Abstract: A bipolar-electrode electrolytic cell is disclosed, which is to be used in electrolysis of an electrolytic solution having a high electric resistance and including at least two diaphragms positioned to form a plurality of electrode compartments comprising two outer compartments defined between the side walls of the electrolytic cell and the diaphragms positioned closest to the cell walls having a single electrode and at least one electrode compartment having two same-polar electrodes on both sides thereof, each of said electrodes being placed on a diaphragm such that different-polar electrodes are positioned at opposing sides of the diaphragm, wherein the distance between same-polar electrodes within the same compartment is sufficiently large such that electrolysis therebetween does not substantially occur and wherein two of said electrodes at the terminal ends of the series connected electrolytic cell, an anode and a cathode, being further electrically connected to an anode collector and a cathode collector,

Abstract: A bipolar-electrode type electrolytic cell for production of ozone is disclosed, including a plurality of solid electrolyte electrodes comprising a solid electrolyte ion exchange membrane having provided on opposing sides thereof an anode and a cathode, said electrodes positioned to form a plurality of electrode compartments between adjacent solid electrolyte electrodes, such that the anodes face each other to form anode compartments and the cathodes face each other to form cathode compartments, and between the side walls of the electrolytic cell and the solid electrolyte electrodes positioned closest to the cell side walls, wherein each of the anodes and the cathodes provided on the solid electrolyte electrodes are electrically connected to a different-polar electrode, respectively, which face the same direction and are present on adjacent solid electrolyte electrodes.

Abstract: An electrochemical cell having improved current efficiency and a method for electrochemically reacting a liquid electrolyte with a gas in an electrochemical cell. The cell has at least two electrodes separated by a cell separator wherein at least one of said electrodes is a porous, self-draining, gas diffusion electrode. In one embodiment of the invention, an electrolyte is flowed through said cell separator into a porous, self-draining electrode and simultaneously the electrode is fed with a mixture of a reactive gas and water or an electrolyte. In another embodiment of the invention in which the cell separator is an ion exchange permselective membrane, a mixture of a reactive gas and an electrolyte are fed to the porous, self-draining electrode. Preferably said porous, self-draining electrode is a cathode.

Abstract: An electrolytic cell of the type to which electrolyte is continuously charged and from which a product or products of electrolysis is or are continuously removed, the electrolytic cell being associated in close proximity with an item or items of apparatus in which electrolyte may be treated prior to charging to the electrolytic cell and/or in which a product or products of electrolysis may be treated after removal from the electrolytic cell. Also, a plurality of such electrolytic cells and items of apparatus. Electrolyte may be purified in the items of apparatus associated in close proximity with the electrolytic cells prior to charging to the cells, and the product streams from the cells may be treated in the items of apparatus prior to combining the product streams.

Abstract: An apparatus and a method is disclosed for generating fluorine which has an improved efficiency by reducing the resistance between the electrodes and by reducing the chemical action on the electrodes through a design whereby the structure and positioning of the electrodes as well as the flow of electrolyte provide this reduction of the resistance. The shape of the cell unit constituting the electrode structure reduces the chemical action on the electrode by increasing the flow of electrolyte past the electrode structure.

Abstract: A combination electrolysis cell gasket member and membrane holding member suitable for use in an electrolytic cells of the filter press type including a solid structure in a picture frame type configuration having an inside and outside perimeter surface, said solid structure having a groove in the outside perimeter surface forming a U-shaped member when viewed in cross section and adapted for holding the edges of a sheet-like member therein. Aqueous alkali metal chloride solution may be electrolyzed in the electrolytic cell.

Abstract: A combination electrolysis cell seal member and electrolysis cell frame cover member suitable for use as a gasket/cover member in an electrolytic cell of the filter press type. The gasket/cover member used for a filter press-type electrolytic cell includes two gasket/cover load-bearing sections integral with a peripheral frame cover section. The gasket load-bearing sections contains a first and second side. The first side contacts a electrolysis cell membrane member and the second side contacts an electrolysis cell frame member. The membrane is interposed between two electrolysis cell frame members each having a gasket/cover member secured thereto.

