electrons. While in the energy storage mode, the system alternates between the electrolysis mode and the fuel cell mode.

Abstract: The present invention relates to electrochemical cells and electrochemical systems using a one piece or unitary electrode plate hereinafter also referred to as a double electrode plate (DEP) which serves to electrically connect two adjacent cell compartments and wherein the current flow in the electrodes is parallel to the working face of the electrode. In the cell designs disclosed, the cells are assembled as a contiguous stack of cells (cell stack) appearing similar to a filter press where the electrical connections between adjacent cells are made using the double electrode plate.

Abstract: There is provided an apparatus suited for forming a plated film in fine trenches and plugs for interconnects, and in the openings of a resist formed in the surface of a substrate such as a semiconductor wafer, and for forming bumps (protruding electrodes) on the surface of a semiconductor wafer. The apparatus includes a substrate holder capable of opening and closing for holding a substrate such that the front surface of the substrate is exposed while the backside and the edge thereof are hermetically sealed; a plating tank accommodating a plating liquid in which an anode is immersed; a diaphragm provided in the plating tank and disposed between the anode and the substrate held by the substrate holder; plating liquid circulating systems for circulating the plating liquid to the respective regions of the plating tank separated by the diaphragm; and a deaerating unit disposed in at least one of the plating liquid circulating systems.

Abstract: A compression member for an electrochemical cell stack is provided. The compression member includes a first surface including a plurality of raised portions, a second surface including a substantially flat surface, and an edge defined by the first surface and the second surface. The plurality of raised portions is aligned to define a plurality of receiving areas. The plurality of raised portions and the plurality of receiving areas are configured such application of an axial compressive force spreads the plurality of raised portions into the plurality of receiving areas. The edge includes a portion configured to receive an electrochemical cell terminal therethrough. The compression member is formed of electrically non-conductive materials.

Abstract: A water electrolytic apparatus includes, and a plurality of water electrolytic cells each having a solid polymer electrolyte membrane, an anode, and a cathode, the anode and the cathode being arranged on opposite sides of the electrolyte membrane, respectively. The water electrolytic cells are developed on a hypothetical plane and electrically connected in series to one another. In the water electrolytic apparatus, an increase in electric current can be inhibited.

Abstract: An electrolytic cell includes at least a first and a second, generally planar, membrane-supporting frame each having a plurality of through-holes. Each is sealed to a plurality of annular coupling members located between the frames and generally aligned with a respective through-hole of each frame to thereby define a plurality of sealed conduits through the frames. Each coupling member is attached in a sealed relationship to the first frame by a number of bolts passing through oversized holes in the first frame so as to be capable of movement parallel to the plane of the first frame during assembly of the cell and is sealed to the second frame at a cylindrical interface which provides sealing at a range of distances between the first and second frames. This construction reduces the manufacturing tolerances required for the cell components.

Abstract: An electrolytic cell comprising a walled enclosure including a cathode sidewall has busbar structure external to the cell. The busbar structure can include a gird bar releasably secured at the sidewall. It also may include a foraminous interface member between the gird bar and the sidewall, as well as have a small cathode busbar member on the sidewall. The small busbar member is typically located above and adjacent to the gird bar. Particularly when the gird bar and foraminous interface member are present, there can be internal support members for the cathodes directly secured to the inside face of the cathode sidewall. Furthermore, intercell connection may be handled directly to the outside face of the cathode sidewall. The overall structure can provide reduced potential for sidewall stress corrosion cracking, reduced cathode manufacturing cost, and accommodation of stress relief for the cathode weldment.

Abstract: An ozone generator which operates at constant pressures to produce a continuous flow of ozone in an oxygen stream having from 10% to 18% by weight of ozone. The ozone generator includes one or more electrolytic cells comprising an anode/anode flowfield, a cathode/cathode flowfield, and a proton exchange medium for maintaining the separation of ozone and oxygen from hydrogen. The ozone generator also has an anode reservoir which vents oxygen and ozone and a cathode reservoir which vents hydrogen. The anode reservoir can be filled from the cathode reservoir while continuing to produce ozone. The ozone generator is readily configured for self-control using a system controller programmed to operate the anode reservoir at a constant pressure.

Abstract: A system for producing elemental magnesium (Mg) from seawater having a cell with a pair of permeable membranes which define an anodic compartment with an anode therein and a cathodic compartment with a cathode therein. A space is provided between the pair of membranes through which seawater is allowed to freely flow. A source of electric current is connected to the anode and cathode to charge the compartments in order to cause ions within the seawater to pass from the space into the compartments whereby positive and negative ions are separated. The electric charge associated with the cathode causes the seawater to decompose into H2 and (OH—)2 and positively charged magnesium ions within the seawater pass through the cathodic permeable membrane to combine with the (OH—)2 to form magnesium hydroxide precipitates.

Abstract: An apparatus and process for adding electrolytically dissolved tin to the electrolyte solution of a tin plating cell is described. The tin plating process cell has an insoluble anode. In conventional plating processes, this requires the addition of tin salts to the process cell electrolyte. The tin salts represent a substantial cost, both in term of materials and waste removal. The present plating apparatus includes a secondary cell, separate from the main process plating cell, which has a dedicated rectifier, and in which a soluble tin anode and a cathode are separated by a perm-selective ion exchange membrane. The anode compartment of the secondary cell is hydraulically connected to the process cell and serves to continuously add tin to the plating process, as needed.

Abstract: An apparatus for producing electrolytic water in which the yielded electrolytic water does not suffer quality deterioration caused by chemical species, e.g., hydrogen ions, moving to the counter-electrode chamber. A diaphragm 4 of a two-chamber type electrolytic cell comprises two or more ion-exchange membranes 3, and a noble-metal layer 2 or another layer may be formed in the diaphragm. Use of the ion-exchange membranes produces an enhanced physical screening effect, while formation of the noble-metal layer produces catalytic effect to decompose chemical species. Both the ion-exchange membranes and the anode-metal layer are effective in diminishing the movement of chemical species to the counter-electrode chamber.