Abstract: An easily transportable electrolytic cell and associated processing apparatus is modularly constructed and supported in modular support sections that are easily separated and loaded onto transport vehicles for transport to distant remote sites where the electrolytic cell module and the processing apparatus module are reassembled and the apparatus is put into operation where the product chemical produced by the electrolytic cell is utilized.

Abstract: Thermal control in electrochemical energy conversion systems is achieved by the bulk integration of columnar electrochemical converter elements and heat transport elements. The heat transport elements are disposed between the columnar converter elements to form an inter-columnar array. Radiant heat transfer provides the heat exchange between the converter columns and the heat transport elements.

Abstract: An apparatus comprising an electrolysis cell having a plurality of electrically energized gas conduits is combined with an internal combustion engine.

Abstract: An inorganic gas separator which has a porosity between 30 and 70% and a pore diameter between 10 and 100 .mu.m, and which is gas impermeable when soaked-through with liquid, is mounted in a frame, divides a cell housing into two compartments, and is moistened by capillarity with liquid fed through channels extending in the frame. In each compartment are mounted a porous foil, an electrode, a pre-electrode, a metal plate and an insulating plate. On the cell-housing thermo-electric heat pumps are mounted for cooling and the unit formed by the housing and the pumps is surrounded by an outer casing.

Abstract: An electrolytic cell for recovery of metal from mineral ores or concentrates comprising a tank for holding a slurry of electrolyte and the mineral ore or concentrates. Vertical anodes are radially disposed in the tank and vertical cathodes enclosed in diaphragm bags are interposed between the anodes. Agitating means are located in the tank below the anodes and cathodes. Metal is removed from a central collecting container in the tank by pump means.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for producing liquid hydrogen in which water is electrolyzed under pressure to generate separate streams of oxygen and hydrogen. A buffer cooling circuit is provided between two streams in order that heat can be removed safely from the hydrogen product stream by direct or indirect heat exchange with an inert medium flowing in the cooling circuit. At least some of cooling and/or work required in the cooling circuit is provided by expanding the oxygen stream. Preferably, heat is exchanged between at least some of the inert medium and the low pressure oxygen stream. The invention requires only compression of the feed water so avoiding the work necessary in prior art processes to comprise feed hydrogen gas. Also, use of the high pressure oxygen to provide work and or cooling required elsewhere in the plant.

Abstract: A chlorine generator and method of generating chlorine gas includes anode and cathode compartments releasably secured to one another and separated in part by an ion-permeable membrane, and exterior chambers and fluid passageways cooperating therewith to provide circulating fluids to cool and dissipate the heat generated by the anode and cathode.

Abstract: An electrochemical cell for regenerating temperature sensitive solutions is described. In a preferred construction, the cell comprises a central electrode chamber and two counterelectrode chambers. To maintain the temperature of the electrolyte within a desired temperature range, the electrode in the electrode chamber is formed from at least one hollow tube through which a heat exchange medium flows. In a preferred construction, the electrode comprises a plurality of hollow tubes and a plurality of current collectors bonded to the tubes to form a grid-like structure.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for electrochemically synthesizing anhydrous HNO.sub.3 from an aqueous solution of HNO.sub.3 includes oxidizing a solution of N.sub.2 O.sub.4 /aqueous HNO.sub.3 at an anode, while maintaining a controlled potential between the N.sub.2 O.sub.4 /aqueous HNO.sub.3 solution and the anode. A potential of about 1.80V vs. SCE is preferred. Anhydrous or aqueous HNO.sub.3 may be disposed at the cathode within the electrochemical cell. Aqueous HNO.sub.3 having a water content of up to about 12% by weight is utilized to synthesize anhydrous HNO.sub.3.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for electrochemically synthesizing N.sub.2 O.sub.5 cludes oxidizing a solution of N.sub.2 O.sub.4 /HNO.sub.3 at an anode, while maintaining a controlled potential between the N.sub.2 O.sub.4 /HNO.sub.3 solution and the anode. A potential of about 1.35 to 2.0 V vs. SCE is preferred, while a potential of about 1.80 V vs. SCE is most preferred. Thereafter, the N.sub.2 O.sub.5 is reacted with either 1.5-diacetyl-3,7-dinitro-1,3,5,7-tetraazacyclooctane (DADN) or 1,3,5,7-tetraacetyl-1,3,5,7-tetraazacyclooctane (TAT) to form cyclotetramethylenetetraamine (HMX).

Abstract: An electrolysis apparatus decomposes water into hydrogen gas and oxygen gas. The apparatus comprises a housing for the water to be decomposed, a plurality of symmetrically folded and edged unipolar electrodes for decomposing the water held in the housing, microporous membranes for separating each of the plurality of unipolar electrodes from one another, and an arrangement for wiring the plurality of unipolar electrodes in parallel. The apparatus also comprises separate outlets, collectors, and consumers for each gas. There is also a water supply, a water feed regulator, and a water inlet. A power source supplies electrical wattage to the parallel wiring arrangement. An electrolytic solution containing only about 2.2% or less KOH concentration by weight is used to help decompose the water. Invertible plates may be used either for diverting the free upward flow of hydrogen gas and oxygen gas laterally to separate gas outlets or for diverting the free downward fall of minerals laterally to a collection chamber.