Abstract: A differential gas pressure control device for an electroylytic cell which comprises an anode compartment in which in operation a gas is generated, a cathode compartment in which in operation a gas is generated, a pipe leading from the anode compartment(s) of the cell through which in operation anode gas passes, and a pipe leading from the cathode compartment(s) of the cell through which in operation cathode gas passes, in which the control device comprises a movable flow controller positioned so as to control the flow of anode gas in the pipe and a moveable flow controller positioned so as to control the flow of cathode gas in the pipe, in which the flow controllers are operatively connected, and in which in operation the anode and cathode gases independently act upon the flow controllers which control the flow of cathode gas and of anode gas respectively.

Abstract: A combination seal and membrane tentering member suitable for use in an electrolytic cell of the filter press type. The seal/tentering member for a filter press type electrolytic cell includes an inflatable gasket member interposed between a first and second insulator members, said insulator members having a recess defining a compartment adapted for receiving the inflatable gasket member, said insulator members interposed between a pair of cell frame flanges and a membrane member interposed between the insulator members. Aqueous alkali metal chloride solution may be electrolyzed in the electrolytic cell.

Abstract: A combination electrolysis cell gasket member and membrane holding member suitable for use in an electrolytic cells of the filter press type including a solid structure in a picture frame type configuration having an inside and outside perimeter surface, said solid structure having a groove in the inside perimeter surface forming a U-shaped member when viewed in cross-section and adapted for holding the edges of a sheet-like member such as a membrane therein forming a space between the edges of the membrane and the inside of the groove, said structure having at least one orifice interconnecting the groove with the atmosphere around the outside perimeter surface of the structure, said orifice adapted for venting any gases or liquid present in the space formed between the edge of the membrane and the groove. Aqueous alkali metal chloride solution may be electrolyzed in the electrolytic cell.

Abstract: An easily transportable electrolytic cell and associated processing apparatus is modularly constructed and supported in modular support sections that are easily separated and loaded onto transport vehicles for transport to distant remote sites where the electrolytic cell module and the processing apparatus module are reassembled and the apparatus is put into operation where the product chemical produced by the electrolytic cell is utilized.

Abstract: A combination seal and tentering member suitable for use as a gasket in an electrolytic cell of the filter press type and suitable for tentering a membrane used in the electrolytic cell. The seal/tentering member used in the filter press type electrolytic cell includes a first portion generally rectangular in cross section, having parallel top and bottom walls and first and second vertical parallel side walls, and a second flange portion integral with the first portion generally rectangular in cross section having a top and bottom wall and first and second parallel side walls, said second portion having top and bottom walls of a smaller length such that the seal/tentering member forms a "P-shaped" parameter viewed in cross section, said bottom of first portion and top of second portion being a contiguous boundary and said first side wall of said second portion and said first side wall of said first portion is substantially the same wall.

Abstract: An apparatus in the form of a disk for the separation of oxygen from gases, or for the pumping of oxygen, uses a substantially circular disk geometry for the solid electrolyte with radial flow of gas from the outside edge of the disk to the center of the disk. The reduction in available surface area as the gas flows toward the center of the disk reduces the oxygen removal area proportionally to provide for a more uniform removal of oxygen.

Abstract: Thermal control in electrochemical energy conversion systems is achieved by the bulk integration of columnar electrochemical converter elements and heat transport elements. The heat transport elements are disposed between the columnar converter elements to form an inter-columnar array. Radiant heat transfer provides the heat exchange between the converter columns and the heat transport elements.

Abstract: An electrolytic cell comprising a plurality of anodes and cathodes and a separator positioned between each anode and adjacent cathode to form a plurality of anode compartments and cathode compartments, in which a barrier member is positioned at an upper part of the cell between an anode and an adjacent separator, or between a cathode and an adjacent separator, and which, in operation shields the separator from contact with a gaseous product of electrolysis which may collect in an upper part of the anode compartment, or in an upper part of the cathode compartment. The separator may be an ion-exchange membrane, and the barrier member protects the separator from chemical attach by gaseous products of electrolysis.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a process and apparatus for controlling the pressure load on gaskets of an electrolysis cell by comparing the internal cell pressure to the pressure of the hydraulic fluid to the cell compressor and activating a controller for adjusting the pressure to a set point based on the data obtained by the comparison. The apparatus includes a hydraulic compressor adapted for pressing cell members together, a pressure sensor for measuring the pressure inside the electrolysis cell, a pressure sensor for measuring the pressure in the compressor, and a controller for controlling the amount of hydraulic fluid to and from the compressor.

