Abstract: An integrated detection, flow cell and photonics (DFP) device is provided that comprises a substrate having an array of pixel elements that sense photons during active periods. The substrate and pixel elements form an IC photon detection layer. At least one wave guide is formed on the IC photo detection layer as a photonics layer. An optical isolation layer is formed over at least a portion of the wave guide. A collection of photo resist (PR) walls patterned to define at least one flow cell channel that is configured to direct fluid along a fluid flow path. The wave guides align to extend along the fluid flow path. The flow cell channel is configured to receive samples at sample sites that align with the array of pixel elements.

Abstract: Disclosed is an integrated biochemical sensor including a reference electrode, a plurality of working electrodes each having different artificial lipid membranes, and partition layers for electrically insulating the reference electrode and each of the working electrodes.

Abstract: Disclosed are multi-enzyme biosensors that are stable at ambient temperature, and methods of making thereof.

Abstract: An ascorbic acid responsive electrode comprising an electrode, and a detection layer comprising a non-catalytic electron acceptor that receives an electron from ascorbic acid, an amino acid, and a saccharide and/or a soluble protein; wherein in the detection layer the electron acceptor is reduced by the ascorbic acid, and the reduced electron acceptor is oxidized at the electrode.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to multiplexed fluorescence detection, including time-resolved fluorescence (TRF) detection. A combination of spectral and temporal differences in fluorescence emission and spectral differences in excitation is used to enhance the ability to separate signals in an assay from multiple fluorescent labels. Different classes of labels may be utilized, including upconversion phosphors as well as lanthanide chelates and transition metal chelates. The methods may be implemented in optical plate readers, including cartridge-based multi-mode readers.

Abstract: Electrodes (A, B) are provided in at least one of plate-like members corresponding to an inner side direction of supply path from an opening of supply path. Electrode (C) of a biological sample is provided in the inner side direction from electrodes (A, B) Reagent part is provided so as to cover electrodes (A, B) and electrode (C). Inflow restricting hole of a sample liquid is provided in at least one of plate-like members corresponding to the portions on both sides of supply path closer to the opening side than the electrode.

Abstract: The invention features the use of graphene, a one atom thick planar sheet of bonded carbon atoms, in the formation of artificial lipid membranes. The invention also features the use of these membranes to detect the properties of polymers (e.g., the sequence of a nucleic acid) and identify transmembrane protein-interacting compounds.

Abstract: Accordingly, the present invention provides a method of forming an electrode having reduced corrosion and water decomposition on a surface thereof. A substrate which has a conductive layer disposed thereon is provided and the conductive layer has an oxide layer with an exposed surface. The exposed surface of the oxide layer contacts a solution of an organic surface active compound in an organic solvent to form a protective layer of the organic surface active compound over the oxide layer. The protective layer has a thickness of from about 0.5 nm to about 5 nm and ranges therebetween depending on a chemical structure of the surface active compound.

Abstract: The present invention provides an electrochemical sensor having a sensing chemistry that operates substantially free of any “oxygen effect”. The electrochemical sensors are useful in determining the level of an analyte in a biological sample from a subject. The present invention also provides sensor assemblies including the electrochemical sensors as well as methods of using the same.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide a method for stably forming an artificial lipid membrane while suppressing the leakage and evaporation of an electrolytic solution. The present invention is an artificial lipid membrane forming method for forming an artificial lipid membrane using an artificial lipid membrane forming apparatus. The artificial lipid membrane forming apparatus comprises a first chamber, a second chamber, a dividing wall, and an artificial lipid membrane forming portion. Each of the first chamber and the second chamber has a capacity of not smaller than 10 pl and not larger than 200 ?l. The artificial lipid membrane forming method of the present invention comprises the steps of: preparing the artificial lipid membrane forming apparatus; adding to the first chamber a first electrolytic solution having a viscosity of not lower than 1.

Abstract: A microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and integrated circuit (IC) based biosensor capable of sensing or detecting various ionic molecules and macromelecules (DNA, RNA or protein). The MEMS based biosensor utilizes a hybridization and enzyme amplification scheme and an electrochemical detection scheme for sensitivity improvement and system miniaturization. The biosensor or biosensors are incorporated on a single substrate. Preferably, the biosensor system includes at least two electrodes. The electrodes includes a working electrode, a reference electrode and a counter (auxiliary) electrode. The biosensor or biosensors also provide an apparatus and method for confinement of reagent and/or solution in the biosensor or biosensors using surface tension at small scale. The confinement system provides controlled contacts between the reagent(s) and/or solution(s) with the components (i.e., electrodes) of the biosensor or biosensors using controllable surface properties and surface tension forces.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide a method for easily forming an artificial lipid membrane in a short period of time and an artificial lipid membrane forming apparatus suitable for carrying out such method. The present invention relates to a method for forming an artificial lipid membrane using an artificial lipid membrane forming apparatus. The apparatus comprises a substrate, a first spacer, a first thin film, a second spacer, a second thin film, and a cover, wherein a first chamber is formed between the substrate and the first thin film, the first thin film has a first through hole, a second chamber is formed between the first thin film and the second thin film, the second thin film has a second through hole, and the cover has an inlet.