Abstract: An electrolysis apparatus is disclosed and comprises a plurality of cells connected in series both on the current flow path (an electrical course being connected across the end ones of the electrodes) and the electrolyte/gas flow path (electrolyte entering one end cell through one end electrode and gas issuing from the other end cell through the other end electrode), the cells including at least one series of gas generating cells followed by at least one cooling cell. The end electrodes of a series of cells may be short circuited so that these cells become cooling cells because they are not active to generate gas and instead the electrolyte and gas flowing through them undergoes cooling. The apparatus may be arranged for generating detonating gas or may be modified for generating oxygen and hydrogen at separate outlets.

Abstract: Hydrochloric acid electrolyzers serve to decompose hydrochloric acid to hydrogen and chlorine with the aid of electric current.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of operating a solid polymer electrolyte chlor-alkali cell at an elevated pressure with the recovery of liquid chlorine and brine. The liquid chlorine and depleted brine are recovered from the cell and separated. Thereafter, the brine may be dechlorinated, e.g., by cooling the brine to from chlorine hydrate, and separating the chlorine hydrate.

Abstract: An apparatus for producing hydrogen and oxygen or oxides wherein electrolysis of an aqueous system is carried out using, in the cathode compartment of the electrolysis cell, a hydride-forming liquid metal, the resulting hydride being thermally decomposed to produce the hydrogen.

Abstract: An improved process and apparatus for pH control in the anode compartments of membrane chlor-alkali cells is disclosed wherein an anode is used having an oxygen evolution efficiency substantially equivalent chemically to the hydroxide ion transfer efficiency of the membrane.

Abstract: A device for regulating drinking water includes an electrolyzer divided into a negative electrode chamber and a positive electrode chamber by an unglazed partition, and electrodes disposed in the chambers and adapted to be energized by direct current for a prescribed period of time for separating water in the electrolyzer into two components having a hydroxyl radical in different densities, due to the electrolysis and electroendosmose. The negative electrode has a heating element disposed in a hollow space formed in the negative electrode to warm up the water body in the electrolyzer at each time of the electrolysis. A thermistor, or the like, is electrically connected to the heating element to control the temperature of the water body in the electrolyzer and to prevent overheating of the negative electrode.

Abstract: A method for the oxidation of organic material present in concentrated sulfuric acid is disclosed. The method comprises the steps of diverting a portion of a concentrated sulfuric acid stream, diluting the diverted stream with water to about 40-70% sulfuric acid concentration, passing the diluted stream through an electrolysis apparatus to oxidize some of the sulfuric acid to form a predetermined quantity of peroxosulfuric acids, and returning the diverted stream back to the main stream to oxidize the organic material and decolorize the main stream of concentrated sulfuric acid.

Abstract: A substantially sealed electrolyte container is provided for electroplating articles, and an evacuating means is provided for evacuating the space above the electrolyte surface in the electrolyte container. The article to be electroplated forms the anode or cathode electrode. The electrolyte container is subdivided by porous partitions, which do not disturb the electrical field of force, into cathode and anode chambers, and separate gas extraction means are provided for said chambers. Beneath the electrolyte level in the cathode and anode chambers electrolyte extraction and supply means are provided by means of which the electrolyte is extracted, degassed and returned to the cathode and anode chambers.

Abstract: A device for regulating drinking water includes an electrolyzer divided into a negative electrode chamber and a positive electrode chamber by an unglazed partition, and electrodes disposed in the chambers and adapted to be energized by direct current for a prescribed period time for separating water in the electrolyzer into two components having hydroxyl radical in different densities, due to the electrolysis and electroendosmose. The negative electrode has a heating element disposed in a hollow space formed in the negative electrode to warm up the water body in the electrolyzer at each time of the electrolysis.

Abstract: An installation for the treatment of metals pickling solutions is disclosed. The invention provides for solutions to be treated by electrodialysis in a tank which is divided up to form sets of three compartments. Anode and cathode compartments in the form of removable cases are arranged alternately with spaces therebetween defining central compartments. In use, according to a preferred method of the invention, anolyte flows through the anode compartments while the picklng solution flows through the cathode and central compartments. Flow through the compartments may be either in series or in parallel.

Abstract: A wet chlorine generator for providing precisely controlled rates of gas flow for instrumentation purposes, characterized by a safe and reliable gas source provided by precisely controllable electrolysis of a metal chloride electrolyte to form chlorine gas that is then passed through a flow regulating device into a gas conduit that guides the gas from the generator to associated instrumentation.

Abstract: Describes a diaphragm electrolysis cell and method of operation in which water vapor is continuously or intermittently condensed on the cathode side of the diaphragm surface to dilute and remove the hydroxide containing film which forms on the cathode side of the diaphragm surface.

Abstract: A generating cell for hydrogen and oxygen utilizes permanent magnets and electromagnets. Means are provided for removing gases from the electrodes. Mixing chambers are provided for water and the electrolyte used in the cell.

Abstract: Fluorinated cation exchange polymers are obtained from intermediate fluorinated polymers containing pendant sulfonyl halide groups which are reacted with a di- or polyamine and subjected to elevated temperature of the order of 170.degree. to 300.degree.C. The polymers are desirably employed with pendant side groups in the salt form. The polymers possess perm-selectivity giving desirable performance in electrolytic cells such as chlor-alkali cells as well as membrane ion exchanger and reverse osmosis devices.