Abstract: In this process for electrically separating the electrolyte-bearing main from the electrolyte spaces of an electrochemical cell pile, the electrolyte is passed via drop sections directly from the main into the electrolyte space or directly from the electrolyte space into the main.

Abstract: An electrolytic cell is disclosed comprising two or more compartments containing an anode, cathode, and one or more electrically neutral bi-polar electrodes. These cells can be utilized as batch or flowing cells. Increased capacity and lower maintenance is obtained using a diaphragm separating the compartments. This diaphragm is a special, finely woven synthetic non-ionic fabric having a low permeability. The preferred diaphragm is of Kanecaron modacrylic fiber. The bi-polar electrodes may be any of several configurations and act as a charged electrical component in a solution. When bi-polar electrodes are used in an anode compartment of a chlorine electrolytic cell, oxygen species are produced which blend with the chlorine species of a standard anode reaction to produce Cl.sub.2, ClO.sub.2 and oxygen species. When used in a cathode compartment, bi-polar electrode configurations serve to cool the caustic due to the agitation occuring on the bi-polars as well as increase buildup of caustic concentration.

Abstract: An electrode assembly for effecting electrochemical reaction between two fluid phases, the first of which is liquid, which apparatus is characterized byan electrode permeable to the fluids,means for containing the first fluid phase in contact with the electrode,means for charging the second fluid phase to the electrodemeans for removing a reaction product of the two phases from the electrode, andmeans for rotating the electrode about an axis, such that when the second fluid phase is charged to the electrically charged, rotating electrode permeated with the first fluid phase, the second fluid phase permeates the electrode from the point of charging and the reaction product is removed from the electrode; a series cell cascade comprising at least two such electrode assemblies in series; and a process for effecting electrochemical reaction between two fluid phases, one of which is a liquid, using such an electrode assembly.

Abstract: A bipolar electrochemical cell comprising a novel connector for electrically connecting the anode and cathode of adjacent cell units comprising a corrugated, electrically conductive sheet which defines, respectively, with said cathode and said anode, separate channels for feeding gases or a gas and an electrolyte to said electrodes and a spacer placed between the cell separator and one of the electrodes which is adapted to provide, upon compression of a cell stack, dimensional separation of the cell separator and the electrode as well as electrical contact with the electrodes of the bipolar cell connector.

Abstract: An improved multiple layered porous electrode for use in an electrochemical membrane cell is provided having a first perforated support layer, a second layer of fibers, a third layer of fibers less dense than the second layer and a fourth layer of meshed wire cloth.

Abstract: An electrochemical reactor is provided with spaced apart anode and cathode monopolar electrodes. At least one bipolar electrode, and preferably a plurality of bipolar electrodes, are disposed between the monopolar electrodes. Each bipolar electrode has a plurality of openings therethrough occupying a suitable surface area thereof, such that gas disengagement from one side of the electrode is facilitated by passage of such gas through the openings therein to the other side of the electrodes. Such a cell is particularly useful in production of peroxide by electroreduction of oxygen. Such an arrangement allows relatively high superficial current densities to be used, as well as permitting use of gas impermeable separators (e.g. diaphragms or membranes) disposed adjacent the bipolar electrodes.

Abstract: A bipolar electrolytic cell comprises a plurality of side-by-side cell units, each unit having parallel anode and cathode plates spaced by a centerboard and electrically connected by a bipolar connection comprising a plurality of copper rods extending through the centerboard and shielded at their opposite ends from electrolyte in the cell by protective covers projection welded to opposite sides of the centerboard. The cover for one end of each rod comprises a cup having the base of its opening shaped to conform closely to the one end and frictionally welded thereto.A plurality of similar spacer and ring assemblies are arranged over opposite sides of the centerboard. Each assembly comprises a spacer projection welded to an associated side of the centerboard and to the inner periphery of a ring extending around the spacer. The spacers at one side of the centerboard may comprise the protective covers at said one side.