Abstract: A bio-battery includes a biomolecular energy source, a first electrode and a second electrode. In some configurations, a bio-battery may also include a first cell containing the first electrode and the biomolecular energy source, and a second cell having a reducible substrate and the second electrode. The first cell can be in ionic communication with the second cell, for example by a proton exchange membrane. Various biomolecular energy sources can be used, including proton donor molecules or electrolytically oxidizable molecules. For example, the biomolecular energy source can be selected from the group consisting of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NADH), Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate (NADPH) and 5,10-Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (FADH).

Abstract: The invention provides microfabricated silicon substrates and devices having extremely small apertures (termed “nanoapertures”) and methods for producing such nanoapertures. The devices have a nanoaperture (which may have a diameter ranging from about a few millimeters to as small as a few nm) across a substrate effective to connect two regions separated by the substrate. The devices are suitable for the formation of lipid bilayer membranes across the apertures, and for use in devices such as biosensors. Substrates and devices may include multiple nanoapertures, which may each support a lipid bilayer membrane, allowing fault tolerant devices such as fault-tolerant biosensors, and allowing devices able to sense more than one target molecule.

Abstract: The object of the present invention is to provide a lipid membrane whose permeability to substances is high and strongly correlated with the permeability of biomembranes to drugs and which therefore is suitable for rapid measurement. The present invention provides a membrane comprising an unsaturated C7-C9 hydrocarbon and a lipid.

Abstract: A mutant staphylococcal alpha hemolysin polypeptide containing a heterologous analyte-binding amino acid which assembles into an analyte-responsive heptameric pore assembly in the presence of a wild type staphylococcal alpha hemolysin polypeptide, digital biosensors, and methods of detecting, identifying, and quantifying analytes are described.

Abstract: The present invention provides a biosensor comprising an electrode and a membrane in which the biosensor includes at least two zones each zone differing from each other zone in a property. The membrane includes a plurality of ionophores, at least a proportion of which are capable of lateral diffusion within the membrane. A plurality of first binding partner molecules are attached to membrane elements positioned within a first zone such that the first binding partner molecules are prevented from diffusing laterally into a second zone. Second binding partner molecules are attached to the ionophores and the rate of lateral diffusion within the membrane of the first binding partner molecules and second binding partner molecules is different.

Abstract: A biosensor apparatus for detecting a binding event between a ligand and receptor. The apparatus includes a biosensor surface and surface-bound two-subunit heterodimer complexes composed of first and second, preferably oppositely charged peptides that together form an &agr;-helical coiled-coil heterodimer. The first peptide is attached to the biosensor surface, and the second peptide carries the ligand, accessible for binding by a ligand-binding agent. Binding of anti-ligand binding agent to the surface-bound ligand is detected by a suitable detector. A ligand-specific biosensor surface can be readily prepared from a universal template containing the first charged peptide, by addition of a selected ligand attached to the second peptide.

Abstract: A biosensor apparatus for detecting a binding event between a ligand and receptor. The apparatus includes a biosensor surface and surface-bound two-subunit heterodimer complexes composed of first and second, preferably oppositely charged peptides that together form an &agr;-helical coiled-coil heterodimer. The-first peptide is attached to the biosensor surface, and the second peptide carries the ligand, accessible for binding by a ligand-binding agent. Binding of anti-ligand binding agent to the surface-bound ligand is detected by a suitable detector. A ligand-specific biosensor surface can be readily prepared from a universal template containing the first charged peptide, by addition of a selected ligand attached to the second peptide.

Abstract: An improved membrane based biosensor incorporates sensing and reference electrodes and a dc electrical potential produced by a counter electrode. The biosensor incorporates ionophores. The conductivity of the membrane is dependent on the presence or absence of an analyte. A functional reservoir exists between the sensing electrode and a lipid membrane deposited on the sensing electrode. The invention also includes the method of detecting the presence or absence of the analyte by use of the biosensor.