Abstract: In one aspect a woven diaphragm for use in an electrolytic or in an electrochemical cell. The diaphragm is woven with yarns made from synthetic hydrophobic staple fibers having a linear density between about 1 and 10 denier. The diaphragm is between about 0.005 and 0.150 inches thick and has a weight between about 0.1 and 3.0 pounds per square yard. The diaphragm provides desirable ionic and hydraulic flow rates and a desirable cross cell voltage differential in operation of the cell.

Abstract: A cell head for an electrolytic cell includes a generally tubular protective insert concentrically positioned within the head to shield the inner side walls thereof from the scouring action of corrosive gas bubbles produced during electrolysis within the cell. The insert includes a lower connecting flange which fits between the mating connecting flanges of the cell head and its underlying electrolyte tank to block off access of gas bubbles rising through the electrolytic within the tank to the inner side walls of the cell head. The insert is readily replaceable without replacing the entire cell head.

Abstract: A continuous electrolytic generator is disclosed having two sealed compartments, separated by a cation exchange membrane, having a cathode in one compartment, and an anode in the other. A bipolar electrode is positioned in the anode compartment between the cation exchange membrane and the anode. The bipolar electrode may be supported on the dividing wall spaced from the ion-exchange membrane. The bipolar membrane may also be supported on the anode on insulators in spaced relation thereto. The generator has exterior reservoirs for continuously circulating solutions to and from the anode and cathode compartments. A third reservoir receives make-up water and salt and is connected to supply brine to the exterior anode reservoir. The cell produces a mixture of oxidant gases containing chlorine, chlorine dioxide, oxygen, hydrogen peroxide, and possibly ozone, from the anode compartment which is connected to a gas collection and utilization system, e.g., a venturi in a flowing water line.

Abstract: A bipolar electrode has plate-like anode and cathode parts. The anode and cathode parts are secured together, edge-to-edge, to form a single element in one plane by an intermediate connecting piece. The intermediate connecting piece itself is a composite element having parts of materials which are compatible with the respectively adjacent anode and cathode. The two parts of the composite element are joined together by hot isostatic pressure, explosion-plating or diffusion-welding into the composite body, the resultant composite body then permitting welding of the respective anode and cathode plates to the respective anode part and cathode part of the composite element or body.

Abstract: A catalytic material for electrochemically oxidizing hydrogen sulfide or another sulfur containing gas is provided to accomplish decomposition of the gas. The catalytic materials can be incorporated in an anode for use in a electrolytic cell for removing sulfur from a contaminated useful gas to produce useful sulfur products. The catalytic materials also can be incorporated in an anode for a fuel cell wherein hydrogen sulfide or other sulfur containing gas is utilized as the fuel which is oxidized at the anode to produce electrical energy. The catalytic materials of the present invention are of a disordered multicomponent material which includes at least one element selected from the group consisting of transition elements and at least one modifying element selected from the group consisting of sulfur and oxygen. The host matrix and substrate can also include a carbon containing composition.

Abstract: A cell for producing magnesium or other metal by electrolysis of molten chloride or other electrolyte comprises at least one electrode assembly of an anode 24, at least one intermediate bipolar electrode 28, 30, 32, 34 and a cathode 26 defining generally vertical interelectrode spaces between them. To minimize current leakage, the intermediate bipolar electrodes preferably almost completely surround the anode including the edges and the bottom.In operation, a metal/electrolyte mixture is swept up the interelectrode spaces by generated chlorine gas and spills out over the cathode into a duct 20 behind the cathode, the duct including a restricted passage 58 for degassing and an inverted channel 62 to collect product metal and convey it to a metal collection chamber 18.The electrolyte surface is preferably maintained to about the level of the top edges of the intermediate bipolar electrodes by means of a level control device 22 submerged in electrolyte in the metal collection chamber.

Abstract: A system for desulfurization of sulfur-containing coal comprises apparatus for comminuting sulfur-containing coal, a gas/solid reactor having an inlet and an outlet, a connection or conduit for supplying the comminuted sulfur-containing coal to the reactor inlet, and an oxidant gas generator constructed in accordance with U.S. Pat. No. 4,248,681 connected to supply an oxidant gas to the reactor. The oxidant gas produced from concentrated salt solutions contains substantial amounts of chlorine dioxide, while the oxidant gas produced from dilute salt solutions contains other oxygen-containing gases. The oxidant gas is introduced at pressures which may range from sub-atmospheric to super-atomospheric and the comminuted coal is mixed or agitated to insure efficient gas/solid contact. The oxidant gas oxidizes the sulfur contaminants of the coal to gaseous sulfur oxides which are removed from the reactor. The desulfurized comminuted coal may be slurried for pipeline transmission.

Abstract: In an electrolytic cell for producing a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen bipolar electrodes adapted for operating electrically in series have a through shaped configuration and are arranged so that their depressions are on one and like side. Interposed between the electrodes are gaskets of electrical insulating material forming the cell tank. Each gasket is placed around the edges of the electrode depression so that a portion thereof axially of the electrolytic cell is in touch with the adjacent electrode. The electrolytic cell is held as a unit with studs extending through openings in peripheral portions of the electrodes that project laterally of the electrolytic cell.

Abstract: A process for electrolyzing an aqueous solution of an alkali metal chloride by feeding said aqueous solution of an alkali metal chloride into the central space of a hollow quadrilateral frame holding an anode therein, defining an anode compartment, and feeding water or a dilute aqueous solution of an alkali metal hydroxide into the central space of a hollow quadrilateral frame holding a cathode therein, defining a cathode compartment, said anode compartment and said cathode compartment being separated by a cation exchange membrane, in a filter-press type electrolytic cell wherein:(a) each hollow quadrilateral frame is provided with an inlet passage to the central space of said frame for the introduction of an electrolyte and an outlet passage from the central space of said frame for removal of an electrolyzed product;(b) an anode or a cathode is held in each said frame and electrically connected to a power source or an adjacent counter electrode, each said anode or cathode being respectively made of a metal p

Abstract: Discloses a permionic membrane bipolar electrolyzer for the electroylsis of aqueous alkali metal chlorides. The electrolyzer is characterized by having a minimum anode to cathode gap, e.g., the anode and cathode both in contact with the permionic membrane, and by having means to prevent the diffusion of nascent hydrogen between adjacent electrolytic cells.

Abstract: In an electrolytic cell for the production of chlorine and hydrogen from hydrochloric acid, the cell comprising a plurality of spaced bipolar electrodes each provided with vertical grooves for the passage of gas, and a plurality of diaphragms each subdividing the space between adjacent electrodes, the improvement which comprises providing the grooves with a depth of about 18 to 35 mm at least in the upper part of the electrodes. Advantageously the grooves have a width of about 2 to 3 mm and the spacing between adjacent grooves of each electrode is about 4 to 6 mm, the depth of the grooves at their bottoms is about 12 to 15 mm and increases in upward direction to about 20 to 30 mm, and the distance between the electrodes and the diaphragms is from about 0.05 to 1 mm. The voltage drop and energy consumption are less than with different groove configurations and the chlorine content of the hydrogen gas is reduced.

Abstract: Chlor-alkali electrolytic membrane cells are provided with means for flowing catholyte from cell-to-cell sequentially, and means for flowing anolyte from cell-to-cell sequentially.

Abstract: Electrolysis return circuit for an electrolysis installation, e.g. for electrolysis of pressurized water.Passage is provided from the anolyte outlet (1) to the anolyte inlet (3) via a direct transfer circuit (9) equipped with a crude degasser (10) and transferring the portion ##EQU1## of the anolyte flow A, C being the catholyte flow, and via a circuit (7) equipped with a thorough degasser (8) and transferring, from the catholyte outlet (2) a flow ##EQU2## and vice versa to pass from the catholyte outlet (2) to the catholyte inlet (4).

Abstract: The electrolytic apparatus includes at least one set of cells housed in a stack of annular spacer frames, annular bearing surfaces of which indicate joint planes extending to the exterior of the stack of frames, and each equipped with electrode plates and a diaphragm which forms compartments containing each an electrolyte under pressure brought through at least one supply channel, the gases formed by electrolysis being discharged towards channels, and it is essentially characterized by the fact that with each joint plane extending to the exterior of the stack of frames there is associated at least one annular collector groove arranged in a bearing surface of a frame and associated with discharge means capable of discharging the electrolyte flowing through the said joint plane. The electrodes are bipolar and arranged with a structure reminiscent of the structure of a filterpress.

Abstract: Disclosed is a bipolar electrolyzer having a plurality of individual electrolytic cells electrically and mechanically in series with a bipolar element between pairs of adjacent individual cells. The bipolar element has an anodic side with anodes of the first electrolytic cell of a pair of electrolytic cells depending therefrom, and a cathodic side with the cathodes of the second electrolytic cell of the pair of electrolytic cells depending therefrom. The anodic side of the bipolar element has an acidified alkali metal chloride resistant valve metal surface, and the cathodic side of the bipolar element has an alkali metal hydroxide resistant transition metal surface.

Abstract: An electrolysis apparatus is disclosed and comprises a plurality of cells connected in series both on the current flow path (an electrical course being connected across the end ones of the electrodes) and the electrolyte/gas flow path (electrolyte entering one end cell through one end electrode and gas issuing from the other end cell through the other end electrode), the cells including at least one series of gas generating cells followed by at least one cooling cell. The end electrodes of a series of cells may be short circuited so that these cells become cooling cells because they are not active to generate gas and instead the electrolyte and gas flowing through them undergoes cooling. The apparatus may be arranged for generating detonating gas or may be modified for generating oxygen and hydrogen at separate outlets.

Abstract: An electrolytic generator is disclosed for use in treating water in swimming pools, baths, reservoirs, sewage, etc., and in bleaching chemical pulp. The generator is of the type consisting of two sealed compartments separated by an ion-permeable membrane and having a cathode in one compartment and an anode in the other. Hydrogen is evolved from the cathode compartment and a chlorine/chlorine dioxide mixture from the anode compartment. In this generator, an electrically neutral or bipolar electrode (one not connected in the anode-cathode circuit) is positioned adjacent to the anode or between the anode and the cathode adjacent to the ion-permeable membrane in the anode compartment. This electrolytic generator is characterized by a more rapid start up and generates a mixture of chlorine and chlorine dioxide at both the anode and the neutral electrode.

Abstract: The electrolysis apparatus for the manufacture of chlorine from aqueous alkali metal halide solutions has at least one electrolysis cell the electrodes of which, separated by a separating wall, are arranged in a housing of two hemispherical shells. The housing is furthermore provided with equipment for the feed of the starting materials for electrolysis, and equipment for the discharge of the electrolysis products. The separating wall is clamped by means of sealing elements between the rims of the hemispherical shells and positioned between power transmission elements of non-conductive material. The electrodes are fastened via spacers to the shells and connected mechanically and electrically with the shells via the rims thereof. The hemispherical shells of adjacent cells are positioned flatwise one upon the other, and the end positioned shells of the electrolysis apparatus are supported by pressure compensation elements.

Abstract: An electrolytic generator is disclosed having three sealed compartments, separated by two spaced ion-permeable membranes, one being a cation exchange membrane and the other being an anion exchange membrane, having a cathode in one end compartment, adjacent to the cation exchange membrane, and an anode in the other end compartment, adjacent to the anion exchange membrane. A bipolar electrode is positioned in the middle compartment between the anion and cation exchange membranes. When the cell is filled with brine and energized, hydrogen is evolved from the cathode-containing compartment and a chlorine/chlorine dioxide mixture from the anode-containing compartment for use in bleaching or in treating bodies of water, such as, swimming pools, baths, reservoirs, sewage, etc. The anode, cathode and bipolar electrode are preferably flat plate electrodes, although other configurations, such as, cylindrical electrodes may be used. The generator is characterized by a rapid start up when energized with electricity.

Abstract: An apparatus and method of monitoring temperature in a multicell electrolyzer used to produce a gaseous product from a liquid phase electrolyte by placing a single temperature sensing means in the common product collection means is disclosed.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of operating a solid polymer electrolyte chlor-alkali cell at an elevated pressure with the recovery of liquid chlorine and brine. The liquid chlorine and depleted brine are recovered from the cell and separated. Thereafter, the brine may be dechlorinated, e.g., by cooling the brine to from chlorine hydrate, and separating the chlorine hydrate.

Abstract: A bipolar diaphragm or membrane electrolyzer comprising a housing containing an end anode element, an end cathode element and a plurality of bipolar elements with their major dimensions lying in a substantially vertical plane and comprised of a bipolar wall separating the anode compartment and the cathode compartment and vertical foraminous electrodes parallel positioned a certain distance from the bipolar wall, diaphragms or membranes separating the anodes and cathodes a series of baffles distributed along the entire width of the electrode compartment and extending from the bipolar wall to the foraminous electrode to form a series of vertical flow channels extending over a large portion of the height of the wall, the said baffles being alternately inclined one way and the other way with respect to the vertical plane normal to the bipolar wall plane and spaced from one another whereby the ratio of the electrode surface intercepted by the edges of two baffles laterally defining a vertical flow channel to the f

Abstract: Disclosed is a bipolar unit for a solid polymer electrolyte bipolar electrolyzer. Also disclosed is a bipolar unit for a solid polymer electrolyte bipolar electrolyzer having reagent feed and product recovery means incorporated therein. Additionally, there is disclosed a cathode depolarization catalyst.

Abstract: In an electrolytic chlor-alkali cell, or bank of cells, having a plurality of electrolyte compartments containing electrode pairs (anodes and cathodes) and wherein a hydraulically-impermeable membrane separates the electrolyte compartments into catholyte portions and anolyte portions, said cell or cells being employed to produce chlorine at the anodes and caustic at the cathodes by the electrolysis of an aqueous alkali metal chloride electrolyte, wherein said cathodes are operable as oxygen-depolarized cathodes and are effective in substantially avoiding formation of hydrogen at said cathodes, improved operation is attained by flowing anolyte liquor from anolyte portion to anolyte portion, sequentially, and/or flowing catholyte liquor from catholyte portion to catholyte portion, sequentially. The membrane substantially prevents Cl.sup.- from entering the catholyte liquor from the anolyte, and a high purity caustic, substantially free of salt, is produced.

Abstract: Disclosed is a solid polymer electrolyte bipolar electrolyzer having an anode facing surface of the bipolar electrolyzer of enhanced resistance to crevice corrosion and hydrogen uptake.

Abstract: A chlorine generator is disclosed for use in chlorinating water in swimming pools, baths, reservoirs, sewage, etc. The generator is of the type consisting of two sealed compartments separated by an ion-permeable membrane and having a cathode in one compartment and an anode in the other. Hydrogen is evolved from the cathode compartment and chlorine from the anode compartment. In this generator, an electrically neutral or bipolar electrode (one not connected in the anode-cathode circuit) is positioned between the anode and the cathode adjacent to the ion-permeable membrane in the anode compartment. The chlorine generator is characterized by a more rapid start up in generating chlorine and in more rapid and more efficient generation of chlorine with chlorine being released at both the anode and the neutral electrode.

Abstract: An electrolytic generator is disclosed for use in treating water in swimming pools, baths, reservoirs, sewage, etc., and in bleaching chemical pulp. The generator is of the type consisting of two sealed compartments separated by an ion-permeable membrane and having a cathode in one compartment and an an anode in the other. Hydrogen is evolved from the cathode compartment and a chlorine/chlorine dioxide mixture from the anode compartment. In this generator, an electrically neutral or bipolar electrode (one not connected in the anode-cathode circuit) is positioned adjacent to the anode or between the anode and the cathode adjacent to the ion-permeable membrane in the anode compartment. This electrolytic generator is characterized by a more rapid start up and generates a mixture of chlorine and chlorine dioxide at both the anode and the neutral electrode.